• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.921-927
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• 2001

This study was performed to investigated the effects on the cytotoxicity and antigenotoxicity of Cordyceps militaris extracts on the human cancer cell lines. The ethanol extract and five fractions which were hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate, butanol and aqueous were screened for crytotoxicity on human lung carcinoma(A549). human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) human epitheloid carcinoma(HeLa), human fibrosarcoma(HT1080) human hepatocellular carcinoma(Hep3B), human gastric carcinoma(KATOIII) and chronic myelogenous leukemia(K562) cell by SRB and MTT assays. The results showed that growth inhibition rates of the human cancer cell in the presence of Cordyceps militaris were inhibited with increasing concentration of the extract. The ethanol extract from Cordyceps militaris had strong inhibitory effects in1 mg/mL treatment by SRB assay , showing 89.4%, 85.7%, 72.9% and 65.5% inhibition in HT1080, HeLa, Hep3B and A549, respectively. The treatment of 1 mg/mL hexane fraction by SRB assay had the strongest cytotoxicity with 97.0% on HT1080 followed by MCF-7(92.9%) and HeLA(90.3%). The inhibition ration on KATOIII by MTT assay was much higher in the butanol (83.7%) and aqueous (80.4%) than in the ethanol extract (61.5%) And also, K562 showed similar tendency with KATOIII. The effects of Cordyceps militaris extracts on the frequencies of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) induced by N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidime(MNNG) were investigated in the bone-marrow cells of ICR male mice. The amount of 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg of each extract were administered to animals immediately after injection of MNNG, and the exposure time was 36 hours. Significant reductions(p<0.05) with 39.7%, 52.7%, 71.4% and 83.9% were observed in the frequencies of MNPCE when 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg of the hexane fraction of Coryceps militarus extracts were given to the mice.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.1237-1244
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• 2006

In order to ensure a stable supply of grapes for consumers and to extend grape storage, we investigated changes in the quality of grapes (Vitis labruscana) stored after treatment with ethylene absorbent (EA) or activated charcoal (AC). We treated harvested 'Sheridan' and 'Muscat Bailey A' grapes with EA and with 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0% (w/w) AC, and stored them at $0{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, $90{\pm}2%$ humidity for 60 days. After the EA or AC treatment, the storability of the 'Sheridan' and 'Muscat Bailey A' grapes was increased, as compared with non treatment, and 'Sheridan' kept better than 'Muscat Bailey A'. The quality of the stored grapes maintained with EA or the amount of AC, which decreased the rate of weight loss, abnormal fruit development, berry abscission, saccharinity, and growth of fungi. The free sugar and anthocyanin contents in the pericarp increased gradually in both 'Sheridan' and 'Muscat Bailey A', and increased more in 'Sheridan'. Conversely, the total acidity of 'Sheridan' and 'Muscat Bailey A' decreased with storage, and decreased less in 'Sheridan'. There were no differences in the free sugar content, anthocyanin content, and total acidity among treatments. The changes in grape quality with storage were delayed in the order of EA, 2% AC, 1% AC, 0.5% AC, and 0.1% AC. Ultimately, we postulate that EA and 2% AC best maintain the qualities of grape, and extend the grape storage period.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.21-30
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• 1977

Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis) is one of main timber species in Korea that could find much plantation and growing stands on all over the country. It is thought to be in meaningful that a guiding diagram for density control of Japanese larch stands is made to estimate easily the density conditions in the quantitaive, ecological and economic viewpoint. Sample plots for this study are selected from the stands that have not been thinned in recent years, and mean height, mean diameter, dominant height, tree numbers per hectare and stem volume of mean tree are calculated from the each sample plots among total 165 plots In this study, especially, the theory of slenderness of mean tree are applied, that have been identified through the results of the spacing trial. Relative growth characteristics of this species are calculated from the general logistic curve and its formula is $Y=ax^b$. Relatwion between the measured items are found out as follows: 1. Relation between the mean height and tree numbers per hectare by slender class is showing the high correlation as table 1 and fig. 2, and between mean diameter and tree numbers per hectare is also high correlation as table 1 and fig 3. 2. The stem volume can be correctly estimated from height in case that slender class may be known, as showing in table 3 and fig. 4. 3. The stem volume can be more correctly estimated from the relation with $D^2H$ as formula, $Log_e\;V=0.9569\;Log_eD^2H-9.8431$, and relation between stem volume of single tree or volume per hectare and tree numbers per hectare are as following formulas: $Log_e$ stem volume=9.5026-1.6800 $Log_e$ tree numbers per hectare $Log_e$ stem volume per hectare=9.4911-0.6784 $Log_e$ tree numbers per hectare. Stem volume of mean tree, tree numbers per hectare and stem volume per hectare correspond to the mean tree height are calculated to slender class as table 5, 6, 7. Through the above steps, the diagram for density control of Japanese larch are produced as fig. 9. It is thought that this diagram could be applied to control the density of Japanese larch stands.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 1977

This experiment was to investigate and analyse the effect of fertilizer at different level of treatment where the ordinary chemical fertilizers (Urea, TSP, muriate of potash) and the same amount of nutrients contained solid fertilizer respectively applied. 1. Ordinary chemical fertilizer known as quick releasing fertilizer showed its main effect in the first and second years but the effect was declined in the third year wheras slow releasing solid fertilizer showed no effect in the first year but gradually appeared in second year was reached at peak in the third year and effect continued till the forth year. 2. Both treatments, ordinary chemical fertilizer and solid fertilizer, showed fertilizer effect however ordinary chemical fertilizer treatment had 6.2 per cent of fertilizer loss over the solid fertilizer treatment. 3. Optimum fertilizer dose per tree seems to be 40-80 grams and fertilizer effect was continued for three years after the treatment. Fertilizer response in the first year only appeared on leaves with dark in color and its response on growth was observed in second year where ordinary chemical fertilizer applied and solid fertilizer treatment showed in third year. 4. For the above results, it may be desirable that optimum amount of ordinary chemical fertilizer should be applied once every other or every two years and solid fertilizer should be applied once every two years or every three years. 5. Solid fertilizer does not occure fertilizer damage when it was applied in excess and has labor saving advantage. 6. It is highly recommendable to produce solid fertilizer for the forest use in view of improving forest soil fertility and increasing forest resources in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.4
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• pp.359-366
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• 1990

This study was carried out to investigate rooting rate, plagiotrophic growth and root-promoting effect of IBA in Taxus cuspidata S, et Z. cuttings. The results obtained were summarized as follows ; 1. As the ortet ages of cuttings were increased in 5, 10, to 20 years, the rooting rates were decreased in order of 85.7%, 81.7% and 62.4%, and the number of primary roots were also decreased in 5.3, 3.7 and 2.9, respectively. 2. Rooting rate by cutting types of lateral shoot were higher than those of main shoot type, significant at the 1% level. 3. IBA(l00ppm) treatment promoted the rooting rates and the number of primary roots. 4. As the ortet ages were increased in 5, 10 to 20 years, angles of central shoot of rooted cuttings which mesured cyclophysis were decreased in order of $75.9^{\circ}$, $68.5^{\circ}$ and $59.6^{\circ}$, respectively, significant at the 1% level. 5. Average angles showed $77.0^{\circ}$ for main shoot cutting, $65.9^{\circ}$ for upper lateral shoot and $61.7^{\circ}$ for lower lateral, which was significant at 1% level, and lateral shoot cutting showed more topophysis than main shoot cutting. 6. Shoot length of rooted cuttings from main shoot cutting was longer than that from lateral shoot significant at the 1% level. 7. Relationship between some characteristics showed highly positive correlation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.2
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• pp.127-137
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• 1990

This study was carried out to investigate some characteristics of selected trees recognized as natural hybrid between Pinus densiflora and Pinus thunbergii for improving resistance to pine leaf gall midge. The results obtained were as follows. l. In the mean annual increment and the growth in the period of latest 5 years of DBH, hybrid pines showed intermediate value of the parents, Pinus densiflora and Pinus thunbergii. However, there was remarkable variation among individuals of hybrid pine. 2. The trees having resin duct index(RDI) value larger than 0.1 for the position of resin duct in needle was classified as hybrid pine. The leaf and leaf sheath of Pinus thunbergii was longer than that of Pinus densiflora and the distance between rows of stomata on needles of Pinus thunbergii was longer than that of Pinus detasiflora, and the values of those observations on hybrid pine were intermediate between the parent species. However, differences among individual was observed. 3. In the size of cone and seed, and weight of 1000 seeds, like in the leaf characteristics, Pinus thunbergii showed higher value than Pinus densiflora and those values of hybrid were intermediate between the parent species. 4. Assuming isoenzyme ADH-$B_2$, ME-$A_2$, PGI-$B_1$, and PGI-$B_2$ alleles observed in the hybrids were introgressed from Pinus thunbergii, the hybrid pine can be easily identified by these isoenzyme alleles. However, the individuals which do not have those alleles can not be identified.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.9
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• pp.1140-1147
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• 2007

A recipe for diet kimchi containing 20% of sea tangle to Korean cabbage kimchi (SK) was developed for weight reduction purpose. The fermentation process of SK showed typical Lactobacillus sp. growth pattern like other kimchis. The effects of SK on weight reduction was studied in high fat diet (HFD) fed rats (n=40). Diet groups used for the animal study were HFD, HFD supplemented either with Korean cabbage kimchi used as experimental control (HCK), or with SK (HSK), or with J-kimchi (JK) which was purchased at market (FJK). The effect of kimchi on preventing obesity in rat fed HFD was found to be obvious by means of reducing visceral fat contents and improving serum lipid profiles through enhancing the lipid excretion in the feces (p<0.05). Leptin concentration of rat was significantly decreased by kimchi consumption (p<0.05). This result can be interpreted that adipocytes in these animals were fewer than that of HFD group. The plasma bililubin concentration was lower in kimchi group than HFD, meaning that returning bile from ileum to the liver was reduced. When the observe beneficial effects of kimchi on preventing obesity were compared among kimchi groups, SK only reduced the relative visceral fat contents significantly than other kimchi groups (p<0.05). Besides this, other parameters such as plasma lipid profiles, feces lipids, leptin, and bililubin concentration were not significantly different, even though the most beneficial effect on these parameters was observed from SK. In conclusion, long term consumption of SK seems to have a beneficial effect on the prevention of obesity through enhancing the excretion of lipids in the feces. The dietary fiber content of SK was increased by 7% compared to CK when 20% of sea tangle was added.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.78 no.2
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• pp.119-131
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• 1989

This experiment was executed to investigate and compare qualitative and quantitative anatomical features in compression wood, opposite wood, and side wood formed in a bent stem, a straight branch, and an exposed horizontal root of Korean red pine(Pinus densiflora S. et Z.). The respective four discs containing compression wood taken at 20cm interval both in stem and branch as well as a disc containing well developed compression wood from horizontal root were analyzed. Percentage of compression wood and eccentricity showed decreasing tendency with the increasing distance in height direction of stem and length direction of branch. The qualitative anatomical features of compression wood appeared to differ from those of side and opposite wood in very gradual tracheid transition from earlywood to latewood, roundish tracheid shape on cross surface, tracheid distortion at tip on radial surface, existence of intercellular space, and helical cavity in tracheid wall. And the differences in these qualitative features among the compression wood, opposite wood, and side wood became less intensive with the decreasing trends in percentage of compression wood and eccentricity. The quantitative anatomical features in compression wood also appeared to be wider in that respective widths of fusiform and uniseriate ray than those of opposite and side wood, but the heights of fusiform and uniseriate ray in compression wood were smaller than in opposite and side wood. The number of horizontal resin canal(fusiform ray) and uniseriate ray, however, showed no differences among the compression wood, opposite wood, and side wood. And the number of vertical resin canal in unit area, $4{\pi}mm^2$ of compression wood was fewer than that in opposite wood, whereas numerous vertical resin canals contained in a growth ring. These rays of compression wood seemed to be characterized by smaller height and wider width than those of opposite and side wood.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.15-32
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• 2017

This study investigated the effectiveness of home economics class on self-esteem and stress of middle school students. Data were collected from self-reported inventory of the middle school students in Y city of Gyeonggi province and 165 data copies were used for analyses. Data were analyzed for frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, t-test, corelation and dependent t-test using SPSS/PC 18.0 program. The results were as follows. First, the average of positive self-esteem was 2.74 and that of negative self-esteem was 1.90 on a 4 Likert scale. The range of stress level was 1.88~2.48 on a 5 Likert scale. Life satisfaction was 3.90 and helpfulness of home economics class was 3.89 on a 5 point Likert scale, which means moderately high. Second, examining differences in variables according to gender, there were statistically significant differences in stress regarding family for both pre- and post-tests. Third, helpfulness of home economics class had positive correlation with positive self-esteem and life satisfaction and had negative correlation with negative self-esteem and stress, which means that home economics class enhance life satisfaction and positive self-esteem and lessen negative self-esteem and stress of middle students. Fourth, as a result of comparison of pre and post-tests, positive self-esteem, life satisfaction, and helpfulness of home economics class increased statistically after home economics classes, while stress regarding school life decreased statistically. Even though students' growth and changes resulting from learning other subjects were not controlled, it was meaningful that effectiveness of home economics class were examined and helpful information for enhancing perception of home economics education were provided.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.1151-1158
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• 2006

This study was performed to investigate the effect of ethanol extract of Pimpinella brachycarpa (PB) on serum and liver lipid metabolism in rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats were administered 1% cholesterol and 0.25% sodium cholate to induce hypercholesterolemia. PB ethanol extract (200 mg/kg/day or 400 mg/kg/day) was also administered orally to rats with high cholesterol diet for 6 weeks. We divided 40 rats into five groups; normal diet group (NC), high cholesterol diet group (HC), normal diet and PB ethanol extract (200 mg/kg) administered group (NC-PB), high cholesterol diet and PB ethanol extract (200 mg/kg) administered group (HC-PBL), and high cholesterol diet and PB ethanol extract (400 mg/kg) administered group (HC-PBH). The growth rate and liver weight of the high cholesterol diet group was higher than those of the normal diet group, whereas those of the groups administered PB ethanol extract were gradually decreased. There was a signigicant increase in the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), asparate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the high cholesterol diet group. The administration of PB ethanol extract decreased serum ALT, AST and ALP activities in a dose-dependent manners. The high cholesterol diet group showed increased serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, free cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels, and decreased atherogenic index, HDL-cholesterol and phospholipid levels as compared with the normal diet group. PB ethanol extract administrated groups showed increased HDL-C/T-C, HDL-cholesterol and phospholipid levels, and decreased serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, free cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol levels as compared with the high cholesterol diet group. There were no differences in the concentrations of serum triglyceride, phopholipid, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and free cholesterol between normal diet groups. The hepatic concentrations of total cholesterol and triglyceride were also lower in PB ethanol extract administrated groups than in the high cholesterol diet group. These results suggest that ethanol extract of PB exerts hypocholesterolemic effect by reducing serum and liver cholesterol contents.