• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.2
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• pp.183-187
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• 2006

This study investigated concentrations of the several air pollutants and compared antioxidative enzyme activities on Platanus occidentalis because this tree species is one of the widespread street trees in Korea. This species has been emerging the ambient air pollutants during its growing periods. The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between air pollution on the tree species and antioxidant enzyme activities on the trees. $O_3$, $NO_2$, CO and $SO_2$ concentrations of several cities in Korea were compared for last decades. Among the air pollutants, $O_3$ and $NO_2$ concentrations in six big cities in Korea showed similar increasing trends during this period. In contrast, $SO_2$ and CO concentrations in the same cities dramatically decreased between 1994 and 2005. Platanus occidentalis trees were controlled to investigate, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) activity. Ozone exposure generally increased APX and GR activities of tree seedlings. It is a typical compensatory strategy of stressed trees.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.11-18
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• 2010

Object : This study was to evaluate the effect of Ginseng Radix, aqueous extracts of the root part of Panax ginseng on the 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil(PTU)-induced rat hypothyroidism. Methods : Aqueous extracts of Ginseng Radix(GR; yield = 11.70%) were administered, once day for 42 days from 2 weeks before start of PTU treatment as an oral dose of 300 and 150 mg/kg(body weight), and hypothyroidism was induced by daily subcutaneous treatment of PTU 10mg/kg for 28 days. The changes in the body weight, thyroid gland weights, serum levels of thyroid hormone-thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH), tri-iodothyronine(T3) and thyroxine(T4), total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein(LDL), high density lipoprotein(HDL) and triglyceride, liver antioxidant defense system-lipid peroxidation, $H_2O_2$, superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase(CAT) were observed with histopathology of thyroid glands. Results : Results were compared with LevoT4 0.5mg/kg treated rats. GR extracts suppressed the decreases in the body weight, thyroid gland weights, T3 and T4, TG, liver $H_2O_2$ and SOD activities as results of PTU treatment. And GR extracts suppressed the increases of HDL contents, liver CAT activities, thyroid gland weight as results of PTU treatment. In addition, marked hyperplasia of follicular cells with decreases of follicular colloid contentsand sizes were demonstrated at histopathological inspections. However, these PTU-induced histopathological changes related to hypothyroidism were dramatically decreased by treatment of both different dosages of GR extract, respectively Conclusions : This study suggest that GR extracts have favorable effects on the thyroid hormone productions with beneficial effects on the hypothyroidism mediated by the modulatory effects on the antioxidant defense system.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.1
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• pp.14-20
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• 2007

In order to examine the differences in antioxidant enzyme activities which represent defence mechanism to stressful environments, and soil properties between healthy and declining (or unhealthy) trees, we selected three sites, Witseorum, Youngsil and Sungpanak (Jindallebat). Antioxidant enzymes including Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and Glutathione Reductase (GR), forest soil properties including soil texture, soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphate, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable cation content and nutrient contents in leaves of Abies koreana (Korean fir) trees were analyzed. There were no significant differences between healthy and declining trees in GR activity. However, seasonal difference in antioxidant enzyme activity was observed. GR activity was lower in June and August than that of September. Soil chemical and physical properties of each site showed a tendency that organic content, total nitrogen content, available phosphorus, cation exchange capacity and cation content were lower at the site of declining trees than the site of healthy trees.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.125-130
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of the Perilla frutescens cv. Chookyoupjaso mutant water extract (PFWE) on gamma ray-induced oxidative stress in mice. Gamma-ray is one of the sources for inducing oxidative stress. The study was divided into 6 groups with 6 mice for each treatment. Groups I and II were treated with saline (vehicle) only, groups III, IV, V, and VI were pretreated with PFWE 10, 20, 50, $50mg\;kg^{-1}$ respectively for 2 weeks before gamma radiation. And then groups II, III, IV, V were irradiated. We found that the activities of aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) were increased and the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) were decreased by irradiation in mice. However, treatment of PFWE attenuated the activities of AST and ALT in a dose-dependent manner in irradiated mice. Furthermore, treatment of PFWE significantly increased the activities of SOD, GPx, and GR in a dose-dependent manner in irradiated mice, except for the CAT. Interestingly, the activities of GPx and GR were significantly increased by PFWE treatment. Taken together, PFWE could be effective in protecting on gamma ray-induced oxidative stress in mice.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.383-389
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• 2000

GRF (Korean Red Ginseng mixed formula) consists of six herbs such as Ginseng Radix rubra Koreana, Lycii Fructus, Artemisiae Capillaris Herba, Poria, and Glycyrrhizae Radix and Hoveniae Fructus. For the evaluation of hepatoprotective effect of GRF, the study was performed on protective effect against hepatic damage induced by galactosamine in vitro and ccl4 in vivo and also elucidate antioxidant activity. In vitro assay with 1.1 mM galactosamine, protection (%) was 44% (GR), and 58% (GRF-A) at 50 ug/ml. GRF effectively protected fatty degenertion and necrosis in murine hepatic damage induced by ccl4. For the -antioxidant study, GRF inhibited hemolysis of erythrocyte and decolored DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl) free radical in a dose dependent manner more effetively than GR alone in vitro. GRF and GR significantly suppressed the time course $(1\;hr{\sim}6\;hr)-level$ of MDA (malondialdehyde) following AAPH (2,2'-azo-bis-(2-amidino -propane) dihydrochloride) treatment in vivo as compared with control data. From the results it can be concluded GR and GRF exerted the hepatoprotective effect by dint of antioxidant activity.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.276-284
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• 2010

The effects of different dietary fatty acids on the hepatic glutathione S-transferase(GST-P) positive foci and glutathione related enzyme system were investigated in carcinogen treated rats. Weaning male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups and fed the diets of 15% corn(CO), perilla(PO), and sardine oil(SO), respectively. Hepatocellular carcinogenesis was initiated with diethylnitrosamine(DEN) and then fed the diet containing 0.02% 2-acetylaminofluorene(2-AAF) followed by 0.05% phenobarbital for 10 weeks. The hepatic tissues were homogenized and centrifugated to prepare microsomal and cytosolic fractions. The enzyme activities of hepatic glutathione S-transferase(GST), glutathione reductase(GR), and glutathione peroxidase(GPx) were determined from cytosolic fractions. The number of GST-P hyperplastic nodules was the highest in corn oil group at 6th week, the early stage of hyperplastic nodule formation. GST activities were increased significantly by carcinogens in all dietary groups after 6th wk. GR activities followed the same trend as GST activities. GPx activities were decreased by carcinogens in all dietary groups at 10th week. In this experiment, corn oil diet may have promotive effect on hyperplastic nodule formation during the early promotional stages of chemical carcinogenesis.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.40-46
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• 2001

Ozone ($O_3$)-induced changes in chlorophyll content and specific activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and glutathione reductase (GR) were investigated in two rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.) grown under variable nutrient treatments. For this study, two rice cultivars of Ilpumbyeo (IL) and Keumobyeo#l (KM), which were known as resistant and susceptible to $O_3$, respectively, were exposed to $O_3$at 0.15ppm for 30 days and investigated with 10 days interval. The available nutrient regimes were varied by doubling the supply of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) Within a basic fertilizer status (N, P, K; 15, 12, 12kg/l0a$^{-1}$ ). In both cultivars and at all nutrient status, chlorophyll content in $O_3$-treated plants decreased with prolonged treatment period, although higher N, P and K supply with $O_3$ treatment alleviated the decrease in chlorophyll content. The activities of almost all enzymes investigated for this study were decreased during initial stages of $O_3$- exposure except GPX which maintained higher activity throughout the exposure period than the non-treated plant. However, the antioxidant enzymes in $O_3$-treated plants showed almost the same or higher activities on 30 days after $O_3$ - exposure. The most significant changes in activities were observed in GR of the $O_3$-treated leaves. With the prolonged treatment period, the activity of GR at 30 days was increased by 3-8 times compared to those in 10 days. Most of the investigated enzymes showed very similar tendency to $O_3$ treatment in all fertilizer status. There was no observed evidence for enhanced detoxification of $O_3$-derived activated oxygen species in plants grown under higher fertilizer status compared with that in plants grown under basic fertilizer status. The increase in the activities of SOD, APX and GR in rice leaves by relatively long-term treatment with $O_3$ at low concentration is considered to indicate that the plant became adapted to the $O_3$ stress and the protection system increased its capacity to scavenge toxic oxygen species. Our results in two rice cultivars indicated that there was little difference in the activities of antioxidant enzymes between IL and KM, which were known as resistant and susceptible cultivar to $O_3$

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1427-1432
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the antimicrobial and anticancer effects of Galla Rhois (GR) on pathogens isolated from oral and KB human oral epidermoid carcinoma cells. Their antimicrobial activities were tested against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Enterobacter aerogenes (E. aerogenes), Escherichia coli (E. coil) and Candida albicans (C. albicans). GR powder has the antimicrobial activity against C. albicans, S. mutans and S. aureus. The extracts of water and ethanol have the antimicrobial activity against S. sureus and C. albicans. The water extract showed inhibitory activity against the growth and pH of above mentioned reference microorganisms. The water extract of GR declined cell viability in a dose dependent manner. DNA flow cytometric analysis showed that population of sub-G/sub 0//G₁, phase of cell cycle was increased by GR extract treatment in a dose dependent manner. Western blot analysis revealed that Caspase-3 was reduced by GR extract treatment. These result suggested that GR has the effect of antimicrobial on pathogens isolated from oral, and also, has anticancer effect that associated with the induction of apoptosis in a dose dependent manner in KB human oral epidermoid carcinoma cells. It may be GR-induced apoptosis was mediated via activation of Caspase-3.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.289-294
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• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate the antioxidative enzymes and isozymes between chilling-tolerant and -susceptible varieties at the booting stage under cold water stress $(13^{\circ}C)$ in japonica rice. Total SOD, CAT, POX, and GR activities on the basis of protein were found to be important factors to defend cold water stress. Especially, SOD and CAT activities showed distinctive differences between chilling-tolerant and -susceptible varieties. Chilling-tolerant varieties were higher than chilling-susceptible varieties for SOD and CAT activities. One of eight isozyme bands for SOD was a inducible isoform. Three isozymes for CAT and one isozyme for POX were closely correlated with defense to cold water stress. Total GR activities except Stejaree 45 on the basis fresh weight and POX were increased by cold water stress, but there was no difference between chilling-tolerant and -sus­ceptible varieties.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.72-79
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• 2002

This study was conducted to compare the physiological and biochemical responses of four Betula species in response to ozone, and to find out the relationship between ozone uptake rate and photosynthesis or antioxidant activity. One-year-old seedlings of four Betula sp, B. costata, B. davurica, B. platyphylla var, japonica, and B. ermani, exposed to 100 pub ozone concentration for 8h day$^{-1}$ for 5 weeks in fumigation chamber. Ozone uptake rate, photosynthesis, SOD and GR activity were measured in the leaves of four species once a week. Cumulative ozone uptake rate was largest in the loaves of B. costata(53.8 mmol m$^{-2}$ ), smallest in the leaves of B. davurica(35.5 mmol m$^{-2}$ ). Photosynthesis of four Betula sp. exposed to ozone reduced relative to control, but the photosynthetic responses with changing stomatal conductance were different among species. Ozone exposure increased SOD activities of four species at the early exposing period, but after a critical point SOD activity decreased gradually. GR activity of B. costata was similar to the change of SOD activity, but the others showed the different patterns from B. costata. In conclusion, decreasing both SOD and GR activity at the critical point, B. costata may be sensitive species in response to ozone. In contrast, the others may be resistant species, which gradually increase GR activity following ozone exposure. GR activity was not always in accord with the change of SOD activity against ozone uptake, and the different responses between species were supposed to be affected by the cumulative ozone uptake.