• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.265-272
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• 2016

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze X-factor, triple X-factor, and the center of pressure (COP) according to the feel of golf driver swing. Method: For this research, 9 golfers from the Korea Professional Golfers' Association (age: $30.11{\pm}2.98yrs$, height: $178.00{\pm}8.42cm$, weight: $76.22{\pm}8.42kg$, experience: $10.06{\pm}3.11yrs$) were recruited to participate in the experiment. Twelve Motion Analysis Eagle-4 cameras were installed and an image analysis was conducted by using the NLT (non-linear transformation) method, and 2 units of Kistler type 5233A dynamometer were used to measure ground reaction force. The sampling ratio was set at 1000 Hz. The golfers each took 10 swings by using their own driver, and chose the best and worse feel from among 10 shots. A paired-sample t-test was used to analyze the results. Results: In regard to feel, no change in head speed, X-factor, and the triple X-factor's X-factor stretch, hip rise, and head swivel, was observed (p>.05). Regarding ground reaction force, a difference was observed between the top of the backswing (p<.05) and impact (p<.05) in the vertical force of the left foot. For COP, a difference was also observed between the mid backswing (p<.001), late backswing (p<.001), and top of the backswing (p<.05) for the right foot X-axis and Y-axis mid follow through (p<.01). Conclusion: It can be reasoned that, irrespective of feel, the head speed, X-factor and triple X-factor's X-factor stretch, hip rise and head swivel did not have an effect on drive distance for domestic golfers, and the vertical reaction force of the left foot and left-right movement span's pressure dispersal of the right foot had an increasing effect on drive distance.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to identify critical parameters of a putting performance using jerk cost function. Jerk is the time rate of change of acceleration and it has been suggested that a skilled performance is characterized by decreased jerk magnitude. Four elite golfers($handicap{\leq}2$) and 4 novice golfers participated in this study for the comparison. The 3D kinematic data were collected for each subject performing 5 trials of putts for each of these distances (random order): 1m, 3m, 5m The putting stroke was divided into 3 phases such as back swing. down swing and follow-through. In this study, it was assumed that there exist smoothness difference between elite and novice golfers during putting. The distance and jerk-cost function of Putting stroke for each phase were analyzed Results showed that there was a significant difference in jerk cost function at putter toe (at media-lateral direction) and at the center of mass between two groups by increasing putting distance. From these it could be concluded that jerk can be used as a kinematic parameter for distinguishing elite and novice golfers.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to analyze relationship between biomechancal factors and diver's distance during golf driver swing. Fifteen professional golfers were participated in as subject. Eight motion capture cameras(250 Hz), 2 force plates(1000 Hz), and Trackman were used to collect kinematic and kinetic datas. It was performed Pearson's correlation analysis using SPSS 24.0. The level of significance was at .05. Ball speed, club head speed, X-Factor, and ground reaction force were correlated on driving distance, However, smash factor and knee moment were not correlated on driving distnace. Ball speed, club head speed, X-Factor, and ground reaction force were effected to driving distance, but smash factor and knee moment were not effected to driving distance.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.43-80
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• 2008

The purpose of this research is to analysis the swing of driver used by professional golfers during on-season. In order to collect on-season driver swings of research objects, which are three KPGA(Korean Professional Golfer Association) professional golfers, measurements were carried out right after the last game of a season. The analysis range was set to down-swing point while analysis was conducted to after-impact, release point. As a result, systematic process between leading segments of the previous precise kinematic analysis research seems to turn up the same. However, there were different results compared to the preceding research. All three testers expressed adduction of left hand which could not be described with forming cocking angle, in consequence, adduction of left hand does not have a big effect on formation of cocking. Moreover, chest movement right before the impact; which was emphasized in previous research, the direction was not opposite but the same with the ball.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.177-185
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• 2007

Even though there were no clear definitions of the short game and short game distance, short game capability is crucial for a good golf score. Generally, chip shot and pitch shot are regarded as two principal components of the short game. Chip shot is a short, low trajectory shot played to the green or from trouble back into play. Pitch shot is a high trajectory shot of short length. Biomechanical studies were conducted usually to analyze full swing and putting motions. The purpose of the study was to reveal the kinematical differences between professional golfers' 30 yard $53^{\circ}wedge$ chip shot and $56^{\circ}wedge$ pitch shot motions. Fifteen male professional golfers were recruited for the study. Kinematical data were collected by the 60 Hz three-dimensional motion analysis system. Statistical comparisons were made by paired t-test, ANOVA, and Duncan of the SPSS 12.0K with the $\alpha$ value of .05. Results show that both the left hand and the ball were placed left of the center of the left and right foot at address. The left hand position of the chip shot was significantly left side of that of the pitch shot. But the ball position of the pitch shot was significantly right side of that of the chip shot. All body segments aligned to the left of the target line, open, at address. Except shoulder, there were no significant pelvis, knee, and feet alignment differences between chip shot and pitch shot. These differences at address seem for the ball height control. Pitch shot swing motions(the shoulder and pelvis rotation and the club head travel distance) were significantly bigger than those of the chip shot. Club head velocity of the pitch shot was significantly faster than that of the chip shot at the moment of impact. This was for the same shot length control with different lofted clubs. Swing motion differences seem mainly caused by the same shot length control with different ball height control.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.420-432
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to survey the present women's golf windbreaker market to develop the trendy product with supplementing design and functionality by grasping the inconvenient part through the result of the questionnaire. According to the questionnaire, 38.1% said that the armhole is the most inconvenient part by tightfitting. Therefore, a mobility of wearer was enhanced by giving shirring detail to the armhole for flexibility through inserting the elastic band with a regular interval around armhole in the design1. The swing movement was allowed to be convenient by attaching knit to the side panel. And, the sleeves were designed in the detachable form so those are allowed to be produced in two kinds such as long sleeves and short sleeves. In the design2, a zipper was inserted from the neckline to the armhole so it is designed a detachable bolero. Furthermore, it was designed to be possible to wear two different way as a jumper style and a vest style. Given wearing a vest, the sleeve part was patched knit, thereby having enhanced activity. The design1 and the design2 evaluated an objective assessment and subjective assessment. Assessment group consists of 5 subject groups and 10 expert groups to evaluate external appearance and movement adaptability. In the external appearance evaluation, the design1 obtained the better evaluation than design2. In the movement adaptability evaluation, the design1 obtained the better evaluation than the design2 for all of the items except the wrist area. In the group of professionals, the design1 obtained the better evaluation than the design2 for all of the items except the bottom area.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.71-78
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• 2005

The purpose of this research was to conduct an analysis on the factors that determine the distance at the time of target swing based on the use of late hitting of outstanding college golfers to verify the difference between late hitting and the distance that target increases in regular swing and the distance. Then, this research conducts an analysis on the correlation between club head velocity, ball velocity, launch angle, back spin, meet ratio and distance that become kinematics variables at the time of target swing. To attain the above mentioned purpose, 25 outstanding college players with average experience and handicap of 6 years and 5, respectively, were targeted Comparative analysis on two swing that target increase in regular and the distance was conducted by used driver. When it pertained to two types of swing. analysis system comprised of an analytical software called the Science Eye of the Bridgestone and peripheries was used to define the relationship between variables of club head velocity, ball velocity, launch angle, back spin, meet ratio that become kinematics variables. As for the method of processing data pertaining to the factors that determine the distance, differences of distance by the type of swing was verified by using independent T-test that leveraged SPSS 120 statistics program. Moreover, level of correlation between variables that contribute to the increase in distance through relation of correlation, and analysis of tendencies was conducted to analyze tendency of non-distance to increase in accordance to the increase of each variable. Key results produced through this experiment are as follows: 1. Artificial late hitting for increased non-distance that targets skilled players had effect on increased the distance(p<. 05). 2 The drive distance is correlated with each measured variable that is positive correlation to ball velocity, club head velocity, meet ratio and relation of back spin and launch angle are negative correlation. ball velocity and club head velocity are very high correlated with drive distance(p<.01), back spin and distance are negative correlation(p<.01). 3. Among each measured variable increasing the club velocity is the most contribution, and ball velocity and meet ratio and the increasing launch angle and back spin is negative effect for increasing distance.

• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.369-383
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• 2018

In this paper, suggests a gamification analysis method applied to screen sports. The analysis method is through the process of comparison, collection and application. In the process of comparison, compare the characteristics of actual sports and screen sports and Data collection to complement the differences derived from the comparison process is done during the collection process. Process of application is verify for application status of Gamification. and analyzed of screen golf and screen baseball. The result shows that screen golf couldn't apply walking exercise in the comparison process, and screen baseball couldn't apply exercise elements except batting. During the collection process, driving distance and swing data were used for screen golf, and driving distance, batting average and RBI (runs batted in) data were used for screen baseball. Lastly, it was revealed during the application process that both screen golf and screen baseball provide data to users by using reward, competition and Self-expression elements of gamification. The analysis methods presented in this study can be a method to analyze screen sports, and are expected to be appropriate methods to make screen sports.

• Proceeding of EDISON Challenge
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• 2016.03a
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• pp.598-603
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• 2016

현대의 스포츠는 과학기술의 발전과 함께 성장하고 있고 골프종목 역시 재료역학적, 공기역학적 발전에 따라 비거리를 점점 늘려가고 있다. 하지만 현재까지의 비거리에 대한 연구는 골프공과 골프채의 재료의 변화와 딤플이 있는 골프공의 공기역학적 연구에 집중해 있었고 요즘에 들어서야 클럽헤드의 공기역학적 형상에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 골프 경기 중 가장 먼 비거리를 만들어 내는 골프채인 드라이버의 단순화된 2차원 클럽헤드 형상을 설정하고 항력을 줄일 여러 가지 방법을 적용하여 최소의 항력을 갖는 헤드 형상을 찾아보았다. 연구결과 $10.2^{\circ}$의 로프트를 갖는 클럽헤드는 chord 길이가 face 높이의 3.2배이고, trailing edge가 face의 중심보다 전체 face높이의 10% 아래에 있을 때 가장 적은 항력을 얻을 수 있었다. 결과적으로 이 형상과 기존형상의 스윙 속도 차는 약 2mph로 5yard의 비거리 차이를 가져온다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2018.05a
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• pp.611-613
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• 2018

본 논문에서는 가속도와 자이로를 이용하여 골프 스윙의 각 구간별 스윙속도 및 스윙궤적과 백스윙 각도를 분석하고 이를 활용하여 사용자가 자신의 골프 스윙의 상태를 분석하고 교정해 나갈수 있는 초소형 골프스윙 분석 모듈을 개발한다. 기존의 대다수의 스윙분석 모듈과 달리 본 연구에서는 압력센서를 추가하여 스윙 과정에서 사용자의 그립에 가해지는 압력을 동시에 수집하고 분석함으로써 보다 정밀한 스윙분석을 가능케하였다. 실제 프로토타입 개발과 테스트를 통해 개발된 모듈 및 모바일 앱의 기능 및 성능을 검증하였다.