• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.105-117
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• 2007

The research was conducted based on the 1012 cases questionnaire for the purpose of to evaluate the change effect of university student's consciousness and behavior before and after lecture on environmental problems. And this questionnaires were performed with self-administered by the university student who made a application for liberal arts related to environmental subjects. The results were as follows. According to the analysis results the most students responded that the most serious problem of environmental pollution before the lecture on environmental education was a genetic modified organism(3.64/4.00), but the most serious problem of environmental pollution was changed to the topic of water pollution(3.96/4.00) after the lecture on environmental problem. And also according to the analysis results dributed by gender were that boy students show a higher concerning(170%) than that of girl students(150%). The most good results obtained after lecture on environmental problem were water pollution(23.0%), air pollution(11.5%), waste material pollution(10.9%), food additives (10.0%), genetic modified organism(8.0%), endocrine disrupter(7.5%), respectively. And according to the analysis results distributed by a grade were that the concerning of a low grade(freshman, sophomore)were higher than that of a high grade(junior, senior) in the topic of water pollution, air pollution, waste material pollution. But there were high level of awareness on the topic of food additives, genetic modified organism, endocrine disrupter to the all students(freshman to senior). And according to the analysis results distributed by a major field of study were that students who major in art & athletics, liberal art and etc(public health) were show a deep concerning than that of science & engineering. Finally, the environmental education during the university class were effectively contribute to increase the awareness of the seriousness of environmental pollution problem(8.2%) and also contribute to the practical life after class also increase their consciousness of environmental problem(59.8%).

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.3103-3103
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• 2001

NIR has been extensively used to predict directly measurable properties of materials that are important to the appropriate industries. Commonly, NIR is used to perform fast, routine tests to improve control response as against the response time for the (normally chemical) base test. This paper discusses the use of NIR to measure indirect properties of materials. In these cases, the pure chemical or physical tests are either unable measure the appropriate parameters (eg GMO modification) or there are mitigating effects that are not properly addressed by the base tests. In particular, we looked at the digestible portion of amino acids within meat and bone meal. This is the desired response measurement by end-users of the product (intensive livestock producers) but is currently unable to be offered as a measurement by producers. The base test method is by controlled feeding trials. These are somewhat cumbersome, taking 2-3 months, involving several sets of animals, and considerable expense. A shortened test (feed trial based) would be of little use, as the precision blows out over short period feeding trials. For example, a rat ileal digestibility test requires around 2 months, and costs some $USD1000. This is clearly impractical test for a producer involved in continuous production, with a 1-2 day turn around. While the amino acid abundance is accessible chemically, the uptake of amino acids into usable material by mammalian species is not simply related to the measured abundance within the material. There are many co-related material properties that might help or hinder uptake, some chemical based (eg protein damage), some indirect (eg palatability), some physiological (intestinal tract response vs speed of throughput). We discuss the approaches taken to provide a suitable reference data set, and present the derived prediction and validation relationships.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.329-334
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• 2009

The ontology alignment has two kinds of major problems. First, the features used for ontology alignment are usually defined by experts, but it is highly possible for some critical features to be excluded from the feature set. Second, the semantic and the structural similarities are usually computed independently, and then they are combined in an ad-hoc way where the weights are determined heuristically. This paper proposes the modified parse tree kernel (MPTK) for ontology alignment. In order to compute the similarity between entities in the ontologies, a tree is adopted as a representation of an ontology. After transforming an ontology into a set of trees, their similarity is computed using MPTK without explicit enumeration of features. In computing the similarity between trees, the approximate string matching is adopted to naturally reflect not only the structural information but also the semantic information. According to a series of experiments with a standard data set, the kernel method outperforms other structural similarities such as GMO. In addition, the proposed method shows the state-of-the-art performance in the ontology alignment.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.20 no.9
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• pp.1183-1190
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• 2011

This study was aimed to establish the evaluating protocol and standard assessment for genetically modified (GM) hot pepper and to find out a proper statistic method to analyze for equality of agricultural characters between GM and non-GM pepper lines. GM and non-GM hot pepper lines were cultivated in two GMO fields in the middle region of Korea and total of 52 agricultural characters were collected during the plant growing season for 4 years, 2007 to 2010. Levene's test was conducted to confirm the homogeneity of raw data before statistic analysis. Two-way ANOVA in the multivariate tests and t-test were conducted to analyze 52 agricultural characters in order to find out the equality between H15 and P2377. From the statistical analysis through two-way ANOVA, 16 out of 16 plant growth traits, 9 out of 18 green fruit traits and 7 out of 18 red fruit traits among 4 years and 9 out of 16 plant growth traits, 4 out of 18 green fruit traits and 3 out of 18 red fruit traits between H15 and P2377 have shown the statistic differences. With the same raw data of 52 agricultural characters, t-test was also conducted. Based on the result from t-test, only 1 out of 16 plant growth traits, 2 out of 18 green fruit traits and 1 out of 18 red fruit traits have shown the differences between H15 and P2377, so that it was concluded that there is no statistic difference between H15 and P2377 in terms of agricultural characters. Also, the t-test is a proper statistic method to analyze each trait between GM and its control lines in order to evaluate agricultural characters.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2003

New breeding method by genetic engineering is expected as a key technology to solve food shortage due to the growing world population in the year 2000s. Many genetically modified organisms (GMOs) were already developed and the commercial cultivation had started. The first GMO, Flavr Savr tomato, which rotted at a much slower pace than ordinary ones, was developed in US in 1994. Since then, over than 70 different agricultural products including corn, cotton, soybean, papaya, potato, and squash made with genetically modified plants are reportedly on sale worldwide. Supporters favor the GMOs because they have greater yields, longer shelf lives and stronger resistance to disease and insects. On the other hand, opponents say that the supporters ignore a potential danger that they may damage the environment as well as human beings. To assure the safe development and use of GMOs as food and other biotech products, the possible risks on biological environment and human health should be throughly examined and regulated by developer and government. Because the biosafety problem is a global, environmental, and trade issue, a new international treaty is under development. The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety was adopted at the 1 st Extraordinary Conference of Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity which was held at Mont-real, Canada, Jan. 29th, 2000. The adoption of the Protocol is seen as a breakthrough in that it is based on the" Precautionary Principle" despite scientific uncertainties surrounding potential risks that GMOs may inflict on human health and the environment and that it has laid the ground for introduction of specific steps to handle international trading of GMOs. In this paper, the authors would like to introduce the current status and perspective of environmental and human risk assessment of GMOs.t of GMOs.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.59-70
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• 2000

In nature, plant diseases, insects and parasites (hereafter called as "pest") must be co-survived. The most common expression of co-survival of a host crop to the pest can be tolerance. With tolerance, chemical uses can be minimized and it protects environment and sustains host productivity and the minimum pest survival. Tolerance can be applicable in all living organisms including crop plants, lifestocks and even human beings. Tolerant system controls pest about 90 to 95% (this pest control system often be called as horizontal or partial resistance), while the use of chemicals or selection of high resistance controls pest 100% (the most expression of this control system is vertical resistance or true resistance). Controlling or eliminating the pests by either chemicals or vertical resistance create new problems in nature and destroy the co-survial balance of pest and host. Controlling pests through tolerance can only permit co-survive of pests and hosts. Tolerance is durable and environmentally-friend. Crop cultivars based on tolerance system are different from those developed by genetically modified organism (GMO) system. The former stabilizes genetic balance of a pest and a host crop in nature while the latter destabilizes the genetic balance due to 100% control. For three decades, the author has implemented the tolerance system in breeding maize cultivars against various pests in both tropical and temperate environments. Parasitic weed Striga species known as the greatest biological problem in agriculture has even been controlled through this system. The final effect of the tolerance can be an integrated genetic pest management (IGPM) without any chemical uses and it makes co-survival of pests in nature.in nature.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.133-139
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• 2012

This study aims to examine the effect of Genetically Modified ${\beta}$-Carotene Biofortified Rice rice developed by simultaneous expression technology in NAAS on biological immunity. Accordingly, this study added Genetically Modified ${\beta}$-Carotene Biofortified Rice 25, 50% and general rice 50% as control group into diet and provided rats with the prescribed feeds and then measured the contents of immunoglobulin and cytokine in blood. As a result, male and female IgM, IgE, male IgG1, female IgG2a and TNF-a, IL5 and IL12 showed no significant difference; male IgG2a tended to decrease dependently on the combined concentration of Genetically Modified ${\beta}$-Carotene Biofortified Rice; female IgG1 showed significance with control group, but its association with diet was not found. The higher the dietary mixing ratio, the more the male and female IFN-a and female IL-4 contents, regardless of rice variety, and it was found that female IL6 content decreased significantly, but its association with diet was not found. The risk of beta carotene-enriched rice into environment and human body has not been reported yet. The digestion of Genetically Modified ${\beta}$-Carotene Biofortified Rice can be seen as "safe" as this test result showed no big difference between general rice and Genetically Modified ${\beta}$-Carotene Biofortified Rice, and its usability is full of suggestions.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.123-129
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• 2011

To identify unintended vertical gene-transfer rates from the developed transgenic plants, rapid and unequivocal techniques are needed to identify event-specific markers based on flanking sequences around the transgene and to distinguish zygosity such as homo- and hetero-zygosity. To facilitate evaluation of zygosity, a polymerase chain reaction technique was used to analyze a transgenic pepper line B20 (homozygote), P915 wild type (null zygote), and their F1 hybrids, which were used as transgene contaminated plants. First, we sequenced the 3'-flanking region of the T-DNA (1,277 bp) in the transgenic pepper event B20. Based on sequence information for the 3'- and 5'-flanking region of T-DNA provided in a previous study, a primer pair was designed to amplify full length T-DNA in B20. We successfully amplified the full length T-DNA containing 986 bp from the flanking regions of B20. In addition, a 1,040 bp PCR product, which was where the T-DNA was inserted, was amplified from P915. Finally, both full length T-DNA and the 1,040 bp fragment were simultaneously amplified in the F1 hybrids; P915 ${\times}$ B20, Pungchon ${\times}$ B20, Gumtap ${\times}$ B20. In the present study, we were able to identify zygosity among homozygous transgenic event B20, its wild type P915, and hemizygous F1 hybrids. Therefore, this novel zygosity identification technique, which is based on PCR, can be effectively used to examine gene flow for transgenic pepper event B20.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.293-301
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• 2001

Genetically modified organism (GMO) using recombinant DNA technique has been exponentially increased, however there are still arguments for the safety of GM foods. The objective of this research was to compare the allergens of GM soybean(Roundup Ready$^{TM}$) with conventional soybeans. Each soybean extracts were prepared as crude extracts, heated extracts, and as heated and simulated gastric quid (SGF)-digested samples to characterize the stability of allergens to physicochemical treatment. Positive sera from 20 soybean-sensitive patients and control sera from 5 normal subjects were used to identify the endogenous allergens in soybeans. Specific-IgE binding activities to each soybean preparations were evaluated by ELISA and immunoblot technique. In ELISA result, IgE binding activities of positive sera to soy crude extracts generally showed two fold higher mean value than those of control sera, how-ever there was no significant difference between GM soybean and natural soybean varieties. Extracted proteins form each of the soybean preparations were separated with SDS-PAGE. The band pattern of GM soybean was very similar to those of natural soybean varieties. Immunoblots for the different soybeans revealed no differences in IgE-binding protein patterns, moreover, disclosed five prominent IgE-binding bands (75, 70, 50, 44 and 34 kDa) in crude extracts, four (75, 70, 44 and 34 kDa) in heated preparations, one (50 kDa) in heated and SGF-digested preparations. These IgE binding bands were consistent with previously reported results on the soybean. These results indicate that GM soybean (Roundup Ready$^{TM}$) is no different from natural soybean in terms of its allergen.gen.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.105-115
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate food purchasing management and the perception of school dietitians regarding food quality standards in the Chonbuk area of Korea. Self-administered questionnaires were collected from a total 205 dietitians and then evaluated using SPSS v. 11.5. The results are summarized as follows. Among the 205 school foodservice systems evaluated, 63.4% used a conventional system, while 36.6% were operated in a commissary manner. In addition, 64.9% of the schools had a menu cycle of 1 week (p<0.05) and 72.2% of the dietitians were responsible for the entire purchasing process (p<0.05). Moreover, a dietitian, school staff, foodservice staff, and parents participated in receiving and inspection of the food at 95.6% of the schools. Additionally, wholesalers and informal purchasing were preferred for purchasing food supplies. Moreover, 33.3% of dietitians in the commissary systems responded that they made Kimchi themselves instead of purchasing it (p<0.01). When the dietician's perception of food quality was evaluated, the average score was 3.33 based on a 5-point scale, although the scores differed significantly between dieticians working in conventional systems and those working in commissary systems (p<0.05). The scores for the quality standards related to the GMO agricultural and pesticide residues were the lowest. These findings indicate that it is necessary to develop standardized food quality and purchasing criteria and to provide education regarding these criteria to school dietitians to enable them to improve their knowledge regarding food quality standards and to implement effective purchasing programs.