• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.86-97
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• 2021

Background: Panax ginseng Meyer has been used as a nourishing edible herb in East Asia for thousands of years. 25-OH-PPT was first discovered as a natural rare triterpenoid saponin in ginseng stems and leaves by our group. Research found that it showed strong inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, and protected cardiocytes (H9c2) through PI3K/Akt pathway. Methods: In the research, in order to optimize the 25-OH-PPT enrichment process, optimal macroporous resins and optimal purification conditions were studied. Meanwhile, the hypoglycemic effect and mechanism of 25-OH-PPT were evaluated by using STZ to establish insulin-dependent diabetic mice and the spontaneous type 2 diabetes DB/DB mice. Results and Conclusion: Research found that 25-OH-PPT can reduce blood glucose and enhance glucose tolerance in STZ model mice. It increases insulin sensitivity by upregulating GLUT4 and AMPK in skeletal muscle, and activating insulin signaling pathways. In DB/DB mice, 25-OH-PPT achieves hypoglycemic effects mainly by activating the insulin signaling pathway. Meanwhile, through the influence of liver inflammatory factors and lipids in serum, it can be seen that 25-OH-PPT has obvious anti-inflammatory and lipid-lowering effects. These results provide new insights into the study of ginseng as a functional food.

• 국제지역연구
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.121-138
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• 2010

미국의 경상수지 적자규모는 여전히 높은 수준을 나타내고 있는 반면, 동아시아국가들은 꾸준히 높은 수준의 경상수지 흑자를 나타내는 이른 바 '글로벌 불균형(global imbalance)'현상이 진행되고 있다. 본 논문은 1999년-2008년간 자료를 이용하여 미국과 아시아 10개 국가간 경상수지와 환율간의 관계를 실증적으로 분석함으로써 중국과 아시아 국가들의 수출증대를 위한 환율 저평가 정책이 글로벌 불균형의 핵심 원인이라고 주장하는 '제2차 브레튼 우즈(Bretton Woods II)' 가설의 유효성을 검정하였다. 실증 분석결과, 아시아 국가들의 실질환율 절하가 글로벌 불균형의 부분적인 원인으로 작용하였으나 아시아 지역의 투자위축에 따른 잉여저축과 미국의 순저축 부족 문제 등이 환율보다 더 큰 요인으로 작용한 것으로 나타났다. 그러므로 '제2차 브레튼 우즈(Bretton Woods II)' 가설은 유효하지 않은 것으로 파악되며, 환율 이외에 국민소득 변화와 (저축 대비)투자의 변화와 같은 경제여건의 조정에 의해서도 글로벌 불균형은 완화될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.27-35
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• 2021

A weak or dysfunctional gluteus medius (Gmed) is related to several pathologies, and individuals with hip abductor weakness have Gmed weakness. This study aimed to systematically review the literature associated with the anatomy and function of the Gmed, and the prevalence, pathology, and exercise of Gmed weakness. Papers published between 2010 and 2020 were retrieved from MEDLINE, Google Academic Search, and Research Information Sharing Service. The database search used the following terms: (glut* OR medius OR hip abduct*) AND weak*. The Gmed plays an important role in several functional activities as a primary hip abductor by providing pelvic stabilization and controlling hip adduction and internal rotation. Weakness of the Gmed is associated with many disorders including balance deficit, gait and running disorders, femoroacetabular impingement, snapping hip, gluteal tendinopathy, patellofemoral pain syndrome, osteoarthritis, iliotibial band syndrome, anterior cruciate ligament injury, ankle joint injuries, low back pain, stroke, and nocturia. Overuse of the tensor fasciae latae (TFL) as a hip abductor due to Gmed weakness can also cause several pathologies such as pain in the lower back and hip and degenerative hip joint pathology, which are associated with dominant TFL. Similarly, lateral instability and impaired movements such as lumbar spine lateral flexion or lateral tilt of the pelvis can occur due to compensatory activation of the quadratus lumborum for a weakened Gmed while exercising. Therefore, the related activation of synergistic muscles or compensatory movement should be considered when prescribing Gmed strengthening exercises.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제55권1호
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• pp.70-84
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• 2022

Purpose: Skeletal muscles display significant heterogeneity in metabolic responses, owing to the composition of metabolically distinct fiber types. Recently, numerous studies have reported that in skeletal muscles, suppression of genes related to fatty acid channeling alters the triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis and switches the energy substrates. However, such responses may differ, depending on the type of muscle fiber. Hence, we conducted in vitro and animal studies to compare the metabolic responses of different types of skeletal muscle fibers to the deficiency of fatty acyl-CoA synthetase (Acsl)6, one of the main fatty acid-activating enzymes. Methods: Differentiated skeletal myotubes were transfected with selected Acsl6 short interfering RNA (siRNA), and C57BL/6J mice were subjected to siRNA to induce Acsl6 deficiency. TAG accumulation and expression levels of insulin signaling proteins in response to acute glucose supplementation were measured in immortalized cell-based skeletal myotubes, oxidative muscles (OM), and glycolytic muscles (GM) derived from the animals. Results: Under conditions of high glucose supplementation, suppression of the Acsl6 gene resulted in decreased TAG and glycogen synthesis in the C2C12 skeletal myotubes. The expression of Glut4, a glucose transporter, was similarly downregulated. In the animal study, the level of TAG accumulation in OM was higher than levels determined in GM. However, a similar decrease in TAG accumulation was obtained in the two muscle types in response to Acsl6 suppression. Moreover, Acsl6 suppression enhanced the phosphorylation of insulin signaling proteins (Foxo-1, mTORc-1) only in GM, while no such changes were observed in OM. In addition, the induction ratio of phosphorylated proteins in response to glucose or Acsl6 suppression was significantly higher in GM than in OM. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that Acsl6 differentially regulates the energy metabolism of skeletal muscles in response to glucose supplementation, thereby indicating that the fiber type or fiber composition of mixed muscles may skew the results of metabolic studies.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권6호
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• pp.1397-1410
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• 2021

The present study was designed to determine the influence of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on adipogenesis-related gene regulation in bovine intramuscular (IM) and subcutaneous (SC) adipose cells during differentiation. Bovine IM and SC adipocytes were isolated from three 19-mo-old, crossbred steers. Adipogenic differentiation was induced upon cultured IM and SC preadipocytes with various doses (0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1 µM) of ATRA. After 96 h of incubation, cells were harvested and used to measure the gene expression of CCAAT/Enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ, glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), stearoyl CoA desaturase (SCD), and Smad transcription factor 3 (Smad3) relative to the quantity of ribosomal protein subunit 9 (RPS 9). Retinoic acid receptor (RAR) antagonist also tested to identify the effect of ATRA on PPARγ -RAR related gene expression in IM cells. The addition of ATRA to bovine IM decreased (p < 0.05) expression of PPARγ. The expression of PPARγ was also tended to be downregulated (p < 0.1) in high levels (10 µM) of ATRA treatment in SC cells. The treatment of RAR antagonist increased the expression of PPARγ in IM cells. Expression of C/EBPβ decreased (p < 0.05) in SC, but no change was observed in IM (p > 0.05). Increasing levels of ATRA may block adipogenic differentiation via transcriptional regulation of PPARγ. The efficacy of ATRA treatment in adipose cells may vary depending on the location.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제64권6호
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• pp.1092-1104
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• 2022

Using antibiotics as growth promoter has been banned in poultry feed industry, thus various researchers try to seek an alternative to replace the growth-promoting antibiotics. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the growth performance via intestinal nutrient utilization and cecal microbial composition of broiler after dietary supplementation with most commonly using antibiotics, zinc bacitracin, and sophorolipid. A total of 180 1-day-old chicks were randomly assigned, and dietary treatment was as follow: CON, basal diet; ZB, 100 ppm of zinc bacitracin supplemented diet; and SPL, 250 ppm of sophorolipid supplemented diet. Their growth performance was evaluated and the samples of blood, small intestine, and ileal and cecal digesta were collected for biochemical, histological, and genomic analyses. The body weight and average daily gain of 7-day-old chicks were higher in ZB and those in overall experimental period were improved by ZB and SPL supplementation (p < 0.05). Their intestinal characteristics were not affected by dietary treatments in duodenum and ileum. Nonetheless, villus height was increased by SPL supplementation in jejunum (p < 0.05). Moreover, dietary SPL supplementation could down-regulate the expression level of pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-1β (p < 0.05). mRNA levels of lipid and protein transporters did not differ among the treatments, however, relative expression levels of carbohydrate transporters, GLUT2 and SGLT1 were increased in broiler chicken's jejumum fed zinc bacitracin and sophorolipid supplemented diets (p < 0.05). Dietary zinc bacitracin supplementation could increase the population of Firmicutes in phylum level, and the portion of Turiciacter in genus level. On the other hands, the portion of Faecalibacterium was increased by dietary SPL supplementation compared to the other treatments. Our findings suggest that SPL supplementation improves growth performance through enhanced carbohydrate utilization capacity via improvement of gut morphological status and modulation of the cecal microbial population of broilers.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.39-53
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• 2022

Ginsenoside Rb₁ (Rb₁), one of the most important ingredients in Panax ginseng Meyer, has been confirmed to have favorable activities, including reducing antioxidative stress, inhibiting inflammation, regulating cell autophagy and apoptosis, affecting sugar and lipid metabolism, and regulating various cytokines. This study reviewed the recent progress on the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of Rb₁ against cardiovascular and nervous system diseases, diabetes, and their complications, especially those related to neurodegenerative diseases, myocardial ischemia, hypoxia injury, and traumatic brain injury. This review retrieved articles from PubMed and Web of Science that were published from 2015 to 2020. The molecular targets or pathways of the effects of Rb₁ on these diseases are referring to HMGB1, GLUT4, 11β-HSD1, ERK, Akt, Notch, NF-κB, MAPK, PPAR-γ, TGF-β1/Smad pathway, PI3K/mTOR pathway, Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, Nrf2/ARE pathway, and MAPK/NF-κB pathway. The potential effects of Rb₁ and its possible mechanisms against diseases were further predicted via Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway and disease ontology semantic and enrichment (DOSE) analyses with the reported targets. This study provides insights into the therapeutic effects of Rb₁ and its mechanisms against diseases, which is expected to help in promoting the drug development of Rb₁ and its clinical applications.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제33권12호
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• pp.1563-1575
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• 2023

Acyl-coenzyme A (CoA):diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) catalyzes the last stage of triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis, a process that forms ester bonds with diacylglycerols (DAG) and fatty acyl-CoA substrates. The enzymatic role of Dgat2 has been studied in various biological species. Still, the full description of how Dgat2 channels fatty acids in skeletal myocytes and the consequence thereof in glucose uptake have yet to be well established. Therefore, this study explored the mediating role of Dgat2 in glucose uptake and fatty acid partitioning under short interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA)-mediated Dgat2 knockdown conditions. Cells transfected with Dgat2 siRNA downregulated glucose transporter type 4 (Glut4) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and decreased the cellular uptake of [1-¹⁴C]-labeled 2-deoxyglucose up to 24.3% (p < 0.05). Suppression of Dgat2 deteriorated insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation. Dgat2 siRNA reduced [1-¹⁴C]-labeled oleic acid incorporation into TAG, but increased the level of [1-¹⁴C]-labeled free fatty acids at 3 h after initial fatty acid loading. In an experiment of chasing radioisotope-labeled fatty acids, Dgat2 suppression augmented the level of cellular free fatty acids. It decreased the level of re-esterification of free fatty acids to TAG by 67.6% during the chase period, and the remaining pulses of phospholipids and cholesteryl esters were decreased by 34.5% and 61%, respectively. Incorporating labeled fatty acids into beta-oxidation products increased in Dgat2 siRNA transfected cells without gene expression involving fatty acid oxidation. These results indicate that Dgat2 has regulatory function in glucose uptake, possibly through the reaction of TAG with endogenously released or recycled fatty acids.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.47-54
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• 2016

Coenzyme Q10(CoQ10)은 자연계에 널리 분포하는 화합물로 세포호흡과 항산화제로서 그 기능이 잘 알려졌지만, 최근 유전자들의 발현 조절자로서의 가능성도 제시되었다. 따라서 본 연구는 산란계에서 CoQ10의 첨가 급이가 콜레스테롤과 지방산 대사관련 유전자들의 발현에 미치는 영향을 관찰하고자 실시하였다. Lohmann Brown(40주령) 36수를 CoQ10의 첨가원에 따라 대조군(CON, basal diet(BD)), CoQ10 건조분말 급여군(T1, BD+CoQ10 100 mg/kg 사료) 및 CoQ10 건조분말 유화처리군(T2, BD+micellar of CoQ10 100 mg/kg 사료) 등 모두 3처리구로 설정하여 5주간 사양시험을 실시하였다. 시험 종료 후 각 개체의 간으로부터 total RNA를 추출하고, real-time PCR을 이용하여 유전자들의 발현을 분석하였다. 콜레스테롤 합성 과정에서 주요 조절 효소인 HMGCoA reductase(HMGCR)의 유전자 발현은 대조구에 비하여 CoQ10 분말첨가인 T1과 유화처리된 T2 처리구에서 모두 약 50%씩 억제되었다(p<0.05). 내생 콜레스테롤의 합성을 촉진시키는 전사인자인 SREBP2 mRNA 발현 또한 대조구와 비교해서 T1과 T2에서 각각 30%와 40% 감소하였다(p<0.05). CoQ10의 첨가 급이는 대조구에 비하여 liver X receptor(LXR) 유전자가 약 30~35% 그 발현이 억제되었으며, sterol regulatory element-binding proteins(SREBPs)1 또한 T2에서 약 40% 유전자 발현이 감소하였다(P<0.05). 전사인자인 $PPAR{\gamma}$와 XBP1은 CoQ10에 의하여 약 15~40% 수준으로 효과적으로 억제됨을 확인하였다(p<0.05). 세포 내부로의 에너지 공급원인 포도당의 흡수를 담당하는 GLUT2는 약 35~60% 그리고 GLUT8은 약 25~30%의 유전자발현 각각 감소함을 보였다(p<0.05). CoQ10의 섭취는 중성지방 합성을 위한 지방합성효소(FASN)의 유전자 발현을 분말처리군에서 약 30%, 유화처리군에서 약 65% 억제됨을 확인하였다(P<0.05). 본 연구결과는 CoQ10 첨가급여가 콜레스테롤 및 지방대사 관련 유전자 발현에 영향을 미치며, 세포내 콜레스테롤과 지방의 생성도 억제할 수 있음을 보여주었다.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.22-29
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• 2007

목적: 방사성옥소를 잘 섭취하는 갑상선 전이암들은 낮은 FDG 섭취를 보이나, 방사선옥소를 섭취하지 않는 경우는 FDG PET에서 잘 보인다고 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 원발성 갑상선 유두상암의 FDG 섭취 양상이 어떠한지 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 초음파유도하 세침흡입술로 갑상선 유두상암을 진단을 받고 갑상선 전절제술이 예정되었던 환자 40명들이 시행한 FDG PET/CT들을 대상으로 후향적 분석을 시행하였다. FDG 섭취의 정도는 병변이 주변 조직보다 높은 섭취를 보이는 것을 육안적으로 확인할 수 있는 경우 양성으로 하고 그렇지 않은 경우 음성으로 나누었으며, 병변의 최대 표준화섭취계수(peak SUV)를 구하여 그 크기와 비교하였다. 결과: FDG 섭취 양성소견을 보이는 27례의 갑상선 유두상암들의 평균 크기는 $1.9{\pm}1.4\;cm\;(0.5{\sim}5\;cm)$였고, FDG 섭취를 보이지 않는 13례의 경우는 $0.4{\pm}0.2cm\;(0.2{\sim}0.9\;cm)$이었다. 갑상선의 크기가 1 cm 이상인 19례들은 ($2.5{\pm}1.4\;cm,\;1{\sim}5\;cm$) 모두 FDG 섭취 양성소견을 보였다 (19/19, peak $SUV\;=\;6.4{\pm}5.7,\;1.7{\sim}22.7$). 1cm 미만의 21례의 미세갑상선암들 중 8례가 FDG 섭취 양성소견을 보인 반면 (8/21, peak $SUV\;=\;2.9{\pm}1.3,\;1.7{\sim}5.5$), 13례는 음성소견을 보였다(peak $SUV\;=\;1.2{\pm}0.2,\;1.1{\sim}1.7$). 미세갑상선암들 중 FDG 섭취 양성 소견을 보이는 경우의 크기는 $0.7{\pm}0.1\;cm$으로 음성소견을 보이는 경우의 크기 $0.4{\pm}0.2\;cm$와 비교하여 유의하게 컸다(P=0.01). 결론: 본 보고에서 40례의 원발성 갑상선 유두상암 가운데 1 cm 이상 크기의 갑상선 유두상암들은 모두 FDG 섭취 양성소견을 보였는데, 이는 방사성옥소를 섭취하지 않는 분화도가 나쁜 갑상선암들만 FDG 섭취를 보인다는 이전 문헌의 내용과 상충되며, 이러한 원발성 갑상선 유두상암의 FDG 섭취를 이해하기 위해서는 GLUT 및 NIS 발현과 연관한 후속 연구가 필요하겠다.