• Proceedings of the Safety Management and Science Conference
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.203-208
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• 2009

Government and company are unfolding greenhouse gas reduction activity to prevent the effects of global warming. Also, verification business through greenhouse gas inventory construction is spreaded variously. Greenhouse gas verification proceeds by document examination, risk analysis, field survey. Document investigates emission information, calculation standard, emission report, data management system. And through risk assessment result, establish field verification plan. Through study on risk assessment of greenhouse gas inventory verification, wish to reduce risk of verification.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.150-160
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• 2014

Greenhouse gas (GHG) and Air Pollution (AP) emission inventories have been constructed and estimated independently up-to-date in Seoul. It causes difficulty in GHG and AP integrated management due to a difference in emission inventories. In this study, we constructed GHG and AP integrated emission inventories for direct and indirect sources in Seoul during the year 2010 in Energy activities for estimating GHG and AP emissions were derived from IPCC guideline, guidelines for local government greenhouse inventories, air pollutants calculation manual, and Indirect Emission Factors (IEF) reported by Korea Power Exchange. The annual GHG emission was estimated as 50,530,566 $tonCO_{2eq}$, of which 54.8% resulted from direct sources and the remaining 45.2% from indirect sources. Among direct sources, transportation sector emitted the largest GHG, accounting for 47.3% of the total emission from direct sources. As with indirect sources, purchased electricity sector only emitted 98.6% of the total emission from indirect sources. The annual AP emission was estimated as 283,701 tonAP, of which 85.9% was contributed by the combined AP emissions of transportation and fugitive sectors. Estimation of individual air pollutant showed that the largest source were transportation sector for CO, $NO_x$, TSP, $PM_{10}$ and NH3, non-energy sector for $SO_x$, and fugitive sector for VOCs. This study found some limitations in estimating GHG and AP integrated emissions, such as nonconforming emission inventories between GHG and AP, and no indirect AP emission factor of purchased electricity, and so on. Those should be further studied and improved for more effective GHG and AP integrated management.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.247-255
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• 2017

In this study, GHG inventory on 17 local government between 2005 and 2014 is build up using 'GHG emission estimation guideline (2016. 2) for local government' developed and distributed by KECO. This covers all the sectors should be included in national GHG inventory, which are energy, industrial process, agriculture, AFOLU, and waste. In addition, six GHGs, carbon dioxide, metane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride declared in Kyoto protocol are estimated to reflect utmost precision. Indirect esissions, such as electricity, heat and waste generation are separately estimated as well as direct emissions to help local government to establish substantial and implementable reduction measures of GHGs.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2011.10a
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• pp.861-864
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• 2011

Since national GHG reduction target by 2020 has been presented in Korea, the role of railroad has been reinforced within transport system due to the allocation of reduction target into sector. So, it is necessary to manage activity data systematically for the calculation of GHG emission in railroad. Now, the activity data of diesel consumption for NIR(National Inventory Report) are provided from oil supply and demand statistics. On the other hands, the activity data collected directly from railroad operating companies are used for GHG & Energy Target Management Act. This study aimed to assess the GHG emissions using two kinds of activity data related to the diesel consumption of railroad in 2009 and 2010. As a result, GHG emissions based on oil supply and demand statistics was 636 thousands ton $CO_{2e}$, but the activity data collected from railroad operating companies showed 649 thousands ton $CO_{2e}$ in 2009. Also, the gap of $CO_{2e}$ emission was increased in 2010. These trends were caused because oil supply and demand statistics included total diesel sales volume during 1 year and the activity data collected from railroad operating companies were the amount of diesel consumption only at railcar operation and maintenance step. In conclusion, it is important to develop the management and verification system of activity data with high reliability to substitute oil supply and demand statistics in railroad sector.

• Korean Management Science Review
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.101-111
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• 2015

The glass production is classified into an energy intensive industry. This study develops a systematic procedure to derive Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission inventory for the Korean glass industry. Based on the bottom-up approach in which the energy intensity in each production process is characterized, the EBs (energy balances) of glass production processes are derived. And the GHG emission is calculated for each of four types of glasses-flat glass, container glass, fiber glass, and LCD glass.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.9
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• pp.1643-1654
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• 2014

The university is one of the main energy consumption facilities and thereby releases a large amount of greenhouse gas (GHG). Accordingly, efforts for reducing energy consumption and GHG have been established in many local as well as international universities. However, it has been limited to energy consumption and GHG, and has not included air pollution (AP). Therefore, we estimated GHG and AP integrated emissions from the energy consumed by Seoul National University of Science and Technology during the years between 2010 and 2012. In addition, the effect of alternative energy use scenario was analysed. We estimated GHG using IPCC guideline and Guidelines for Local Government Greenhouse Inventories, and AP using APEMEP/EEA Emission Inventory Guidebook 2013 and Air Pollutants Calculation Manual. The estimated annual average GHG emission was $11,420tonCO_{2eq}$, of which 27% was direct emissions from fuel combustion sectors, including stationary and mobile source, and the remaining 73% was indirect emissions from purchased electricity and purchased water supply. The estimated annual average AP emission was 7,757 kgAP, of which the total amount was from direct emissions only. The annual GHG emissions from city gas and purchased electricity usage per unit area ($m^2$) of the university buildings were estimated as $15.4kgCO_{2eq}/m^2$ and $42.4tonCO_{2eq}/m^2$ and those per person enrolled in the university were $210kgCO_{2eq}$/capita and $577kgCO_{2eq}$/capita. Alternative energy use scenarios revealed that the use of all alternative energy sources including solar energy, electric car and rain water reuse applicable to the university could reduce as much as 9.4% of the annual GHG and 34% of AP integrated emissions, saving approximately 400 million won per year, corresponding to 14% of the university energy budget.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.32-41
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• 2012

Greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions from Kangwon National University was estimated to be 21,054 ton $CO_2$-eq in 2009, which was approximately 7% higher than that in 2005. Emissions from electricity usage in Scope 2 contributed to the upward annual trend of GHG emissions, comprising about 54.3% of the total GHG emissions. On the other hand, GHG emissions from Scope 1 and Scope 3 contributed approximately 25.3% and 20.4%, respectively. Various GHG reduction plans were also introduced and evaluated in this study. Among three reduction plans including LED substitution, improvement of transportation efficiency, and green campus action plan, the green campus action plan derived the most significant GHG reduction of 5.3% of total emissions. Estimated total reduced GHG emission was $1,570ton\;CO_2-eq\;yr^{-1}$ with all three reduction plans.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.251-256
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• 2015

The study was conducted to determine greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories in grasslands. After 'Low Carbon Green Growth' was declared a national vision on 2008, Medium-term greenhouse gas reduction was anticipated for 30% reduction compared to Business As Usual (BAU) by 2020. To achieve the reduction targets and prepare to enforce emissions trading (2015), national GHG inventories were measured based on the 1996 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines (IPCC GL). The national Inventory Report (NIR) of Korea is published every year. Grassland sector measurement was officially added in 2014. GHG removal of grassland soil was measured from 1990 to 2012. Grassland area data of Korea was used for farmland area data in the "Cadastral Statistical Annual Report (1976~2012)". Annual grassland area corresponding to the soil classification was used "Soil classification and commentary in Korea (2011)". Grassland area was divided into 'Grassland remaining Grassland' and 'Land converted to Grassland'. The accumulated variation coefficient was assumed to be the same without time series changes in grassland remaining grassland. Therefore, GHG removal of soil carbon was calculated as zero (0) in grassland remaining grassland. Since the grassland area increases constantly, the grassland soil sinks constantly . However, the land converted to grassland area continued to decrease and GHG removal of soil carbon was reduced. In 2012 (127.35Gg $CO_2$), this removal decreased by 76% compared to 1990 (535.71 Gg $CO_2$). GHG sinks are only grasslands and woodlands. The GHG removaled in grasslands was very small, accounting for 0.2% of the total. However, the study provides value by identifying grasslands as GHG sinks along with forests.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.40-48
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• 2018

This study analyzes the contribution of hanok that construction in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Korea by calculating the carbon storage of hanoks and comparing it to different housing types in Korea. The hanok is a traditional Korean house. And it were first designed and built in the $14^{th}$ century during thd Joseon Dynasty. According to our results, the number of hanoks in 2016 was approximately 547,085 which was accounting for 7.8% of the total construction market, This study found Gyeongbuk with 95,083, Jeonnam with 88,981, Gyeongnam with 76,388 and Seoul with 43,519 hanoks. According to the GHG Inventory Report for 2016, Korea's total annual GHG emissions amounted to 650 million $tCO_2$, with the carbon stocks in hanoks amounting to 19.2 million $tCO_2$. This accounts for 2.8% of Korea's total GHG emissions and 46.1% of the carbon absorbed by forests. Our results show that hanoks store four times more carbon than light-frame-wood-houses, and 15 times more carbon than concrete-reinforced and steel-frame houses. The main factors causing the hanok industry slowdown are the high construction costs, lack of government support, and insufficient knowledge of hanok architecture. Therefore, to further increase the carbon stock of hanok, more research is needed to improve the technical use of wood and reduce construction of the hanok and prepare legal and institutional arrangements related to hanok industry.

• Advances in environmental research
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.367-377
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• 2014

In this study, we investigated a life cycle assessment (LCA) of six roof-waterproofing systems [asphalt (C1), synthetic polymer-based sheet (C2), improved asphalt (C3), liquid applied membrane (C4), Metal sheet with asphalt sheet (N1), and liquid applied membrane with asphalt sheet (N2)]for reinforced concrete building using an architectural model. To acquire accurate and realistic LCA results, minimum units of material compositions for life cycle inventory and real data for compositions of waterproofing materials were used. Considering only materials and energy demands for waterproofing systems per square meter, higher greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions could be generated in the order of C1 > N2 > C4 > N1 > C2 > C3 during construction phase. However, the order was changed to C1 > C4 > C3 > N2 > N1 > C2, when the actual architecture model was applied to the roof based on each specifications. When an entire life cycle including construction, maintenance, and deconstruction were considered, the amount of GHG emission was in the order of C4 > C1 > C3 > N2 > C2 > N1. Consequently, N1 was the most environmental-friendly waterproofing system producing the lowest GHG emission. GHG emissions from maintenance phase accounted for 71.4%~78.3% among whole life cycle.