• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2008

Purpose: Human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells(hATSCs) can be differentiated into multiple mesenchymal lineages, including bone, cartilage, and muscle. And growth hormone play important roles in the normal growth and development of the CNS. In this study, we explored whether the transplanted hATSCs and growth hormones could improve functional recoveries from rats with contusive spinal cord injury. Methods: We divided 30 female rats, which were subjected to a weight driven implant spinal cord injury, into 3 groups with 10 rats each; Group A as a control group, group B with hATSCs transplantation on injured region, and group C with hATSCs transplantation and GH administration for 7 days. Then, we researched their neurologic functional recoveries before and 2, 4, and 8 weeks after transplantation using Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale. And we checked Y-chromosome positive cells by FISH(Fluorescent in situ hybridization) to identify the survival of transplanted mesenchymal stem cells. Results: After 4 weeks of transplantation, the group B and group C showed significant improvement of neurologic function on BBB locomotor rating scale in comparison with the group A(Group A: $13.1{\pm}0.58$, Group B: $14.6{\pm}0.69$, Group C: $14.9{\pm}0.56$). Moreover, the group C displayed meaningful recovery of neurologic function after 8 weeks in comparison with group B (Group B: $15.7{\pm}0.63$, Group C: $16.5{\pm}1.14$). The group A, the control one, improved for 5 weeks after injury, and had no more recovery. On the other hand, Group B and C showed the improvement of neurologic function continuously for 9 weeks after injury. Conclusion: In this study, we found out that hATSCs transplantation have an effect on neurologic functional recovery of spinal cord injured rat and GH injection seems to bring the synergistic results on this good tendency.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.4949-4954
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• 2015

The present study was planned to investigate the role of sex hormone receptor gene expression in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Adult male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups. Group (1) was negative control. Groups (2), (5), (6), and (7) were orally administered with N-nitrosodiethylamine for the induction of HCC, then group (2) was left untreated, group (5) was orally treated with curcumin, group (6) was orally treated with carvacrol, and group (7) was intraperitoneally injected with doxorubicin, whereas groups (3) and (4) were orally administered only curcumin and carvacrol, respectively. The HCC group showed significant upregulation in the androgen receptor (AR) and the estrogen receptor-alpha ($ER{\alpha}$) gene expression levels in the liver tissue. On the contrary, HCC groups treated with either curcumin or carvacrol showed significant downregulation in AR and $ER{\alpha}$ gene expression levels in the liver tissue. In conclusion, the obtained data highlight that both AR and $ER{\alpha}$ but not estrogen receptor-beta ($ER{\beta}$) gene expression may contribute to the male prevalence of HCC induced in male rats. Interestingly, both curcumin and carvacrol were found to have a promising potency in alleviating the male predominating HCC.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.292-297
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• 2006

Purpose : In medulloblastoma, craniospinal radiation therapy combined with chemotherapy improves the prognosis of tumors but results in significant endocrine morbidities. We studied the endocrine morbidity, especially growth pattern changes. Methods : The medical records of 37 patients with medulloblastoma were reviewed retrospectively for evaluation of endocrine function and growth. We performed the growth hormone stimulation test in 16 patients whose growth velocity was lower than 4 cm/yr. Results : The height loss was progressive in most patients. The height standard deviation score (SDS) decreased from $-0.1{\pm}1.3$ initially to $-0.6{\pm}1.0$ after 1 year(P<0.01). Growth hormone deficiency(GHD) developed in 14 patients. During the 2 years of growth hormone(GH) treatment, the improvements of height gain or progressions of height loss were not observed. Twelve patients(32.4 percent) revealed primary hypothyroidism. One of six patients diagnosed with compensated hypothyroidism progressed to primary hypothyroidism. Primary and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism were observed in two and one patients respectively. There was no proven case of central adrenal insufficiency. Conclusion : Growth impairment developed frequently, irrespective of the presence of GHD in childhood survivors of medulloblastoma. GH treatment may prevent further loss of height. The impairment of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroidal axis is less common, while central adrenal insufficiency was not observed.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.73-83
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• 2013

Purpose: The goal of this study is to evaluate the minimum three-year follow-up results of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) for glenohumeral (GH) arthritic and pseudoparalytic patients with severe rotator cuff deficiency. Materials and Methods: We evaluated 13 patients (three males and 10 females) who underwent RTSA from July 2007 to July 2010. The average follow-up duration was 54.2 months (range, 37~74 months). Clinical results were evaluated using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain, active Range of Motion (ROM): active forward flexion (aFF); active external rotation at the side (aERs); active internal rotation to the back (aIRb), American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, Korean Shoulder Score (KSS), and intraoperative and postoperative complications. Results: VAS score improved from 7.5(6~10) points to 1.5(0~4), and ROM of active forward elevation improved from $42.7(10{\sim}100)^{\circ}$ to $129.1(110{\sim}180)^{\circ}$. In addition, ASES score improved from preoperative 32.9 (11.7~46.7) points to 80.2(58.3~95.0) postoperatively, and KSS score improved from 36.8(24~47) points to 78.4 (61~92). Twelve out of 13 cases showed various degrees of scapular notching at the last follow-up. There was one case of intraoperative anterior glenoid fracture and two cases of temporary nerve injury. Revision surgery was performed in two cases for treatment of delayed postoperative deep infection. Conclusion: According to minimum three-year follow-up results, RTSA may be an effective treatment option for glenohumeral (GH) arthritic and pseudoparalytic patients. However, considering the possibility of complications related to delayed deep infection or surgeon's technique, RTSA should be judiciously and carefully indicated by expert surgeons.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.59 no.7
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• pp.16.1-16.6
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• 2017

Background: This study was performed to investigate the impact of exogenous ghrelin on the pancreatic ${\alpha}$-amylase outputs and responses of pancreatic proteins to ghrelin that may relate to pancreatic exocrine. Methods: Sprague-Dawley male rats (9 weeks old, $300{\pm}10g$) were injected with ghrelin via intraperitoneal (i.p.) infusion at dosage of 0, 0.1, 1.0 and $10.0{\mu}g/kg$ body weight (BW), respectively. The plasma ghrelin and cholecystokinin (CCK) level were determined using enzyme immunoassay kit; the mRNA expression of ghrelin receptor ($GHSR-1{\alpha}$) and growth hormone (GH) receptor were assessed by reverse transcription PCR; the expressions of pancreatic ${\alpha}$-amylase activity, extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (ERK), phosphorylated extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (pERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) were evaluated by western blotting; moreover the responses of pancreatic proteins to ghrelin were analyzed using the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis system. Results: The exogenous ghrelin (1.0 and $10.0{\mu}g/kg\;BW$) elevated the level of plasma ghrelin (p < 0.05), and suppressed the expression of pancreatic ${\alpha}$-amylase at a dose of $10.0{\mu}g/kg\;BW$ (p < 0.05). No difference in the level of plasma CCK was observed, even though rats were exposed to any dose of exogenous ghrelin. In addition, a combination of western blot and proteomic analysis revealed exogenous ghrelin ($10.0{\mu}g/kg\;BW$) induced increasing the JNK and ERK expressions (p < 0.05) and four proteins such as Destrin, Anionic trypsin-1, Trypsinogen, and especially eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 in rat pancreas. Conclusions: Taken together, exogenous ghrelin by i.p. infusion plays a role in the pancreatic exocrine secretion via mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 2018

Objective: The aim of the study was to isolate gossypol-degrading bacteria and to assess its potential for gossypol degradation. Methods: Rumen liquid was collected from fistulated cows grazing the experimental pasture. Approximately 1 mL of the rumen liquid was spread onto basal medium plates containing 2 g/L gossypol as the only source of carbon and was then cultured at $39^{\circ}C$ to isolate gossypol-degrading bacteria. The isolated colonies were cultured for 6 h and then their size and shape observed by microscope and scanning electron microscope. The 16S rRNA gene of isolated colonies was sequenced and aligned using National Center for Biotechnology Information-Basic Local Alignment Search Tool. The various fermentation conditions, initial pH, incubation temperature, inoculum level and fermentationperiod were analyzed in cottonseed meal (CSM). The crude protein (CP), total gossypol (TG), and free gossypol (FG) were determined in CSM after fermentation with isolated strain at $39^{\circ}C$ for 72 h. Results: Screening results showed that a single bacterial isolate, named Rumen Bacillus Subtilis (RBS), could use gossypol as a carbon source. The bacterium was identified by 16S rDNA sequencing as being 98% homologous to the sequence of Bacillus subtilis strain GH38. The optimum fermentation conditions were found to be 72 h, $39^{\circ}C$, pH 6.5, moisture 50%, inoculum level $10^7cell/g$. In the optimum fermentation conditions, the FG and TG content in fermented CSM decreased 78.86% and 49% relative to the control. The content of CP and the essential amino acids of the fermented CSM increased respectively, compared with the control. Conclusion: The isolation of a gossypol-degrading bacterium from the cow rumen is of great importance for gossypol biodegradation and may be a valuable potential source for gossypol-degradation of CSM.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.10
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• pp.1113-1120
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• 2016

Two bacterial strains producing extracellular man nanase were isolated from doenjang, a traditionally fermented soybean paste in Korea. The isolates, WL-6 and WL-11, were identified as Bacillus subtiis on the basis of their 16S rRNA gene sequences, morphological, and biochemical properties. Two genes encoding the mannanase of both B. subtilis WL-6 and B. subtilis WL-11 were each cloned into Escherichia coli, and their nucleotide sequences were determined. Both mannanase genes consisted of 1,086 nucleotides, encoding polypeptides of 362 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequences of the two WL-6 and WL-11 mannanases, designated Man6 and Man11, respectively, differed from each other by eight amino acid residues, and they were highly homologous to those of mannanases belonging to the glycosyl hydrolase family 26. The 26 amino acid stretch in the N-terminus of Man6 and Man11 was a predicted signal peptide. Both Man6 and Man11 were localized at the level of 94–95% in an intracellular fraction of recombinant E. coli cells. The enzymes hydrolyzed both locust bean gum and mannooligosaccharides, including mannotriose, mannotetraose, mannopentaose, and mannohexaose, forming mannobiose and mannotriose as predominant products. The optimal reaction conditions were 55°C and pH 6.0 for Man6, and 60°C and pH 5.5 for Man11. Man11 was more stable than Man6 at high temperatures.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.35-39
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• 1987

The present study was attempted to obtain the basic data concerning a reasonable preparing method and the optimum fermentation conditions of Kochujang (Red pepper paste). To establish the standard qualify of Kochujang, changes of the chemical composition and the numbers of bacteria and feasts in Kochujang during fermentation were observed. Moisture, salts and crude ash contents of Kochujang were not changed significantly during fermentation. Titrable acidity and amino nitrogen gradually increased with the time-passed, whereas crude fat gradually decreased with the time-elapsed. And reducing sugar and total nitrogen increased until 40 days, but slightly decreased after this period. The numbers of bacteria and yeasts in the ingrients for the preparation of Kochujang were $3.9{\times}10^7/g$, $1.5{\times}10^3/g$ in red pepper powder, $7.6{\times}10^4/g$, $2.8{\times}10^2/g$ in salts. respectively, but those of sugar and malt were not more than 100/g. Microbial counts in Kochujang during fermentation increased until 40 days, but those are gradually decreased after that.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 1994

Immature zygotic embryos of five Korean soybean cultivars cultured on Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium supplemented with various concentrations of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) produced somatic embryos without forming an intervening callus. The highest frequency (up to 90%) of somatic embryo formation was obtained when zygotic embryos were cultlued on medium containing 1 to 2 mga 2, 0-D in four cultivars. However the frequency was highly variable to the cultivars. Transversely sliced primary somatic embryo halves were also capable of forming secondary embryos at frequencies of up to 70% when cultured on medium containing 0.1 to 1 mg/L 2,4-D. Somatic embryos formed on zygotic embryos cultured on medium containing 0.1 to 0.2 mg/L 2,4-D had two cotyledons more frequently than one horn-type cotyledon and those on medium containing 0.5 to 4mg/L 2,4-LD had a horm-type cotyledon at a prominently higher freequency. However somatic embryos on medium containing 10mg/L or higher concentrations of 2,4-D were usually shunted at the globular stage even after transfer to medium containing lower concentrations of 2,4-D or other growth regulators. non somatic embryos with one or two cotyledons or a hem-type cotyledon were transferred to medium containing $GA_3$, those with two cotyledons converted to plantlets at a higher frequency (25%) than the others.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.111-120
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• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to estimate genetic and environmental factors, which can affect Idiopathic true Precocious puberty, and to evaluate the clinical and endocrinologic characteristics. Methods: Retrospective and Comparative analysis of 76 children (72 girls and 4 boys) has been diagnosed with idiopathic true precocious puberty, and treated with GnRHa from December 2008 to July 2011. Results: 1. The Average chronological age (CA. yr) of children diagnosed with idiopathic true precocious puberty was $8.40{\pm}0.81$ (girls), $9.93{\pm}0.12$ (boys). 2. The Average height & weight percentile (%ile) of the girls diagnosed with idiopathic true precocious puberty was $67.38{\pm}22.04$, $67.69{\pm}23.20$. 3. The girls' mothers have diagnosed with idiopathic true precocious puberty, and they were shorter than the average. This shows that mother's small height and idiopathic true precocious puberty are closely related to each other. 4. BMI percentile (%ile) of girls diagnosed with idiopathic true precocious puberty was $63.26{\pm}24.86$. 23.6% of children were diagnosed with overweight or obesity. This result shows that obesity and idiopathic true precocious puberty are proportionally related. 5. Birth weights (kg) of the children diagnosed with idiopathic true precocious puberty were $3.16{\pm}0.43$ (girls), $3.15{\pm}0.38$ (boys). 8.3% of children were diagnosed with Intrauterine growth retardation. 6. The Average bone ages (BA. yr) of the children diagnosed with idiopathic true precocious puberty were $10.51{\pm}0.99$ (girls), $12.10{\pm}0.97$ (boys). The Average BA-CA was $2.11{\pm}0.81$ (girls), $2.00{\pm}0.87$ (boys). 7. The Average predicted adults' height (PAH. cm) of the children diagnosed with idiopathic true precocious puberty was $151.61{\pm}4.00$ (girls), $163.50{\pm}2.15$ (boys). The Average MPH-PAH was $6.84{\pm}4.91$ (girls), $6.00{\pm}5.35$ (boys). 8. 23.6% of the children treated with GnRHa were co-treated with Growth Hormone. Conclusions: Estimated factors which cause Idiopathic true precocious puberty are mother's small height, obesity, and Intrauterine growth retardation. However, the studies of Oriental Medicine for Idiopathic true precocious puberty were lacking. Further clinical and experimental researches are needed.