• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.299-303
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• 2009

We report an unrecorded taxon of genus Viola, V. grypoceras A. Gray var. pubescens Nakai, collected on Jeju Island, Korea. The distribution of this variety was restricted to the northern part of Japan, Hokkaido in particular. It is distinguished from V. grypoceras in that it is densely pilose except on its spur and lateral petals. We gave it the Korean name 'Tul-nak-si-je-bi-kkot' based on the morphological characters. In addition, some illustrations of this variety and a key to the V. grypoceras complex were provided.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.716-720
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• 2006

The genetic diversity among the genus Viola was evaluated using the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method. A total of 142 distinct amplification fragments by 18 random primers were scored to perform the cluster analysis with UPGMA. Viola species from the subsection Patellares were clustered into group I to IV. The groups from I to IV were consistent with its morphological taxonomy, series Pinnatae, Chinensis, Variegatae, and Patellares in the subsection Patellares, respectively. Even though V. albida and V. albida var. takahasii were classified in Chinensis, they were assigned into group I. The cluster analysis separated other subsections from Patellares in the section Nomimium. Interestingly, V. verecunda and V. grypoceras in subsections Biobatae and Trigonocarpae, respectively, were clustered into group C with a high similarity coefficient. Therefore, RAPD analysis can be used for providing an alternative classification system to identify genotypes and morphological characters of Viola species.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.282-288
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• 1997

To obtain a basic information on the development of Genus Viola, ultrastructure and electrofusion process between the two protoplasts from wild Viola callus cells and pansy mesophyll cells were observed with a scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM). In the ultrastructural observation of wild viola callus protoplasts and pansy mesophyll protoplasts using SEM, their cell walls were removed completely. A knob-like formation was observed on the enlarge surface of viola callus protoplasts. On the surface of pansy mesophyll protoplasts net-like chloroplasts were observed. In SEM observation of pansy mesophyll protoplasts, chloroplasts devoid of membrane were observed on the surface the protoplasts. Pearl chain was formed by applying AC field of 200 V/cm at 1.0 MHz for 43 sec. The lysis of plasma membranes and fusion process occurred by applying a 1,600 V/cm DC pulse twice for 1 sec. After 1-2 hours of a DC pulse application, it was observed that the two protoplasts were fused completely into one cell. In TEM observation of the fused cell, many small vacuoles were located in the fusion area of the two protoplasts. Indeed, two distinct regions were observed during fusing process; in one region, a nucleus was found, while in the other region, both nucleus and nucleous were found.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.233-238
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• 2000

To obtain a basic information of the development of Genus Viola, morphological and histological observation of in vitro calli and cells in Viola culture cells were investigated. There were two callus types obtained by long term subculture of wild viola (Viola partrinii DC. ) petiole callus. One was friable callus - soft and pale green in color and small cells in size, and the other was compact callus - compact and deep bluish green in color, large cells in size. In scanning electron microscopic observation, friable callus was composed of voculated cell around small. cell clump, while compact callus was composed of cells filled with protoplasm Somatic embryogenesis was observed from suspension culture of the compact callus.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.74-77
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• 1994

To examine the effects of gibberelin treatment on seed germination of five Viola species - Viola variegata, Viola dissecta var, chaerophylloides, Viola collina, Viola hirtipes and Viola manshrica - in Wonju district, pretreated seeds of five species were sowed on Jiffy strips with mixed soil(sand： peat moss： perlite： vermiculite, 1:1:1:1, v/v) in 25, May 1994. Seeds were soaked in 5, 25, 50ppm gibberelin solution and ground water during 24 hours. Seed germination rate was measured and compared among species and treatments. Seed germination rate of Viola hirtipes was differed higly significant among pretreatments, but those of other species did not significant at 5of level. In general GA$_3$pretreatment raised seed germination rate of 5 Viola species, and proper concentration of GA$_3$was 25~50ppm.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.23 no.3_4
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• pp.85-90
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• 1980

The chemical affinities among 12 species of Viola from Jeju Island are investigated by thin-layer chromatography for their MeOH soluble and aglycon parts. They are classified into three groups which are closely related to those of morphological classification: the first allience-Viola hirtipes, V. chaerophylloides, V. meta-japonica, V. keiskei var. okuboi and V. violacea; the second allience-V. xanthopetala, V. ovata-oblonga, V. acuminata var. acuminata and V. grypoceras; and the third allience-V. pachyrhiza, V. phalacrocarpa and V. mandshurica var. ciliata. The first allience consists of the species without stem which have PA value greater than 50% with one another. V. hirtipes and V. chaerophylloides show closer affinity among the taxa of this allience. The second allience consists of the species with stem, of which PA value are about 50%. The third allience consists of the species without stem which have PA values lower than 50% when compared with any other taxa.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.229-238
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• 1991

The main objective of this study was to clarify the taxonomic status and the speciation mechanism of Viola albida complex in Korea. The complex includes three very closely related taxa, taxonomic ranks of which are much in dispute. These taxa in the complex are sympatric in distribution, and they are very similar in most morphological characteristics. Comparative morphological analyses revealed that they can be distinguished on the basis of leaf shape, although they show complicated patterns of variation in leaf shape. The variation of leaf shape in each taxon appeared to be maintained through developmental process, and extensive cleistogamy and vegetative reproduction in these taxa are suggested as the mechanisms maintaining the variation. Genetic variation in this complex was monomorphic in all 14 loci examined. Palynological study also showed that these taxa have the same pollen morphology. These results strongly suggested that they should be recognized as varieties of V. albida; var, albida, var. chaerophylloides, and var. takahashii. The results also suggested that some individuals that can be assigned to var. takahashii might be hybrids between var. albida and var. chaerophylloides.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.328-333
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• 2011

Melatonin has been known as an animal hormone. However, melatonin exists in diverse organisms including higher plants. The biosynthesis and physiological roles for melatonin in plants is still largely unknown, although both dicot and monocot plants have melatonin and some medicinal plants even contain large amounts of melatonin. In this study we detected melatonin in diverse Viola plants, in which melatonin had not been examined so far, by reverse phase HPLC analysis, demonstrating the wide existence of melatonin in the genus of Viola. We then fed tryptophan (Trp) and tryptamine (TAM) to the incubation medium for Viola leaf sections to test their effects on melatonin formation. Trp is also the hypothesized starting material of melatonin in plants, and TAM is the following intermediate produced by the decarboxylation of Trp. Trp feeding did not affect the contents of melatonin. In contrast, TAM feeding clearly increased the level of melatonin in Viola leaves. Because TAM is derived from Trp, we concluded that the Trp-TAM pathway exists in Viola plants as well. Ineffectiveness of Trp feeding to the change of melatonin contents supports the hypothesis that the decarboxylation step from Trp to TAM is the rate-limiting step in plant melatonin biosynthesis.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.266-271
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• 2009

This study was about three genus of Viola: V. rossii, V. japonica, and V. dissecta var. chaerophylloides which can live together under a deciduous forest canopy. The aim of the study was to directly compare reproductive characteristics of the three species under the same environmental condition. By taking a census of the morphologically different flowers, the results indicate that all three species opened chasmogamous flowers before the canopy of forest closed, but continuously opened cleistogamous flowers after the canopy closed. Numbers of seeds in a capsule followed an ascending order from V. rossii to V. japonica. Mass of seeds followed a descending order from V. rossii to V. japonica. Both results had statistical significance. In terms of characteristics of seed production, V. rossii has been adapted more than V. japonica, and V. dissecta var. chaerophylloides under the deciduous forest.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.293-318
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• 2002

As one of the botanical hot spots of the Korean peninsula, the vascular plant species in the areas of Taebaeksan, Hambaeksan, Geumdaebong(Peak) and Maebongsan were summarized as 694 taxa, 89 families, 302 genus, 579 species. 102 varieties and 13 forms. Based on the list of rare and endangered plants from the Forest Research Institute and the Ministry of Environment, 22 species were recorded in the studied areas: Thuja koraiensis(Cupressaceae), Arisaema heterophyllum(Araceae), Disporum ovale(Liliaceae), Tricyrtis dialata(Liliaceae), Lilium distichum(Liliaceae), Anemone koraiensis(Ranunculaceae), Rodgersia podophylla(Saxifragaceae), Rosa marretii(Rosaceae), Viola diamantica(Violaceae), Viola albida(Violaceae), Echinopanax horridum(Araliaceae), Acanthopanax chiisannensis(Araliaceae), Lysimachia coreana(Prinmulaceae), Syringa velutina var. kamibayashii, Halenia corniculata(Gentianaceae), Partrinia saniculaefolia(Valerianaceae), Adenophora grandiflora(Campanulaceae), Cacalia pseudo-taimingasa(Compositae) Iris odaesanensis(Iridaceae), Leontice microrhyncha(Berberidaceae), Rpdgersia tabularis(Saxifragaceae), and Acanthopanax sentico년(Araliaceae), Among them the four species were recorded from the list of the Ministry of Environment. As most of the species were recorded from the mountain-trails, the long-term habitat monitoring for the species is required .