• 제목/요약/키워드: G3 calculation

검색결과 365건 처리시간 0.02초

포트 재배에 의한 화약물질 오염토양 정화용 내오염성 식물 선정 (Selection of Tolerant Plant Species using Pot Culture for Remediation of Explosive Compounds Contaminated Soil)

  • 이아름;배범한
    • 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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    • 제20권6호
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    • pp.73-84
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    • 2015
  • Nine plant species were selected through vegetation survey at three military shooting ranges at northern Gyeonggi Province. Plants were germinated in normal soil and three seedlings were transplanted to a bottom sealed pot containing sandy loam soils contaminated with either RDX (291 mg/kg) or TNT (207 mg/kg). Planted, blank (without plant), and control (without explosive compound) pots were grown in triplicate at a green house for 134 days. During cultivation, transplanted plants exhibited chlorosis and necrosis in flower and leaf by explosive toxicity and stress. Only three plants, Wild soybean, Amur silver grass, Reed canary grass, survived in TNT treated pot, while seven plant species except for field penny cress and jimson weed, thrived in RDX treated pot. Appreciable amount of TNT (61.6~241.2 mg/g-D.W.) was detected only in plant roots. Up to 763.3 mg/g-D.W. along with 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene, an intermediate of TNT, accumulated in the root of wild soybean. In addition, azoxy compounds, abiotic intermediates of TNT, were detected in TNT treated soils. RDX absorbed average 1,839.95 mg/kg in shoot and 204.83 mg/kg in root. Most of TNT in plant was accumulated in underground part whereas RDX was localized in aerial part. Material balance calculation showed that more than 95% of the initial TNT was removed in the planted pots whereas only 60% was removed in the blank pot. The amount of RDX removed from soil was in the order of Amur Silver Grass (51%) > Chickweed (43%) > Evening primrose (38%). Based on the results of pot cultures, Amur silver grass and Reed canary grass are selected as tolerant remedial plants for explosive toxicity.

CO2 제거용 흡착제 Sodium Glycinate의 물성측정과 추산 (Determination and Calculation of Physical Properties for Sodium Glycinate as a CO2 Absorbent)

  • 박소진;장경룡;박인환
    • Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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    • 제44권3호
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    • pp.277-283
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    • 2006
  • 화력발전소에서 배출되는 배연가스에서의 $CO_2$가스 흡수를 목적으로 sodium glycinate계 흡수제를 개발하기 위하여 sodium glycinate의 순수 및 수용액의 물성인 용해도, 증기압과 비점, 열전도 및 증발 잠열을 측정 또는 추산하였다. 용매인 $H_2O$ 25 g에 대한 sodium glycinate의 온도별 용해도는 y = 0.3471x + 20.993의 1차 함수 관계로 증가하였다. Sodium glycinate 10 wt%, 20 wt%, 30 wt%, 40 wt%, 50 wt%, 60 wt% 수용액의 증기압과 비점을 측정하고, Antoine 상수를 구하였으며 Clausius- Clapeyron 식을 이용하여 증기압 측정값으로 증발 잠열을 구하였다. Sodium glycinate 분체의 열전도도 측정은 분체를 disk판으로 성형한 후, 고체 열전도도 측정 장치로 측정하였으며 그 값은 $1.0933kcal/m{\cdot}hr{\cdot}^{\circ}C$이었다.

Antimutagenic and Anticarcinogenic Effect of Methanol Extracts of Sweetpotato (Ipomea batata) Leaves

  • Kang, Hwan-Goo;Jeong, Sang-Hee;Cho, Joon-Hyoung
    • Toxicological Research
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    • 제26권1호
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    • pp.29-35
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    • 2010
  • The present study was conducted to investigate the antimutagenic potential of the methanolic extract from the leaves of sweet potato (Ipomea batatas, IB) with the SOS chromotest (umu test) and Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 and TA 100. The anticarcinogenic effects were also studied by calculation of the $IC_{50}$ on human cancer cell lines and investigating the function of gap junction in rat liver epithelial cells. The IB extract inhibited dose-dependently the ${\beta}$-galactosidase activity induced spontaneously at concentration of more than 200 mg/ml in S. typhimurium TA 1535/pSK 1002, and decreased significantly (p < 0.01) the ${\beta}$-galactosidase activities induced by mutagen 6-chloro-9-[3-(2-chloroethylamino)proylamino]-2-methoxyacridine dihydrochloride (ICR) at dose of more than 0.4 mg/0.1 ml. The IB extract showed no effect on the spontaneous reversions of S. typhimurium TA 98 and 100 but benzo(${\alpha}$)pyrene (BaP)-stimulated reversions were decreased dose-dependently (p < 0.01) at the concentration of more than 100 mg/ml. The $IC_{50}$ value of stomach cancer cells was lower than that of normal rat liver epithelial cells, but the values of colon and uterine cancer cell lines were similar to those of normal rat liver epithelial cells. The transfer of dye through gap junctions was not affected by treatment of the IB extracts at any concentration during treatment periods. The simultaneously treatment of IB extract and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) effectively prevented the inhibition of dye transfer induced by TPA 1 hour after treatment at all exposed concentrations. The number of gap junctions was significantly (p < 0.01) increased by the treatment with IB extract at concentrations of more than 40 ${\mu}g$/ml. The inhibition of the expression of gap junction proteins by TPA (0.01 ${\mu}g$/ml) was recovered dose dependently by the simultaneous treatment of IB extracts. Our data suggest that Ipomea batatas has antimutagenic and anticarcionogenic activity in vitro.

Molecular Geometries and Electronic Structures of Methyl Pyropheophorbide-a and (Cationic) Tropolonyl Methyl Pyropheophorbides: DFT Calculation

  • Kim, Na-Ri;Kim, Su-Jin;Kim, Jin-Dong;Huh, Do-Sung;Shim, Young-Key;Choe, Sang-Joon
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제30권1호
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    • pp.205-213
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    • 2009
  • This study reports on the geometry optimizations and electronic structure calculations for methyl pyropheophorbide (MPPa), tropolonyl methyl pyropheophorbides (TMPPa, ITMPPa), and cationic tropolonyl methyl pyropheophorbides ($TMPPa^+{{\cdot}BF_4}^-,\;ITMPPa^+{{\cdot}BF_4}^-,\;TMPPa^+,\;and\;ITMPPa^+$) using Local Spin Density Approximation (LSDA/ 6-31G*) and the Restricted Hatree-Fock (RHF/6-31G*) level theory. From the calculated results, we found that substituted cationic tropolonyl groups have larger structural effects than those of substituted neutral tropolonyl groups. The order of structural change effects is $ITMPPa^+ > ITMPPa^+{{\cdot}BF_4}^-$ > ITMPPa, as a result of the isopropyl group. Because it is an electron-releasing group, the substituted isopropyl group electronic effect on a 3-position tropolone increases the Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital and Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO-LUMO) energy gap. It was constituted that the larger the cationic characters of these photosensitizers, the smaller the HOMOLUMO band gaps are. The orbital energies of the cationic systems and the ions are stronger than those of a neutral system because of a strong electrostatic interaction. However, this stabilization of orbital energies are counteracted by the distortion of chlorin macrocycle, which results in a large destabilization of chlorin-based compound HOMOs and smaller destabilization of LUMOs as shown in TMPPa (ITMPPa), $TMPPa^+{{\cdot}BF_4}^- (ITMPPa^+{{\cdot}BF_4}^-),\;and\;TMPPa^+\;(ITMPPa^+)$ of Figure 6 and Table 6-7. These results are in reasonable agreement with normal-coordinate structural decomposition (NSD) results. The HOMO-LUMO gap is an important factor to consider in the development of photodynamic therapy (PDT).

해교법으로 제조한 오레인산 수상자성유체의 분산특성 (Dispersion Characteristics of Oleic Acid Stabilized Water-based Magnetic Fluids by Peptiaztion Method)

  • 김정곤;김만;오재현
    • 한국자기학회지
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    • 제4권1호
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    • pp.62-68
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    • 1994
  • 본 연구에서는 습식법으로 자성유체용 초미립 마그네타이트를 합성한 후, 오레인산, 리노레인산 및 스테아린산등을 계면활성제로 사용하여 수상자성유체를 제조하였으며, 합성된 수상자성유체의 분산 특성 에 관하여 조사하였다. 또한 오레인산으로 제조한 수상자성유체의 분산성과 분산 안정성에 pH 변화가 주는 영향을 조사 .center dot. 검토하였으며, 이를 통하여 수상자성유체의 분산 특성을 열역학적으로 고찰하였 다. 오레인산을 계면활성제로 사용하여 수상자성유체를 제조한 결과, 합성 마그네타이트 20g에 대하여 오레 인산 첨가량 0.030 mol에서부터 90% 이상의 분산율을 나타내었다. 계면활성제로 오레인산을 사용하여 제조 한 수상 자성유체는 pH 8.0 ~ 11.0 사이의 분산 안정 영역을 나타내었다. 오레인산 및 리노레인산 사용하여 제조한 수상자성유체를 건조 후 수상 및 유상으로 재분산한 결과 각각 분산시 95% 이상의 분산율을 나타내 었다. 오레인산으로 제조한 수상자성유체의 이론적 분산안정영역을 열역학적으로 고찰한 결과, 수상자성유 체의 pH 안정 영역을 추론할 수 있었다.

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중국의 도시녹지 종류와 도시거주구 녹지의 설치 기준에 관한 법제도의 현황과 특성 (The Characteristic of Laws on the Kind of Urban Green Spaces and the Legal Requirements for the Green Spaces of Urban Habitat in China)

  • 신익순
    • 한국조경학회지
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    • 제41권3호
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    • pp.1-11
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    • 2013
  • 본 연구는 도시녹지에 관한 현행 중국의 법제도를 조사하여 도시녹지의 종류와 도시거주구 녹지의 설치 기준을 항목별로 분류해 봄으로써 그 속성을 이해하고, 국내 규정과 상이한 특이점을 분석 고찰함으로써 향후 이들 법규의 국내 도입 여부를 위한 기초 자료를 제공하고자 수행되었다. 본 연구를 통해 도출된 결과는 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다. 첫째, 공원녹지, 생산녹지, 방호녹지, 부속녹지, 기타녹지 등 5종류로 구분되는 중국의 도시녹지는 공원과 녹지 개념이 동시에 포함되어 있는 점이 공원과 녹지가 엄밀히 구분되어 있는 국내의 공원녹지 개념과는 상이하며, 종합공원, 공동체공원, 전문공원 및 대상(帶狀)공원 등으로 구분되는 중국의 도시공원의 종류는 하위 법규인 '도시녹지분류표준'에서 밝히고 있다. 둘째, 옥상조경 시 중국에서는 주민 출입이 용이한 지하나 반지하 건물의 옥상 외에는 옥상조경의 조경면적을 도시녹지의 녹지율 산입에 포함시키지 않고 있고, 도시 주민들의 생활환경 확보를 위해 거주구 계획 설계 시의 녹지 요구 조항과 거주구, 소구(小區), 조단(組團) 등 거주구 종류별 의무적 공공녹지 확보율이 구체적으로 명시되어 있다. 셋째, 거주구 내 녹지계획 시 녹지계통 수립이 의무화되고, 기존 수목과 녹지의 보존 이용을 명시하고 있다. 녹지율은 구거주구 재정비시의 경우 신거주구 건설시보다 완화시켜 주고, 특이하게 녹지 경사도를 별도로 명시하고 있다. 거주구공원, 어린이공원(소유원(小遊園)), 조단(組團)녹지 등 각급 중심녹지의 설치 내용, 요구사항 및 최소 면적 규모가 명시되어 있고, 특히 조단녹지의 일종인 정원식 조단녹지는 폐쇄형 녹지와 개방형 녹지로 분류하여, 다층 고층 건물별로 남 북측 건물 간격과 녹지 면적 확보치를 밝히고 있으며, 녹지 면적 계산법이 별도의 규범에 제시되어 있다. 넷째, 거주구별 달성해야 할 거주구 내 공공녹지의 1인당 확보 면적인 총 지표가 정해져 있고, 이 경우 노후 구역 재정비시에는 일정치까지 완화할 수 있다. 공공녹지의 위치와 규모, 최소폭, 개소당 최소 면적 등이 명시되어 있고, 도로와의 인접, 전체 면적 대비 녹화 면적비, 개방적 공간 확보, 일조음영선 범위 등 공간 배치 원칙이 규정되어 있다. 다섯째, 지하관선 설치 시의 녹지 고려 사항으로 지하관선과 주변 녹화수목과의 최소 수평 이격거리가 명시되어 있고, 공공서비스 시설 중 녹지 설치를 위해 종류별 서비스 내용에 따른 녹지 설치 원칙이 규정되어 있다. 국내 규정에는 없는 중국 법규만의 특이점에 대한 국내 도입 여부의 검토가 향후 요구되고, 이상의 연구 결과는 중국의 도시녹지 관련 법제도 연구의 당면성에 대한 국내 조경가들의 공감대를 형성하는데 기여할 수 있을 것이며, 나아가 조경 법제도의 국제화 진입의 계기 역할을 하게 될 것이다.

다양한 위해성평가 방법에 따라 도출한 토양오염 판정기준의 차이에 관한 연구 (II): (구)장항제련소부지의 기상 및 부지 특성을 반영한 비산계수 결정 (Analysis on the Risk-Based Screening Levels Determined by Various Risk Assessment Tools (II): Derivation of Particulate Emission Factor at Former Janghang Smelter Site)

  • 정재웅;양경;이광헌;류혜림;남경필
    • 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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    • 제17권3호
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    • pp.21-31
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    • 2012
  • This paper presents the short-term and long-term measures to determine the fugitive dust concentration in a contaminated site, which is a crucial step for the determination of particulate emission factor (PEF) for risk assessment. As a long-term measure, USEPA method employing Q/C value (inverse of the ratio of the geometric mean air concentration to the emission flux at center of a 0.5-acre square source) seems to be suitable as it reflects regional-specific meteorological conditions. However, it requires nation-wide database collection and interpretation. Use of ASTM method is an alternative as a short-term measure. The method is readily field-applicable as PEF calculation equation is simple and input parameters can be easily derived at the site of interest as well without the nation-wide efforts. Using ASTM method, PEF at the Former Janghang Smelter Site was determined. According to various mode of aggregate size distribution and fractions of vegetative cover, which are the most important factors in PEF calculation, PEF values at the Former Janghang Smelter Site varied greatly. When the mode of aggregate size distribution was set at 0.25 mm, PEF values at the Former Janghang Smelter Site was 5~20 times higher than the default PEF value (i.e., 35 ${\mu}g/m^3$) shown in the current Korean Soil Contamination Risk Assessment Guidance. On contrast, when the mode was set at 2 mm, PEF values at the Former Janghang Smelter Site was 160~640 times lower than the default PEF value in the Korean Guidance.

Various Partial Charge Schemes on 3D-QSAR Models for P-gp Inhibiting Adamantyl Derivatives

  • Gadhe, Changdev G.;Madhavan, Thirumurthy;Kothandan, Gugan;Lee, Tae-Bum;Lee, Kyeong;Cho, Seung-Joo
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제32권5호
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    • pp.1604-1612
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    • 2011
  • We developed three-dimensional quantitative structure activity relationship (3D-QASR) models for 17 adamantyl derivatives as P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitors. Eighteen different partial charge calculation methods were tested to check the feasibility of the 3D-QSAR models. Best predictive comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) model was obtained with the Austin Model 1-Bond Charge Correction (AM1-BCC) atomic charge. The 3D-QSAR models were derived with CoMFA and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA). The final CoMFA model ($q^2$ = 0.764, $r^2$ = 0.988) was calculated with an AM1-BCC charge and electrostatic parameter, whereas the CoMSIA model ($q^2$ = 0.655, $r^2$ = 0.964) was derived with an AM1-BCC charge and combined steric, electrostatic, hydrophobic and HB-acceptor parameters. Leave-five-out (LFO) cross-validation was also performed, which yielded good correlation coefficient for both CoMFA (0.801) and CoMSIA (0.656) models. Robustness of the developed models was checked further with 1000 run bootstrapping analyses, which gave an acceptable correlation coefficient for CoMFA (BS-$r^2$ = 0.997, BS-SD = 0.003) and CoMSIA (BS-$r^2$ = 0.996, BS-SD = 0.018).

Application case for phase III of UAM-LWR benchmark: Uncertainty propagation of thermal-hydraulic macroscopic parameters

  • Mesado, C.;Miro, R.;Verdu, G.
    • Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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    • 제52권8호
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    • pp.1626-1637
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    • 2020
  • This work covers an important point of the benchmark released by the expert group on Uncertainty Analysis in Modeling of Light Water Reactors. This ambitious benchmark aims to determine the uncertainty in light water reactors systems and processes in all stages of calculation, with emphasis on multi-physics (coupled) and multi-scale simulations. The Gesellschaft für Anlagen und Reaktorsicherheit methodology is used to propagate the thermal-hydraulic uncertainty of macroscopic parameters through TRACE5.0p3/PARCSv3.0 coupled code. The main innovative points achieved in this work are i) a new thermal-hydraulic model is developed with a highly-accurate 3D core discretization plus an iterative process is presented to adjust the 3D bypass flow, ii) a control rod insertion occurrence -which data is obtained from a real PWR test- is used as a transient simulation, iii) two approaches are used for the propagation process: maximum response where the uncertainty and sensitivity analysis is performed for the maximum absolute response and index dependent where the uncertainty and sensitivity analysis is performed at each time step, and iv) RESTING MATLAB code is developed to automate the model generation process and, then, propagate the thermal-hydraulic uncertainty. The input uncertainty information is found in related literature or, if not found, defined based on expert judgment. This paper, first, presents the Gesellschaft für Anlagen und Reaktorsicherheit methodology to propagate the uncertainty in thermal-hydraulic macroscopic parameters and, then, shows the results when the methodology is applied to a PWR reactor.

12인승 밴 전복사고의 상해 분석 (Injury Analysis of a 12-passenger Van Rollover Accident)

  • 김상철;최형연;김병우;박관진;안성민;이강현
    • 자동차안전학회지
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    • 제10권1호
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    • pp.20-26
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    • 2018
  • The fatality of rollover accidents in motor vehicle crashes is high despite their low incidence. Through the investigation of a 12-passenger van rollover accident in which 10 passengers were involved, we intend to analyze the correlation between the severity of the injury and the position of the occupants. We collected accident information from medical records, interviews, photo-images of the damaged van, field surveys, and the results of the Korean New Car Assessment Program (KNCAP). Based on the occupants' position, we classified injury sites and estimated injury severity. Passenger injury severity was evaluated by trauma score calculation. The initiation type of the rollover accident was passenger side 'fall-over' and the Collision Deformation Classification (CDC) code for the damaged van was 00TDZO3. The crash of the van involved 10 passengers, with an average age of $16.3{\pm}4.2years$. Few of the occupants had fastened seat belts at the time of the incident, and there was no airbag installed. One patient sustained severe liver injury and another was diagnosed with a fracture of the right humerus. The most common injuries were at the upper extremities and the neck. The average of Injury Severity Score (ISS) was $4.8{\pm}5.9$, and the average ISS of right-seated, mid-seated and left-seated occupants was $7.5{\pm}9.3$, $1.5{\pm}0.7$, and $3.3{\pm}2.1$ respectively (p>0.05). In the rollover (to-passenger side) accident of occupant unfastened, the average ISS of right-seated occupants (near side) was higher, but there was no statistically significant difference.