• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.100-105
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• 2012

Analysis of the various constituents and determination of biological activities in the different parts (root, stem, and leaf) of Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum were carried out. Potassium and calcium were detected in higher contents (mg/100 g fresh wt.) than other minerals. The total phenolic content (mg tannic acid eq./100 g dry wt.) decreased in the order of leaves ($792.7{\pm}16.6$) > stems ($160.3{\pm}6.8$) > roots ($101.5{\pm}2.7$), and the total flavonoid content (mg quercetin eq./100 g dry wt.) was as follows: leaves ($497.9{\pm}11.1$), roots ($35.7{\pm}0.4$), stems ($18.5{\pm}1.4$). DPPH radical-scavenging activity and inhibition activity against the formation of cholesteryl ester hydroperoxide in rat blood plasma was higher in the leaves than in roots and stems. Extracts of A. victorialis separated by parts displayed antimicrobial activity against Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, of which the strongest activity was against C. perfringens.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.200-209
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• 2012

The effect of water temperature, salinity and water column nutrient contents on pigment composition and concentration of purple lavers were studied at the main purple lavers production areas in Southwestern coast of Korea, during January to March, 2011. Water temperature was between 3.0 and $11.3^{\circ}C$. Salinity range was between 32.7 and 34.7, those were lower St. 1 and St. 6, which were at close to the seashore. Water column dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) and silicate concentrations were $1.73{\sim}12.84{\mu}M$, $0.07{\sim}0.67{\mu}M$ and $4.93{\sim}18.29{\mu}M$, respectively. Chl a concentration was between 0.41 and $9.14{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$, and it was the highest at St. 1 during January. Photosynthetic pigment of fucoxanthin was dominant at all sites, which showed its highest concentration ($0.06{\sim}3.41{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$) at St. 1 on January. Water column DIN concentration was higher at January during low salinity period at all sites, but it was low at St. 1. Photosynthetic pigment of Chl a, PE and PC concentration of porphyra blades was between $1,173{\sim}8,124{\mu}g\;DW\;g^{-1}$, $3,281{\sim}10,076{\mu}g\;DW\;g^{-1}$, $388{\sim}1,346{\mu}g\;DW\;g^{-1}$, respectively. The concentration was relatively high at the St. 2 and St. 3. The pigment concentration of porphyra blades was higher at only Porphyra yezoensis was cultured than at Porphyra yezoensis and Porphyra seriata were cultured. The pigment concentration of porphyra blades was higher at St. 2 and St. 3 in only Porphyra yezoensis was cultured. This study shows that pigment concentration of porphyra blades may depend on habitat environment and culture methods.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.445-453
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• 2020

Background and objective: Calcium chloride (CaCl₂) and sodium chloride (NaCl) are commonly used as a deicing agent in South Korea and penetrate the soil on the roadside, causing damage to plants. This study was conducted to investigate the salinity reduction effect of Pennisetum alopecuroides and the chemical characteristics of soil leachate. Methods: The plants were treated with five different concentrations of CaCl₂ (0, 1, 2, 5, and 10g·L^-1) and were grouped into the Cont., C1, C2, C5, and C10 groups. CaCl₂ of 200 m·L^-1 was sprayed to each plant once every two weeks. The growth of P. alopecuroides (plant height, leaf length, leaf width and the number of leaves) was measured. The level of EC and pH, and exchangeable cations (K⁺, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, and Mg²⁺) in the leachate of soil was monitored. Results: The pH of soil leachate decreased as the CaCl₂ concentration increased, and the EC increased significantly. The content of K⁺ did not change significantly until the concentration of CaCl₂ reached 5 g·L^-1, but the content of Ca²⁺, Na⁺, and Mg²⁺ significantly increased. The plant height, leaf length, and leaf width of P. alopecuroides showed the highest value in CaCl₂ 1 g·L^-1 followed by CaCl₂ 2 g·L^-1 and the control group. Root fresh weight was the highest in CaCl₂ 2 g·L^-1. On the other hand, there was no change in the shoot fresh weight, dry weight and root dry weight, and P. alopecuroides growth inhibition at the concentration of 5 g·L^-1 or higher in the plant height and leaf length. Conclusion: P. alopecuroides is relatively highly salt-tolerant and can improve the salt damaged soil by lowering the content of the salt-based exchangeable K⁺ ions.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.155-161
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• 2018

In this study, we analyze the growth environment using smart farm technology in order to develop the optimal growth model for the precision cultivation of the bottle-grown oyster mushroom 'Suhan'. Experimental farmers used $88m^2$ of bed area, 2 rows and 5 columns of shelf shape, 5 hp refrigerator, 100T of sandwich panel for insulation, 2 ultrasonic humidifiers, 12 kW of heating, and 5,000 bottles for cultivation. Data on parameters such as temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide concentration, and illumination, which directly affect mushroom growth, were collected from the environmental sensor part installed at the oyster mushroom cultivator and analyzed. It was found that the initial temperature at the time of granulation was $22^{\circ}C$ after the scraping, and the mushroom was produced and maintained at about $25^{\circ}C$ until the bottle was flipped. On fruiting body formation, mushrooms were harvested while maintaining the temperature between $13^{\circ}C$ and $15^{\circ}C$. Humidity was approximately 100% throughout the growth stage. Carbon dioxide concentration gradually increased until 3 days after the beginning of cultivation, and then increased rapidly to approximately 2,600 ppm. From the 6th day, $CO_2$ concentration was gradually decreased through ventilation and maintained at 1,000 ppm during the harvest. Light was not provided at the initial stage of oyster mushroom cultivation. On the $3^{rd}$ and $4^{th}$ day, mushrooms were irradiated by 17 lux light. Subsequently, the light intensity was increased to 115-120 lux as the growth progressed. Fruiting body characteristics of 'Suhan' cultivated in a farmhouse were as follows: Pileus diameter was 30.9 mm and thickness was 4.5 mm; stipe thickness was 11.0 mm and length was 76.0 mm; stipe and pileus hardness was 0.8 g/mm and 2.8 g/mm, respectively; L values of the stipe and pileus were 79.9 and 52.3, respectively. The fruiting body yield was 160.2 g/850 ml, and the individual weight was 12.8 g/10 unit.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.87-94
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• 2011

Flavonoid contents of common buckwheat (cv. Kitawase) and tartary buckwheat (cv. Hokkai T 8, Hokkai T 9 and Hokkai T 10) were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Moreover, they were measured at different plant developments such as 10, 18, 20, 22 and 30 days after sowing (DAS) and with plant parts including leaf, stem and flower harvested at 30 DAS. Total flavonoids including chlorogenic acid, four kinds of C-glycosylflavones (orientin, isoorientin, vitexin, isovitexin) and rutin of tartary buckwheats (range of 44.2-54.7, mean 44.2) were found 35% higher than those of common buckwheat (28.9 mg/g dry wt.). Among them, rutin was measured above 80% of total flavonoid contents. The other flavonoids (chlorogenic acid and four kinds of C-glycosylflavones) presented the highest level at 10 DAS and decreased according to plant developments. On the other hand, rutin content of Kitawase presented the highest level (33.6 mg/g dry wt.) at 22 DAS and decreased up to 30 DAS. Rutin content in tartary buckwheat temporarily decreased from 10 to 18 DAS and then reversely increased up to 30 DAS presented the highest level as 'U' curve. In Hokkai T 10, rutin content was found the highest level (53.8 mg/g dry wt.) at 30 DAS. In different plant parts harvested at 30 DAS, rutin content of leaf (range of 42.8-68.0, mean 57.0) was 5.3-fold higher than that of stem (range of 8.0-15.9, 10.8 mg/g dry wt.), regardless of cultivar. Significantly, rutin content (78.7) in the flower of Kitawase was 1.8 times higher than in the leaf and 9.8 times in the stem. Especially, chlorogenic acid content (14.6 mg/g dry wt.) in the flower of Kitawase was 63-fold higher than in the leaf, and 20-fold in the stem.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.150-155
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• 1993

This study describes biodegradation of dyes which are used in textile industries. Dyes released into the environment from industrial waste water are considered to be a serious pollution problem because of the wide spread into environment with a variety of colors. The microorganisms used in this experiment were Pseudomonas species, which had been screened from aeration tank of waste water treatment. It was found that optimum concentrations for culture media were 14g of glucose, 6g of peptone, 160 mg of Na2HPO4, 200mg of KCl, 140mg of MgSO4,.7H2O,1.0g of KH2PO4, 400mg of NaCl, 200mg of CaCl2 and dye 10ppm per litre of distilled water. The high efficiency of dye degradation was obtained at pH 7-8 and $30-35^{\circ}C$. Strains screened are excellent for removal of azo and reactive dyes, which are relatively stable and difficult to degrade. Dyes of 10ppm such as mono-azo (Lot No. 180), di-azo (Lot No. 138) and reactive red(Lot No. 2) were mostly decolorlzed within 2 days and di-azo (Lot No. 151) and reactive red(Lot No. 34, No. 00166) were decolorized within 5 days in the controlled fermenter. In the case of reactive dyes, oxygen supplies showed lower biodegradability compared to anaerobic culture.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.96-106
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• 2017

In this study, measurements of size-segregated particulate matter (PM) emitted from the combustion of rice straw, pine needles, and sesame stem were conducted in a laboratory chamber. The collected samples were used to analyze amounts of organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), humic-like substances (HULIS), and ionic species. The light absorption properties of size-resolved water extracts were measured using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. A solid-phase extraction method was first used to separate the size-resolved HULIS fraction, which was then quantified by a total organic carbon analyzer. The results show that regardless of particle cut sizes, the contributions of size-resolved HULIS ($=1.94{\times}HULIS-C$) to PM size fractions ($PM_{0.32}$, $PM_{0.55}$, $PM_{1.0}$, and $PM_{1.8}$) were similar, accounting for 25.2-27.6, 15.2-22.4 and 28.2-28.7% for rice straw, pine needle, and sesame stem smoke samples, respectively. The $PM_{1.8}$ fraction revealed WSOC/OC and HULIS-C/WSOC ratios of 0.51 and 0.60, 0.44 and 0.40, and 0.50 and 0.60 for the rice straw, pine needle, and sesame stem burning emissions, respectively. Strong absorption with decreasing wavelength was found by the water extracts from size-resolved biomass burning aerosols. The absorption ${\AA}ngstr{\ddot{o}}m $ exponent values of the size-resolved water extracts fitted between 300 and 400 nm wavelengths for particle sizes of $0.32-1.0{\mu}m$ were 6.6-7.7 for the rice straw burning samples, and 7.5-8.0 for the sesame stem burning samples. The average mass absorption efficiencies of size-resolved WSOC and HULIS-C at 365 nm were 1.09 (range: 0.89-1.61) and 1.82 (range: 1.33-2.06) $m^2/g{\cdot}C$ for rice straw smoke aerosols, and 1.13 (range: 0.85-1.52) and 1.83 (range: 1.44-2.05) $m^2/g{\cdot}C$ for sesame stem smoke aerosols, respectively. The light absorption of size-resolved water extracts measured at 365 nm showed strong correlations with WSOC and HULIS-C concentrations ($R^2=0.89-0.93$), indicating significant contribution of HULIS component from biomass burning emissions to the light absorption of ambient aerosols.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.123-134
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• 1992

In order to verify the usability of the greenhouse for aquaculture with nutrient culture synchronously and to obtain the fundamental data fir the establishment of efficient farming technology, the characteristics of microclimate and the growth of leafy vegetables were examined. Tilapia averaged 428.6 g grew to 784 g(1.83 times) for 147 days from May 29 to Oct. 21 and fingerlings averaged 12.9 g grew by 1.37 times for 61 days from Sep. 13 to Nov. 12. The growth of vegetables such as water dropwort, leaf lettuce, Chinese cabbage, and Welsh onion in the greenhouse was better for aquaculture with nutrient culture than for nutrient culture only. Between above two greenhouses, pH and EC of nutrient solution was same but the temperature different by about 2$^{\circ}C$. Average day temperature, relative humidity, and $CO_2$ concentration were higher by 2.9$^{\circ}C$, 6%, and 200 ppm in the greenhouse for aquaculture with nutrient culture, respectively. Net assimilation rate of vegetables in the greenhouse was a little higher for aquaculture with nutrient culture than for nutrient culture only. Therefore, provided aquaculture and nutrient culture are carried out in the same greenhouse, the saving effect of heating cost as well as the additional promotive effects of vegetable and tilapia growth can be obtained.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.205-211
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• 2004

Concern that some chemicals in our environment may affect human health by disrupt-ing normal endocrine function has prompted a research on interactions of environmental contaminants with steroid hormone receptor. Toxaphene and chlordane are among the 12 persistent organic pollutants identified by the United Nations Environment Programme as requiring urgent attention. We compared the estrogenic activity of two organochlorine pesticides, toxaphene and chlordane, at estrogen receptor a (ER$\alpha$) and estrogen receptor $\beta$ (ER$\beta$). Human hepatoma cells (HepG2) were transiently transfected with rat ER$\alpha$ or ER$\beta$ plus an estrogen-responsive complement C3-luciferase (C3-Luc) reporter gene. After transfection, cells were treated with various concentrations of toxaphene and chlordane to investigate agonism or antagonism of these chemicals. Both toxaphene and chlordane were potent agonists in HepG2 cells for ER$\alpha$. In contrast, these chemicals had a minimal agonist activity with ER$\beta$ and almost abolished 17$\beta$-estradiol-induced ER$\beta$-mediated activity. Therefore, toxaphene and chlordane behaved as an ER$\alpha$ agonist and an ER$\beta$ antagonist with estrogen-responsive reporter plasmid C3-Luc, and exposure to these organochlorine pesticides could have a crictical effect on normal endocrine function.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.37-40
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• 1972

Experiments were carried out to control white-tip nematode, Aphelenchoides besseyi Christie, during the period just before transplanting. The experimental results were summarized as fellows: 1: From a 12-hr to a 24-hr sled-soaking application into 500 times dilutions of Malathion $80\%$ Ec, Sumithion $50\%$ EC and Lebaycid $50\%$ EC were highly effective than other emulsifierble concentrations of chemicals. 2) The water surface application of PSP-204 $5\%$ G, Diazinon $3\%$ G, Nemagon $20\%$ G and Terracurr-P $5\%$ G were effective. 3: Root·dipping application of Sumithion $50\%$ Ec, Lebaycid $50\%$ Ec and Nemagon $80\%$ Ec were more effective chemicals than others.