• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.93-101
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• 2005

Objective: We have evaluated UDHA into the joint for its effectiveness on immune responses to CII in the rat CIA. In an attempt to gain further insight into the mode of action of UDHA, we also investigated the effects of UDHA on the incidence and development of arthritis in rat CIA with 2 different regimens: (1) started prior to a primary immunization, (2) started on the day of a primary immunization. Methods : Male rats were immunized with an emulsion of $200\;{\mu}g/100g$ of CII and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). The rats were then given intraperitoneal(i.p) stimulation of Ulmus davidiana Planch herbal acupuncture(UDHA) or saline during the experiment. Lymph node cells were obtained from rats 14 days after immunization and cultured in vitro with CII. When compared with rats treated with saline as control, UDHA at doses of more than $20\;{\mu}g/100\;g$ rat once a day for 7 days inhibited the ability of inguinal lymph node cells to produce T cell cytokines interleukin-$1{\beta}$, tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ $(TNF-{\alpha})$. When rats were injected intraperitoneally with SRBC, hemaglutination titers in UD-treated and control rats did not differ significantly when low doses of UD was given to rats. However, i.p injection of UD at doses of more than $10\;{\mu}g/100\;g/day$ for 7 days slightly suppressed antibody production. Results : The present results show that treatment with UDHA can inhibit the onset and development of arthritis and the immune responses to collagen. Conclusion: Therapeutic i.p injection with UD affect the clinical course of the disease and the immune responses to CII.

• Electronics and Telecommunications Trends
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• v.22 no.3 s.105
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• pp.104-109
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• 2007

유비쿼터스 센서 네트워크 기술은 다양한 분야에서의 응용을 목표로 기술 개발이 이루어지고 있다. 노드 미들웨어 기술은 유비쿼터스 센서 네트워크 시스템에서 사용자 혹은 상위 응용을 지원하는 핵심 요소 기술로 이에 대한 IPR 확보 및 지능화 기술 개발에 노력하고 있다. 이에 노드 미들웨어 기술의 특징과 기술에 대한 국내외 동향 및 전망에 대하여 살펴보고자 한다.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.21 no.A
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• pp.117-122
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• 2001

Currently, the VHE (suggested for global roaming user to provide personal service environment) implementation scenario is being proposed to realize 3G network requirements. However, developing VHE scenarios are focused on signal flow between node and network, and network and network. this case may result in weakness to protect subscriber's privacy in 3G network which commonly uses visited network. In this paper, we reanalyze a several VHE implementation scenarios for user profile protection, indicate a problem concerning user privacy, and finally, design a procedure to cope with vulnerability in VHE implementation scenario.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.296-308
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• 2015

Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is widely used for protecting wireless sensor network (WSN). At the Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES) 2012, G$\acute{e}$rard et al. proposed an optimized collision attack and break a practical implementation of AES. However, the attack needs at least 256 averaged power traces and has a high computational complexity because of its byte wise operation. In this paper, we propose a novel double sieve collision attack based on bitwise collision detection, and an improved version with an error-tolerant mechanism. Practical attacks are successfully conducted on a software implementation of AES in a low-power chip which can be used in wireless sensor node. Simulation results show that our attack needs 90% less time than the work published by G$\acute{e}$rard et al. to reach a success rate of 0.9.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.180-190
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• 1997

A new method in the fault tree analysis (FTA) for the reliability calculation is suggested. Two steps are necessary in traditional method in evaluation of the occurrence probability of top event in fault tree (FT). The first step is to find the minimal outsets, and the second one is to substitute the result into the poincare equation. In order to reduce the enormous computing time of this method, lots of rapid algorithms have been developed. Almost of all achievements were, however, based on the partial structural properties of FT. In this paper, the FT is transformed to a non-linear graph G which has the same minimal outsets of original n, and then the reliability is calculated using the domination theory. In this new method, the required number of equation terms are at most $2^n$ (n is node number of graph G), while $2^m$-1 (m is the number of minimal cutsets) calculation terms are required in the poincare equation in traditional method. Since m>>n in general. our new method reduces the calculation time significantly.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.463-471
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• 2011

Cooperative communications using relays in wireless networks have similar effects of multiple-input and multiple-output without the need of multiple antennas at each node. To implement cooperation into a system, efficient protocols are desired. In IEEE 802.11 families such as a/b/g, mobile stations can automatically adjust transmission rates according to channel conditions. However throughput performance degradation is observed by low-rate stations in multi-rate circumstances resulting in so-called performance anomaly. In this paper, we propose active relay-based cooperative medium access control (AR-CMAC) protocol, in which active relays desiring to transmit their own data for cooperation participate in relaying, and it is designed to increase throughput as a solution to performance anomaly. We have analyzed the performance of the simplified AR-CMAC using an embedded Markov chain model to demonstrate the gain of AR-CMAC and to verify it with our simulations. Simulations in an infrastructure network with an IEEE 802.11b/g access point show noticeable improvement than the legacy schemes.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.351-357
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• 2022

LTE (Long-Term Evolution, sometimes known as 4G LTE) is a wireless high-speed data communication technology for mobile phones and data terminals. The Packet Scheduler (PS) is an important component in improving network performance. Physical Resource Blocks (PRBs) are assigned to associated User Equipment by the packet scheduler (UEs). The primary contribution of this study is a comparison of the eNodeB throughput between a suggested method and the Round Robin (RR) Algorithm. The RR Algorithm distributes PRBs among all associated UEs without taking channel circumstances into account. In this research, we present a new scheduling method that takes into account the number of PRBs and associated UEs and produces higher throughput than the RR algorithm.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 2017

Background: This study was aimed to determine the optimal vine induction method for growing of Korean schisandra (Schisandra chinensis), by comparing plant growth and fruit yields between plants grown with either fence-type (U-type) or A-type induction. Methods and Results: Plants were transplanted on August 17, 2014, and the plant height, stem node number and weight were measured every two weeks, six times from June 17, 2016. The plant height, stem node number, and leaf length and width were higher with the A-type than with the U-type induction, by approximately 37.0%, 49.1%, 27.6%, and 12.7%, respectively. Although there was no significant difference between the photosynthesis rates of plants grown with the two vine induction method, the leaf area and leaf number per plant were higher in the plants grown with the A-type than the U-type, by approximately 23.7% and 46.0%, respectively. The number of green-color pixels, in a defined area of digital camera images of creeper leaves from the inducted vines, was significantly higher in the plants grown with the A-type than the U-type. The number of fruit clusters per plant was approximately 26 and 36, under the U-type and A-type, respectively. A two fold higher total fruit weight per plant was observed in the plants grown under the A-type (250 g/plant) than the U-type (120 g/plant). Conclusions: The A-type vine induction method is optimal for cultivation of Korean schisandra.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.1965-1967
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• 2013

Background: To obtain the maximum additional information about the prognosis of gastric cancer, we compared CA-50 with other previously defined markers. Materials and Methods: This hospital based study was carried out in the Department of Biochemistry of Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences between $1^{st}$ July 2012 and $31^{st}$ December 2012. The variables collected were age, gender, AFP, CEA, CA19-9, and CA50, assayed with ELISA reader for all cases. The cut off values for serum AFP, CEA, CA19-9, and CA-50 were 10 ${\mu}g/l$, 10 ${\mu}g/l$, 37 U/ml, and 20 U/ml, respectively according to the manufacturer's instructions. Approval for the study was obtained from the institutional research ethical committee. Results: Of the 40 examined patients, 13 patients had tumors located in the upper third of the stomach, 6 patients had tumors in the middle third, 16 patients had tumors in the lower third, and 5 patients had tumors occupying two-thirds of the stomach or more. The distribution of lymph node staging of the patients was as follows: 7 patients belonged to N0, 9 patients to N1 stage, 10 patients to N2 stage, and 14 patients to N3 stage. The statistical method of Cox proportional hazards using multivariate analysis also illustrated that tumor markers including CEA (2.802), CA19-9 (2.690), CA50 (2.101), were independent prognostic factors, as tumor size (1.603), and lymph node stage (1.614). Conclusions: The tumour markers now available, like CEA, CA 19-9 and CA 50, chiefly perceive advanced gastric cancer. The preoperative rise in those tumour marker level have a prognostic significance and may be clinically helpful in choosing patients for adjuvant management.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.13
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• pp.5331-5335
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• 2015

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the tumor-free and overall survival rates between patients with low-risk endometrial cancer who underwent surgical staging and those who did not undergo surgical staging. Materials and Methods: Data, including demographic characteristics, grade of the tumor, myometrial invasion, cervical involvement, peritoneal washing, lymph node involvement, lymphovascular space invasion, postoperative complication, adjuvant treatment, cancer recurrence, and tumor-free and overall survival rates, for patients with low-risk endometrioid endometrial cancer who were treated surgically with and without pelvic and paraaortic lymph node dissection (LND) were analyzed retrospectively. The patients diagnosed with endometrioid endometrial cancer including the following criteria were considered low-risk: 1) a grade 1 (G1) or grade 2 (G2) endometrioid histology; 2) myometrial invasion of <50% upon magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); 3) no stromal glandular or stromal invasion upon MRI; and 4) no evidence of intra-abdominal metastasis. Then the patients at low-risk were divided into two groups; group 1 (n=117): patients treated surgically with pelvic and paraaortic LND and group 2 (n=170): patients treated surgically without pelvic and paraaortic LND. Results: There was no statistical significance when the groups were compared in terms of lymphovascular space invasion, cervical involvement, positive cytology, and recurrence, whereas the administration of an adjuvant therapy was higher in group 2 (p<0.005). The number of patients with positive pelvic nodes and the number of metastatic pelvic nodes were significantly higher in the group with positive LVI than in the group without LVI (p<0.005). No statistically significant differences were detected between the groups in terms of tumor-free survival (p=0.981) and overall survival (p=0.166). Conclusions: Total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and stage-adapted postoperative adjuvant therapy without pelvic and/or paraaortic lymphadenectomy may be safe and efficient treatments for low-risk endometrial cancer.