• 대한수학회논문집
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.645-648
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• 2005

Let K be a Galois extension of a field F with G = Gal(K/F). Let L be an extension of F such that $K\;{\otimes}_F\;L\;=\; N_1\;{\oplus}N_2\;{\oplus}{\cdots}{\oplus}N_k$ with corresponding primitive idempotents $e_1,\;e_2,{\cdots},e_k$, where Ni's are fields. Then G acts on $\{e_1,\;e_2,{\cdots},e_k\}$ transitively and $Gal(N_1/K)\;{\cong}\;\{\sigma\;{\in}\;G\;/\;{\sigma}(e_1)\;=\;e_1\}$. And, let R be a commutative F-algebra, and let P be a prime ideal of R. Let T = $K\;{\otimes}_F\;R$, and suppose there are only finitely many prime ideals $Q_1,\;Q_2,{\cdots},Q_k$ of T with $Q_i\;{\cap}\;R\;=\;P$. Then G acts transitively on $\{Q_1,\;Q_2,{\cdots},Q_k\},\;and\;Gal(qf(T/Q_1)/qf(R/P))\;{\cong}\;\{\sigma{\in}\;G/\;{\sigma}-(Q_1)\;=\;Q_1\}$ where qf($T/Q_1$) is the quotient field of $T/Q_1$.

• 호남수학학술지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.115-129
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• 2005

In this paper, we give a digital graph-theoretical approach of the study of digital images with relation to a simplicial complex. Thus, a digital graph $G_k$ with some k-adjacency in ${\mathbb{Z}}^n$ can be recognized by the simplicial complex spanned by $G_k$. Moreover, we demonstrate that a graphically $(k_0,\;k_1)$-continuous map $f:G_{k_0}{\subset}{\mathbb{Z}}^{n_0}{\rightarrow}G_{k_1}{\subset}{\mathbb{Z}}^{n_1}$ can be converted into the simplicial map $S(f):S(G_{k_0}){\rightarrow}S(G_{k_1})$ with relation to combinatorial topology. Finally, if $G_{k_0}$ is not $(k_0,\;3^{n_0}-1)$-homotopy equivalent to $SC^{n_0,4}_{3^{n_0}-1}$, a graphically $(k_0,\;k_1)$-continuous map (respectively a graphically $(k_0,\;k_1)$-isomorphisim) $f:G_{k_0}{\subset}{\mathbb{Z}}^{n_0}{\rightarrow}G_{k_1}{\subset}{\mathbb{Z}^{n_1}$ induces the group homomorphism (respectively the group isomorphisim) $S(f)_*:{\pi}_1(S(G_{k_0}),\;v_0){\rightarrow}{\pi}_1(S(G_{k_1}),\;f(v_0))$ in algebraic topology.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.86-91
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• 2011

Ginsenoside (G)-F1 is an enzymatic metabolite generated from G-Rg1. Although this metabolite has been reported to suppress platelet aggregation and to reduce gap junction-mediated intercellular communication, the modulatory activity of G-F1 on the functional role of skin-derived cells has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we evaluated the regulatory role of G-F1 on the cellular responses of B16 melanoma cells. G-F1 strongly suppressed the proliferation of B16 cells up to 60% at 200 ${\mu}g/mL$, while only diminishing the viability of HEK293 cells up to 30%. Furthermore, G-F1 remarkably induced morphological change and clustering of B16 melanoma cells. The melanin production of B16 cells was also significantly blocked by G-F1 up to 70%. Interestingly, intracellular signaling events involved in cell proliferation, migration, and morphological change were up-regulated at 1 h incubation but down-regulated at 12 h. Therefore, our results suggest that G-F1 can be applied as a novel anti-skin cancer drug with anti-proliferative and anti-migration features.

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.91-103
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• 2007

In this paper we prove the Hyers-Ulam-Rassias stability by considering the cases that the approximate remainder ${\varphi}$ is defined by $f(x{\ast}y)+f(x{\ast}y^{-1})-2g(x)-2g(y)={\varphi}(x,y)$, $f(x{\ast}y)+g(x{\ast}y^{-1})-2h(x)-2k(y)={\varphi}(x,y)$, where (G, *) is a group, X is a real or complex Hausdorff topological vector space and f, g, h, k are functions from G into X.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.91-97
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• 2002

Let (X, F, g) be a fuzzy measure space. Then for any h$\in$ $L^{0}$ (X) , a$\in$[0 , 1] , and $A\in$F ∫$_{A}$aㆍh($\chi$)┬g＝aㆍ∫$_{A}$h($\chi$)┬g with the t-seminorm ┬(x, y)= xy. And we prove that the Seminormed fuzzy integral has some linearity properties only for ｛0,1｝-classes of fuzzy measure as follow, For any f, h$\in$ $L^{0}$ ($\chi$), any a, b$\in$R+: af＋bh$\in$ $L^{0}$ ($\chi$)⇒ ∫$_{A}$(af＋bh)┬g＝a∫$_{A}$f┬g＋b∫$_{A}$h┬g; if and only if g is a probability measure fulfilling g(A) $\in$｛0, 1｝ for all $A\in$F.n$F.

• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.103-114
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• 2008

In this paper, we investigate the superstability problem for the pexiderized cosine functional equations f(x+y) +f(x−y) = 2g(x)h(y), f(x + y) + g(x − y) = 2f(x)g(y), f(x + y) + g(x − y) = 2g(x)f(y). Consequently, we have generalized the results of stability for the cosine($d^{\prime}Alembert$) and the Wilson functional equations by J. Baker, $P.\;G{\check{a}}vruta$, R. Badora and R. Ger, and G.H. Kim.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.695-705
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• 2021

Background: Ginsenosides have beneficial effects on several airway inflammatory disorders primarily through glucocorticosteroid-like anti-inflammatory activity. Among inflammatory cells, eosinophils play a major pathogenic role in conferring a risk of severe refractory diseases including chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). However, the role of ginsenosides in reducing eosinophilic inflammation and CRS pathogenesis is unexplored. Methods: We investigated the therapeutic efficacy and underlying mechanism of ginsenoside F1 (G-F1) in comparison with those of dexamethasone, a representative glucocorticosteroid, in a murine model of CRS. The effects of G-F1 or dexamethasone on sinonasal abnormalities and infiltration of eosinophils and mast cells were evaluated by histological analyses. The changes in inflammatory cytokine levels in sinonasal tissues, macrophages, and NK cells were assessed by qPCR, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry. Results: We found that G-F1 significantly attenuated eosinophilic inflammation, mast cell infiltration, epithelial hyperplasia, and mucosal thickening in the sinonasal mucosa of CRS mice. Moreover, G-F1 reduced the expression of IL-4 and IL-13, as well as hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase required for prostaglandin D2 production. This therapeutic efficacy was associated with increased NK cell function, without suppression of macrophage inflammatory responses. In comparison, dexamethasone potently suppressed macrophage activation. NK cell depletion nullified the therapeutic effects of G-F1, but not dexamethasone, in CRS mice, supporting a causal link between G-F1 and NK cell activity. Conclusion: Our results suggest that potentiating NK cell activity, for example with G-F1, is a promising strategy for resolving eosinophilic inflammation in CRS.

• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.607-618
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• 2015

An L(2; 1)-labeling of a graph G is a function f from the vertex set V (G) to the set of all non-negative integers such that ${\mid}f(u)-f(v){\mid}{\geq}2$ if d(u, v) = 1 and ${\mid}f(u)-f(v){\mid}{\geq}1$ if d(u, v) = 2. The ${\lambda}$-number of G, denoted ${\lambda}(G)$, is the smallest number k such that G admits an L(2, 1)-labeling with $k=\max\{f(u){\mid}u{\in}V(G)\}$. In this paper, we consider the square of a cycle and provide exact value for its ${\lambda}$-number. In addition, we also completely determine its edge span.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.145-151
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• 1969

한국에 재배되어 온 동아면의 종을 밝히고져 한국 및 중국 제주 일본등지에서 귀집 보존되어 오는 21개 품종을 검정종과 교배하여 그 $F_1$ 의 화분모세포를 세포학적으로 검토하였는데 그 결과 및 결론은 다음과 같다. 1. 귀집종과 G. herbaceum 검정종과의 $F_1$에서는 항상 1개의 4련염색체가 나타났다. 2. 추가된 귀집종과 G. arboreum 검정종과의 $F_1$에서는 전보에서와 같이 4련염색체가 나타난 조합이 없었다. 3. G. herbaceum의 검정종간에서나 G. arboreum검정종간에서는 4련염색체가 나타나지 않았고 G. herbaceum 검정종과 G. arboreum 검정종간에서는 항상 1개의 4련염색체가 관찰되었다. 4. 귀집종간의 $F_1$에서도 4련염색체를 볼수 없었다. 5. 이상의 결과를 Gerstel의 세포학적 근거에 비쳐 공시된 귀집종들은 G. arboreum에 속하는 것이라고 추정하고 race에 관해서는 Hutchinson의 지리적 분포론에 따라 race sinense라고 함이좋을 것이라고 고찰하였다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.495-499
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• 1999

민들레 잎과 뿌리의 유리당은 sucrose, glucose, fructose 3종이 분리되었으며, 총 유리당의 함량은 잎에 비해 뿌리에서 높았다. 잎의 유기산 함량은 oxalic acid, citric acid, malic acid이 각각 45.4, 3.6, 2.7mg/100g-f.w.이었고, 뿌리의 경우에는 각각 34.6, 2.1, 1.6mg/100g-f.w.이었다. 총 유기산의 함량은 잎과 뿌리에서 각각 51.7, 38.3mg/100g-f.w.이었는데 뿌리에 비해 잎에서 그 함량이 높았다. 민들레의 잎과 뿌리의 유리아미노산 중에 aspartic acid, serine, asparagine, glutamic acid, glycine, valine, isoleucine의 함량이 높았고, 특히glutamic acid의 함량이 높았다. 민들레의 비타민 A 함량은 잎과 뿌리에서 각각 135.4, 34.1$\mu\textrm{g}$/100g-f.w.이었고, 비타민 C의 함량은 각각 67.4, 4.6mg/100g-f.w.이었다.