• 제목/요약/키워드: G proteins

검색결과 1,756건 처리시간 0.029초

Escherichia coli-Derived Outer Membrane Vesicles Deliver Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyltransferase and Yield Partial Protection against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in Mice

  • Quan, Keji;Zhu, Zhuang;Cao, Sanjie;Zhang, Fei;Miao, Chang;Wen, Xintian;Huang, Xiaobo;Wen, Yiping;Wu, Rui;Yan, Qigui;Huang, Yong;Ma, Xiaoping;Han, Xinfeng;Zhao, Qin
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • 제28권12호
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    • pp.2095-2105
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    • 2018
  • In our previous studies, we have identified several in vivo-induced antigens and evaluated their potential as subunit vaccine candidates in a murine model, in which the recombinant protein GalT showed the most potent immunogenicity and immunoprotective efficacy against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. To exploit a more efficient way of delivering GalT proteins, in this study, we employed the widely studied E. coli outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) as a platform to deliver GalT protein and performed the vaccine trial using the recombinant GalT-OMVs in the murine model. Results revealed that GalT-OMVs could elicit a highly-specific, IgG antibody titer that was comparable with the adjuvant GalT group. Significantly higher lymphocyte proliferation and cytokines secretion levels were observed in the GalT-OMVs group. 87.5% and 50% of mice were protected from a lethal dose challenge using A. pleuropneumoniae in active or passive immunization, respectively. Histopathologic and immunohistochemical analyses showed remarkably reduced pathological changes and infiltration of neutrophils in the lungs of mice immunized with GalT-OMVs after the challenge. Taken together, these findings confirm that OMVs can be used as a platform to deliver GalT protein and enhance its immunogenicity to induce both humoral and cellular immune responses in mice.

p53 암억제 유전자가 삽입된 재조합 pOPINEneo-3C-GFP 벡터의 효율 분석 (Analysis of Efficiency of Recombinant pOPINEneo-3C-GFP Vector with p53 Tumor Suppression Gene Inserted)

  • 사영희;최창식;이기환;홍성갑
    • 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국정보통신학회 2019년도 춘계학술대회
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    • pp.533-536
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    • 2019
  • 재조합 배큘로 바이러스는 배양 된 곤충 세포에서 이종 유전자를 발현하는데 널리 사용된다. 재조합 배큘로 바이러스는 광범위한 포유류 세포 유형에서 재조합 단백질의 발현을위한 유전자 전달 벡터로서 작용할 수있다. 바큘로 바이러스 시스템은 안전성, 대규모 및 높은 수준의 유전자 발현 관점에서 중요한 이점을 갖는다. 본 연구에서는 pOPINEneo-3C-GFP 벡터로부터 재구성 된 바큘로 바이러스 벡터를 사이토 메갈로 바이러스 (CMV) 프로모터, 강화 된 녹색 형광 단백질 (EGFP) 및 p53과 NcoI 및 XhoI로 재조합시켰다. 이러한 재조합 벡터를 다양한 세포 및 세포주에 감염시켰다. 이와 같이 개발 된 바큘로 바이러스 벡터는 재조합 유전자의 전이 및 발현을 통상적 인 벡터와 비교하여 분석 하였다. 이러한 결과는 바큘로 바이러스 벡터가 대조군 벡터보다 전이 및 전이에서 더 높은 효율을 갖는다는 것을 시사한다. 본 연구는 과학 기술부, 한국 정보 기술 진흥 기금 (MSIP)이 후원하는 한국 연구 재단(NRF)을 통해 중견 연구원 프로그램 (NRF-2016R1A2B4016552)을 통해 지원되었다.

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Myristoleic Acid Promotes Anagen Signaling by Autophagy through Activating Wnt/β-Catenin and ERK Pathways in Dermal Papilla Cells

  • Choi, Youn Kyung;Kang, Jung-Il;Hyun, Jin Won;Koh, Young Sang;Kang, Ji-Hoon;Hyun, Chang-Gu;Yoon, Kyung-Sup;Lee, Kwang Sik;Lee, Chun Mong;Kim, Tae Yang;Yoo, Eun-Sook;Kang, Hee-Kyoung
    • Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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    • 제29권2호
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    • pp.211-219
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    • 2021
  • Alopecia is a distressing condition caused by the dysregulation of anagen, catagen, and telogen in the hair cycle. Dermal papilla cells (DPCs) regulate the hair cycle and play important roles in hair growth and regeneration. Myristoleic acid (MA) increases Wnt reporter activity in DPCs. However, the action mechanisms of MA on the stimulation of anagen signaling in DPCs is not known. In this study, we evaluated the effects of MA on anagen-activating signaling pathways in DPCs. MA significantly increased DPC proliferation and stimulated the G2/M phase, accompanied by increasing cyclin A, Cdc2, and cyclin B1. To elucidate the mechanism by which MA promotes DPC proliferation, we evaluated the effect of MA on autophagy and intracellular pathways. MA induced autophagosome formation by decreasing the levels of the phospho-mammalian target of rapamycin (phospho-mTOR) and increasing autophagy-related 7 (Atg7) and microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3II (LC3II). MA also increased the phosphorylation levels of Wnt/β-catenin proteins, such as GSK3β (Ser9) and β-catenin (Ser552 and Ser675). Treatment with XAV939, an inhibitor of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, attenuated the MA-induced increase in β-catenin nuclear translocation. Moreover, XAV939 reduced MA-induced effects on cell cycle progression, autophagy, and DPC proliferation. On the other hand, MA increased the levels of phospho (Thr202/Tyr204)-extracellular signal regulated kinases (ERK). MA-induced ERK phosphorylation led to changes in the expression levels of Cdc2, Atg7 and LC3II, as well as DPC proliferation. Our results suggest that MA promotes anagen signaling via autophagy and cell cycle progression by activating the Wnt/β-catenin and ERK pathways in DPCs.

Codon Optimization, Soluble Expression and Purification of PE_PGRS45 Gene from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Preparation of Its Polyclonal Antibody Protein

  • Xu, Tao;Li, Minying;Wang, Chutong;Yuan, Meili;Chang, Xianyou;Qian, Zhongqing;Li, Baiqing;Sun, Meiqun;Wang, Hongtao
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • 제31권11호
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    • pp.1583-1590
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    • 2021
  • Studies have demonstrated that PE_PGRS45 is constitutively expressed under various environmental conditions (such as nutrient depletion, hypoxia, and low pH) of the in vitro growth conditions examined, indicating that PE_PGRS45 protein is critical to the basic functions of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, there are few reports about the biochemical function and pathogenic mechanism of PE_PGRS45 protein. The fact that this M. tuberculosis gene is not easily expressed in E. coli may be mainly due to the high content of G+C and the use of unique codons. Fusion tags are indispensable tools used to improve the soluble expression of recombinant proteins and accelerate the characterization of protein structure and function. In the present study, His6, Trx, and His6-MBP were used as fusion tags, but only MBP-PE_PGRS45 was expressed solubly. The purification using His6-MBP tag-specific binding to the Ni column was easy to separate after the tag cleavage. We used the purified PE_PGRS45 to immunize New Zealand rabbits and obtained anti-PE_PGRS45 serum. We found that the titer of polyclonal antibodies against PE_PGR45 was higher than 1:256000. The result shows that purified PE_PGRS45 can induce New Zealand rabbits to produce high-titer antibodies. In conclusion, the recombinant protein PE_PGRS45 was successfully expressed in E. coli and specific antiserum was prepared, which will be followed by further evaluation of these specific antigens to develop highly sensitive and specific diagnostic tests for tuberculosis.

Visualization of the binding between gintonin, a Panax ginseng-derived LPA receptor ligand, and the LPA receptor subtypes and transactivation of the EGF receptor

  • Choi, Sun-Hye;Lee, Ra Mi;Cho, Han-Sung;Hwang, Sung Hee;Hwang, Hong-Ik;Rhim, Hyewhon;Kim, Hyoung-Chun;Kim, Do-Geun;Cho, Ik-Hyun;Nah, Seung-Yeol
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • 제46권3호
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    • pp.348-356
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    • 2022
  • Background: Gintonin is a ginseng-derived exogenous G-protein-coupled lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor ligand. Gintonin exerts its neuronal and non-neuronal in vitro and in vivo effects through LPA receptor subtypes. However, it is unknown whether gintonin can bind to the plasma membrane of cells and can transactivate the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor. In the present study, we examined whether gintonin-biotin conjugates directly bound to LPA receptors and transactivated the EGF receptor. Methods: We designed gintonin-biotin conjugates through gintonin biotinylation and examined whether gintonin-biotin conjugate binding sites co-localized with the LPA receptor subtype binding sites. We further examined whether gintonin-biotin transactivated the EGF receptor via LPA receptor regulation via phosphor-EGF and cell migration assays. Results: Gintonin-biotin conjugates elicit [Ca2+]i transient similar to that observed with unbiotinylated gintonin in cultured PC3 cells, suggesting that biotinylation does not affect physiological activity of gintonin. We proved that gintonin-biotin conjugate binding sites co-localized with the LPA1/6 receptor binding sites. Gintonin-biotin binding to the LPA1 receptor transactivates the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor through phosphorylation, while the LPA1/3 receptor antagonist, Ki16425, blocked phosphorylation of the EGF receptor. Additionally, an EGF receptor inhibitor AG1478 blocked gintonin-biotin conjugate-mediated cell migration. Conclusions: We observed the binding between ginseng-derived gintonin and the plasma membrane target proteins corresponding to the LPA1/6 receptor subtypes. Moreover, gintonin transactivated EGF receptors via LPA receptor regulation. Our results suggest that gintonin directly binds to the LPA receptor subtypes and transactivates the EGF receptor. It may explain the molecular basis of ginseng physiology/pharmacology in biological systems.

MHY2251, a New SIRT1 Inhibitor, Induces Apoptosis via JNK/p53 Pathway in HCT116 Human Colorectal Cancer Cells

  • Yong Jung Kang;Young Hoon Kwon;Jung Yoon Jang;Jun Ho Lee;Sanggwon Lee;Yujin Park;Hyung Ryong Moon;Hae Young Chung;Nam Deuk Kim
    • Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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    • 제31권1호
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    • pp.73-81
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    • 2023
  • Sirtuins (SIRTs) belong to the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent class III histone deacetylase family. They are key regulators of cellular and physiological processes, such as cell survival, senescence, differentiation, DNA damage and stress response, cellular metabolism, and aging. SIRTs also influence carcinogenesis, making them potential targets for anticancer therapeutic strategies. In this study, we investigated the anticancer properties and underlying molecular mechanisms of a novel SIRT1 inhibitor, MHY2251, in human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. MHY2251 reduced the viability of various human CRC cell lines, especially those with wild-type TP53. MHY2251 inhibited SIRT1 activity and SIRT1/2 protein expression, while promoting p53 acetylation, which is a target of SIRT1 in HCT116 cells. MHY2251 treatment triggered apoptosis in HCT116 cells. It increased the percentage of late apoptotic cells and the sub-G1 fraction (as detected by flow cytometric analysis) and induced DNA fragmentation. In addition, MHY2251 upregulated the expression of FasL and Fas, altered the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2, downregulated the levels of pro-caspase-8, -9, and -3 proteins, and induced subsequent poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. The induction of apoptosis by MHY2251 was related to the activation of the caspase cascade, which was significantly attenuated by pre-treatment with Z-VAD-FMK, a pan-caspase inhibitor. Furthermore, MHY2251 stimulated the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and MHY2251-triggered apoptosis was blocked by pre-treatment with SP600125, a JNK inhibitor. This finding indicated the specific involvement of JNK in MHY2251-induced apoptosis. MHY2251 shows considerable potential as a therapeutic agent for targeting human CRC via the inhibition of SIRT1 and activation of JNK/p53 pathway.

Effects of Dietary Caloric Restriction and Exercise on GLUT 2 in Liver and GLUT-4 and VAMP-2 in Muscle Tissue of Diabetic Rats

  • Jeong, Ilgyu;Oh, Myungjin;Jang, Moonnyeo;Koh, Yunsuk;Biggerstaff, Kyle D.;Nichols, David;Ben-Ezra, Vic
    • 운동영양학회지
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    • 제13권1호
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    • pp.1-7
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    • 2009
  • It has been shown that both caloric restriction and exercise, enhances glucose uptake through translocation of GLUT-4 protein. It remains unclear how exercise and caloric restriction affect the changes in VAMP (vesicle-associated membrane protein) in skeletal muscle and GLUT-2 in liver. This study investigated the effects of exercise training and caloric restriction on the expressions of glucose transport relating proteins in muscle and liver tissues in diabetic rats. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats (250±10 g; 8 week in age) were assigned equally to four different groups; control (C), exercise only (E), dietary restriction only (D) and dietary restriction and exercise (DE). Daily food consumption was monitored to establish baseline intake. Both C and E groups consumed baseline food intake while D and DE groups were provided with only 60% of baseline total food intake. Forty-eight hours after intraperitoneal injection of STZ (50 mg/kg), diabetes was confirmed (8-hr fasting blood glucose levels ≥300 mg/dl). Rats in the E and DE groups exercised on a motorized treadmill for 30 min/d, 5 days/week for 4 weeks (5 min running at 3 m/min, 0% grade; 8 m/min for the next 5min, and then 15 m/min for 20 min). Rats were sacrificed 48 hrs after the last bout of exercise. Soleus muscle and liver were extracted to analyze for GLUT-4, VAMP-2, and GLUT-2, respectively. All variables were analyzed using the Western Blotting technique. All values were expressed as optical volume measured by optical density. A Two-way ANOVA was used to examine the difference between groups and applied Duncan's test for post-hoc. No significant differences in GLUT-2 expression were found among groups. However, E (280133±13228 arbitrary units{AU}) and DE (268833±14424 AU) groups showed significantly higher (p<.001) levels of GLUT-4 as compared with C (34461±2099 AU) and D groups (27847±703 AU). VAMP-2 protein expression increased (p<.001) in E (184137±7803 AU) and DE (189800±10856 AU) groups as compared to C (74201±8296AU) and D (72967±863 AU) groups. These results suggest that either exercise with or without caloric restriction increases the up-regulation of GLUT-4 and VAMP-2 in skeletal muscle of diabetic rats. However, GLUT-2 protein in liver was not affected by either exercise or exercise with caloric restriction.

네트워크 기반 약리학 분석 및 분자 도킹을 통한 천궁의 항암 효과 예측: 천연물에 대한 탐구 (Discovering the Anti-cancer Effects of Ligusticum Chuanxiong through Network-based Pharmacology Analysis and Molecular Docking: An Inquiry into Natural Products)

  • 한도경;손지원;성의숙;김윤숙;안원근
    • 생명과학회지
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    • 제33권11호
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    • pp.876-886
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    • 2023
  • 두경부암(HNC)의 경우, 외과적 개입은 환자의 삶의 질에 심각한 영향을 미칠 수 있으며, 화학요법을 병행하게 된다. 그러나 화학요법에는 현저한 부작용이 있으므로 환자의 고통을 최소화하기 위한 보조 방법의 개발이 필요하다. 천궁(Ligusticum chuanxiong)은 동양 의학에서 뇌혈관 장애 및 두통에 사용되는 천연 허브이다. 본 연구에서는 네트워크 기반 약리학 및 분자 도킹 분석을 통해 천궁의 근본적인 항암기전을 예측하였다. 본 연구에서 HNC와 관련된 천궁의 공통 유전자를 밝혀내어 신경 활성 리간드의 대사 및 신경 전달 물질 경로와의 연관성을 확인했다. 본 연구는 천궁의 성분 중 하나인 (Z)-ligustilide 가 암세포 활성화에 관련된 heat shock protein 90의 ATP 결합 부위를 공유함을 입증했다. 이 결과는 천궁이 보조 항암제 개발을 위한 유망한 후보임을 시사하며, 향 후 더욱 새롭고 안전한 항암제의 연구개발에 과학적 근거를 제시하는 새로운 발견이다.

한국재래식(韓國在來式) 간장의 발효미생물(醱酵微生物)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究)(제2보(第二報)) -한국재래식(韓國在來式) 간장의 담금중(中)에 있어서의 발효미생물군(醱酵微生物群)의 소장(消長)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究)- (Microbiological Studies of Korean Native Soy-sauce Fermentation -A Study on the Microflora Changes during Korean Native Soy-sauce Fermentation-)

  • 이우진;조덕현
    • Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • 제14권2호
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    • pp.137-148
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    • 1971
  • 한국재래식(韓國在來式) 메주를 전국(全國) 5개도(個道)에서 수집(收集)하여 메주 표면부분(表面部分), 내부부분(內部部分), 재래식(在來式) 메주 및 일본식(日本式) 방법(方法)을 도입(導入)한 개량식(改良式) 메주로 간장을 담그어 담금 중의 미생물(微生物) 소장(消長)에 관(關)하여 연구(硏究)하고 이들 미생물(微生物)의 flora에 영향(影響)을 주는 pH, 총산(總酸), 식염농도(食鹽濃度), 총질소(總窒素)를 조사(調査)하였다. 아울러 한국전성(韓國全城) 14개(個) 지방(地方)에서 현재(現在) 식용중(食用中)인 재래식(在來式) 간장을 수집(收集)하여 microflora 및 화학적성분(化學的成分)을 측정(測定)하여 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1. 한국재래식(韓國在來式) 간장의 주발효미생물군(主醱酵微生物群)을 구명(究明)한 결과 호기성(好氣性) 세균군(細菌群)은 Bacillus subtilis와 Bacillus pumilus 유산균군(乳酸菌群)은 Pediococcus halophilus 및 Leuconostoc mesenteroides, 그리고 효모군(酵母群)은 Rhodotorula flava, Torulopsis datila 및 Saccaromyces rouxii이었다. 2. 한국재래식(韓國在來式) 간장, 담금 중의 발효미생물(醱酵微生物)의 소장(消長)은 먼저 호기성(好氣性) 세균(細菌)이 담근후 2주(週)까지 증가(增加)하고 다음 호기성(好氣性)이 3주(週)쯤에 최고(最高)의 증식(增殖)을 보여 유균(乳菌) 등(等)의 유기산함량(有機酸含量)을 높이고 pH를 5,4부근(附近)으로 강하(降下)시킨 다음에 효모(酵母)가 증식(增殖)하기 시작(始作)하여 발효(醱酵)에 참여하고 있다. 유산균(乳酸菌)은 생산(生酸)에 의(依)해 자신(自身)과 호기성(好氣性) 細菌)과 생육(生育)을 조해(阻害)하고 있으며 담금 2개월(個月) 후(後)엔 모든 발효미생물(醱酵微生物)이 감퇴기(減退期) 내지(乃至) 사감기(死減期)에 접어들고 달인 뒤에는 대부분(大部分) 사감(死減)하고 소수(少數) Bacillus sp.만이 잔존(殘存)하나 담금액(液)의 조성(組成)에 따라 효모(酵母)와 유산균(乳酸菌)이 극소수(極少數) 잔존(殘存)하고 있는 경우도 있었다. 3. 담금중의 microflora에 영향(影響)을 주는 성분(成分)의 변화(變化)를 조사(調査)한바 간장의 전(全)담금 기간(其間)을 통(通)하여 총산(總酸), 식염농도(食鹽濃度) 및 총질소(總窒素)는 점차 증가(增加)하고 있으며 pH는 약(約) 4.5 정도(程度)까지 강하(降下)하고 있다. 4. Microflora는 주(主)로 식염농도(食鹽濃度)와 pH에 지배(支配)되는 것 같았다. 호기성세균(好氣性細菌)은 포자(胞子)의 형성(形成)으로 가장 생존력(生存力)이 강(强)한 것 같으며 유산균(乳酸菌)은 식염농도(食鹽濃度) $23{\sim}26%$, pH 4.8에서 생육(生育)이 조해(阻害)되었으며 효모(酵母)는 담금액(液)의 pH가 5.4 이하(以下)에서 비로소 발육(發育)을 시작(始作)하였고 pH $4.5{\sim}4.7$에서의 한계식염농도(限界食鹽濃度)는 26% 전후(前後)로 보였다. 5. 한국재래식(韓國在來式) 간장 재활과정중(製活過程中)의 지징(持徵)인 장시간(長時間)의 장달이기는 본(本) 실험결과(實驗結果)에서 보면 살균(殺菌) 단백질(蛋白質)의 응고(凝固) 식염(食鹽) 및 기지(基地) 성분(成分)의 농축(濃縮) 등(等)에 있어서 매우 효과적(效果的)인 방법(方法)이라는 것이 명백(明白)하다. 달인 후(後)의 간장의 숙성(熟成)은 미생물학적(微生物學的)이라기 보다는 오히려 화학적(化學的) 숙성(熟成)이 주(主)가 되는 것이라고 인정(認定)되었다. 6. 전국(全國)에서 수집(收集)한 한국재래식(韓國在來式) 간장의 발효미생물(醱酵微生物)의 평균생균수(平均生菌數)는 호기성세균(好氣性細菌) $53{\times}10^2$개/ml, 유산균(乳酸菌) 34개/ml, 효모(酵母) 14개/ml이었고 제화학성분(諸化學成分)의 평균치(平均値)는 식염농도(食鹽濃度) 28.9%, pH=4.79, 총산(總酸)(유산(乳酸)) 0.91g/100ml, 총질산(總窒酸) 1.09g/100ml이었다.

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1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3가 치주인대세포활성 및 실험적 치아이동에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구 (The Effect of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the Viability of Periodontal Ligament Cells and the Experimental Tooth Movement in Rats)

  • 김성우;박동권;김상철
    • 대한치과교정학회지
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    • 제27권2호
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    • pp.335-347
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    • 1997
  • 교정치료시 치아이동은 치주인대세포를 매개로 골조직의 개조가 일어나는 과정으로서 골조직의 성장과 개조는 조골세포, 파골세포 및 그 전구세포의 증식, 분화 및 활성에 영향을 미치는 여러가지 전신적 인자와 국소적 인자에 의하여 조절되고 있다. 1.25-Dihydroxyvitamin $D_3$는 vitamin $D_3$의 대사물로서 경조직에 있어서 칼슘과 인산의 이동에 중요한 역할을 담당하고 있는 것으로 알려져 있으나 치주인대에 대한 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin $D_3$의 생물학적 기능은 잘 알려져 있지 않다. 1.25-Dihydroxyvitamin $D_3$가 치주인대세포의 활성에 미치는 영향을 관찰하고자 10, 25, 50, 100ng/ml농도의 1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin $D_3$를 배양 치주인대세포에 첨가하여 배양 1, 2, 3일 후 M.T.T. 방법으로 세포의 활성을 관찰하였으며, 백서의 실험적 치아이동시 치주인대 내에 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin $D_3$를 투여하여 12, 24, 36, 48, 72시간 및 7일 후의 조직 변화 소견을 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 10ng, 25ng/ml 농도의 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin $D_3$를 치주인대세포에 가한 후 배양 1, 2, 3일째의 실험군 활성은 대조군과 차이가 없었다. 2. 50ng/ml 농도의 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin $D_3$를 치주인대세포에 가한 후 배양 3일째의 활성은 대조군에 비하여 유의하게 증가되었으며 100ng/ml농도에서는 배양 2, 3일째에 유의하게 많았다. 3. 백서에 교정력을 가한 후 인장측에서의 골아세포 활성, 치주인대섬유의 파열, 모세혈관 증식은 투여후 7일까지 1.25-Dihydroxyvitamin $D_3$ 투여측과 대조측 간에 차이가 없었다. 4. 교정력을 가한 후 36시간부터 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin $D_3$를 투여한 압박측의 파골세포 활성 및 치조골 흡수량이 증가하였다. 이상과 같은 결과로, 50-100ng/ml 농도에서 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin $D_3$의 농도와 배양 기간에 비례하여 치주인대세포의 활성이 증가하였으며 1,25-Dihydroxyvitarnin $D_3$가 투여 36시간부터 파골세포의 활성과 그에 따른 치조골 흡수량 증가에 영향을 미쳤다고 사료된다.

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