• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.193-202
• /
• 2009

In this study, we analyzed the blood cadmium concentration in general population of Korea, and followed the analyses the relations with epidemiologic factors, life-style and body iron store. The geometric mean concentration of blood cadmium was 1.20 ${\mu}g/L$ in study subject, the level of blood cadmium was higher in female (1.27 ${\mu}g/L$) than in male (1.11 ${\mu}g/L$). The mean concentration of blood cadmium was the highest in coastal area (1.80 ${\mu}g/L$) and followed in urban (1.01 ${\mu}g/L$) and rural area (0.90 ${\mu}g/L$). The cadmium concentration in whole blood was increased with age-dependent pattern, such as 0.64 ${\mu}g/L$ in the below 30 years, 0.95 ${\mu}g/L$ in the 30~44 years, 1.28 ${\mu}g/L$ in the 45~59 years and 1.31 ${\mu}g/L$ in the over 60 years. The level of blood cadmium was higher in smokers than in non-smokers, but was not significant by alcoholic habit. The blood cadmium level was different from occupations, which was the highest in the fishers as 1.87 ${\mu}g/L$. The inversed relation was observed between blood cadmium and serum Fe, while was correlated positively with the ferritin level. In summary, the environmental exposure to cadmium in Korean is not so much compared to other countries, and the blood cadmium is influenced by genetic factors (age and sex), life-styles (dietary habit, occupation and smoking habit) and nutrition such as serum iron.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.223-228
• /
• 1997

In-vivo balance and nylon bag studies were conducted with rumen fistulated sheep to investigate the effect of type, i.e. Leucaena (L), Gliricidia (G) and Tithonia (T), and level (1, ~15; 2, ${\sim}30g\;DM/kg^{0.75}$) of foliage supplementation on voluntary intake and digestibility of rice straw. Inclusion of these leafy supplements in the diet significantly increase total feed intake. On a metabolic weight basis ($kg^{0.75}$), voluntary intake of digestible DM increased from 23.8 (control straw diet) till 27.7 (L1), 28.4(G1) and 33.1(T1) for the lover level, and till 34.8(L2), 35.9(G2) and 39.6(T2) $g/kg^{0.75}$ for the higher level of supplementation, respectively. Rumen pH was stable, on average 6.75 (control values) and ranging from 6.67 till 6.91 with the supplements. Rumen ammonia increased from 4.9 till 6.7 to 11.8 mmol/l with the supplements. The highest increase was obtained with G and the lover with L and T. The nylon bag studies showed that contrary to the rate of degradation of the supplements themselves, supplementation did not affect the in-sacco rate of straw dry matter degradation ($k_d$; range 1.87-2.08 %/h). At the higher supplement level, for L, G and T, $k_d$ values were 3.36, 8.16 and 8.58 %/h, respectively.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.75-79
• /
• 2007

Background: Defective or immature antibody responses to pathogens in children may explain the increased susceptibility to acute otitis media. However, there is no study in Korea patients whether a correlation exists between otitis media with effusion and the levels of serum immunoglobulins, IgG subclasses, IgA, IgM and IgE. Methods: 45 children with otitis media with effusion more than 4 episodes in 12 months or 3 episodes in 6 months, 62 children with otitis media with effusion less than 3 episodes in 12 months and 102 children for control group took part in the study at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of the KyungHee University from May 2004 to Feburary 2007. Serum immunoglobulin levels were determined by nephelometry. And then the relationship between otitis media with effusion and serum immunoglobulin level was evaluated. Results: In otitis media prone group, serum IgG1, IgG2, IgG4, and IgA level was lower than those level of control group, it was significantly decreased (p<0.05). In otitis media group, serum IgA, IgE, and IgG4 level was lower than those level of control. But it was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: Lower immunoglobulins in children with otitis media with effusion suggest a generalized decreased antibody responses. Lower levels of serum IgG1, IgG2, IgG4, and IgA may be related with chronicity or intractability of otitis media with effusion.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.259-263
• /
• 1990

To assess the effects of water extracts in fruits of Omija (Schizandra chinensis Baillon) on alcohol metabolism, rats were orally administrated with alcohol (25% alcohol, 0.75g/200g B.W., 40% alcohol, 0.8g/200g B.W.). The level of metabolites and enzyme activities of the serum and liver were unchanged by the 25% ethanol or 40% ethanol treatment with acute orally administration. Blood alcohol level was markdely decreased by the treatment with water extracts in fruits of Omija. The serum level of Urea nitrogen, Free fatty acid, GPT and LDH were tended to decreased, level of GOT was unchanged. Contents of hepatic microsomal protein, glycogen, pyruvate in the liver were increased by water extracts in fruits of Omija. In conclusion, the present study clearly demonstrates that water extract in fruits of Omija promotes the overall metabolism and detoxication of alcohol.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
• /
• 2001.11c
• /
• pp.204-208
• /
• 2001

In this paper, we induce the linear transfer function of Downcomer water level of NPP(Nuclear Power Plant) Steam Generator using Genetic Algorithm and Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm. The characteristic of NPP S/G mechanism is so high-non-linear that it is hard to achieve mathematical expression. So we use non-mathematical Algorithms to get the model function of NPP S/G water level. S/G level controller would be designed with this transfer function as the plant.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.21-26
• /
• 2003

We examine the metabolites(DCB and acetyl DCB) extracted from exfoliated urothelial cells of 33 workers who employed DCB-handling industries. The characteristics of workers submitted urine, whose age, working years and smoking persons were 41.9$\pm$11.1, 8.7$\pm$5.5 and 25(32.0%), respectively. DNA adduct was isolated from the exfoliated urothelial cells by applying $^{32}$ p-postlabeling procedure. Metabolites(DCB and acetyl DCB) were extracted from DNA adducts by hydrolyzing and N-glycosylase. Concentrations of DCB and acetyl DCB were 28.6$\pm$5.25 ng/g DNA, and 17.0$\pm$3.73 ng/g DNA, respectively. The regression between DCB level and exposure years of workers is y = 1.668 + 2.588x(p = 0.005, $r^2$= 0.394). The regression between acetyl DCB level and exposure years of workers is y = 8.071 + 1.325x(p = 0.076, $r^2$= 0.222). Smoking workers are significantly higher than non-smoking workers on DCB and acetyl DCB level(p = 0.065 and 0.021, respectively). DCB level was 33.9$\pm$7.14 ng/g DNA on smokers, and 23.1$\pm$9.97 ng/g DNA on non-smokers. Acetyl DCB was 25.1$\pm$5.27 ng/g DNA on smokers, and 8.92$\pm$7.22 ng/g DNA on non-smokers.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
• /
• v.37 no.2
• /
• pp.104-109
• /
• 2016

Objectives: A 74-year-old male patient with unresectable advanced gastric cancer (clinical initial stage T3N+, Borrmann type III) admitted due to gastric bleeding at tumor site. On first admission day, hemoglobin level was 5.7g/dl and performance status was grade 3 according to Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status(ECOG-PS). After performing red blood cell transfusion as an emergency treatment, hemoglobin level was increased up to 9.5g/dl. However, bleeding of oozing site was continued. For hemostasis, decoction of notoginseng radix (30g/day) was administered since day 7 after admission. The dose was elevated to 40g/day after hemoglobin level was decreased to 6.5g/dl on day 11. Since then, melena was stopped and hemoglobin level was maintained over 9.1g/dl. This case shows the hemostasis effect of decoction of notoginseng radix on gastric bleeding in unresectable advanced gastric cancer.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.36 no.6
• /
• pp.493-503
• /
• 2021

The study was designed to analyze raw and auxiliary materials of Korean traditional cookies such as Yugwa and Gangjeong, equipment and tools, personal hygiene of workers and microbial contamination of materials by each manufacturing process. In addition, it looked at washing method for reducing microorganisms at the site and reduction effect of microorganisms by frequency in the manufacturing processes of Yugwa. In the process of producing Korean traditional cookies, the level of total aerobic bacteria (TAB) in popped rice was 1.2 Log CFU/g and the level of TAB in finished products increased to 3.7 Log CFU/g. In the process of producing Yugwa, the level of TAB increased to a maximum of 6.5 Log CFU/g in the soaking process but decreased to 1.3 Log CFU/g in the frying process. However, the level of TAB increased again to 1.3 Log CFU/g in finished products that proves its recontamination. It is estimated that he manufacturing process causes cross-contamination that comes from the work tools, equipment or workers. In particular, the spatula, one of the work tools, was found to have 4.4 Log CFU/g of aerobic bacteria and 4.2 Log CFU/g of colon bacillus that show they are highly contaminated. In the soaking process of Yugwa that lasts seven days, the level of TAB was a maximum of 10 Log CFU/g and the level of total colon bacillus was 6.8 Log CFU/g. When compared with washing methods, using hands and tools or running water, it is confirmed that the level of both TAB and total colon bacillus decreased to 5.0 Log CFU/g and 2.8 Log CFU/g respectively when hands were washed with running water 10 times. The above result shows that it's required for workers to wash their hands as well as wash and disinfect work tools and equipment in the process of producing Korean traditional cookies at small-scale companies. In addition, to reduce the level of microbial contamination in finished products, workers are required to apply their reduction method at the site.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2009

This study was conducted at a Terminal, a Parking Lot, an Underground shopping center, a Funeral hall and a Hospital waiting room of Cheon An area in August 2008 to examine the concentration level of HCHO(formaldehyde). The concentration level of the remodeled sites were $39.4\;{\pm}\;12.0\;{\mu}g/m^3$ in the terminal, $32.7\;{\pm}\;7.3\;{\mu}g/m^3$ in the parking, and $97.8\;{\pm}\;29.4\;{\mu}g/m^3$ in the underground shopping center. The underground shopping center had the highest level and followed by the terminal and the parking. On the contrary, the site remodeling had the level of $17.7\;{\pm}\;12.4\;{\mu}g/m^3$ in the funeral hall and $17.9\;{\pm}\;0.6\;{\mu}g/m^3$ in the hospital waiting room. The funeral hall had highest level than that of the hospital waiting room. Both the remodeled sites and the not remodeled site had concentration level of HCHO below the standard level, but it was higher in the remodeled sites. There were no relations among the HCHO, the temperature and the humidity in facilities of Cheon An area.

• Herbal Formula Science
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.147-158
• /
• 2003

This study aimed to investigate the effect of each constituent-herb of Sagoonja-Tang on the plasma corticosterone level in mice exposed to heat stress. Each formula(0.5g/kg, 1.0g/kg) was injected intragastrically to mice exposed to forced hot water swimming(42$^{\circ}C$, 3min) before measuring the change of plasma corticosterone level of mice. The results were as follows: 1. At 15 minutes after the heat stress for 3 minutes the most significant increase of corticosterone level was shown. 2. Ginseng group didn't show significant changes. 3. Atractylodis group showed significant decrease at 0.5g/kg dose(P<0.05). But it showed slightly increase at 1.0g/kg dose. 4. Poria group didn't show significant changes. 5. Glycyrrhizae group showed slightly increase, but insignificant. These data revealed that Atractylodis macrocephalae Rhizoma might have the anti-stress effect through the control of plasma corticosterone level in mice exposed to heat stress.