• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.225-240
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• 1976

This study deals with the flow of bed rock ground water of Banyaweol Formation, which is presently cleared up as a laminar flow. The result obtained may be summarized as the following. 1) The Banyaweol Formation consists mainly of thin-bedded, green to blackish green shale, mudstone, and marl. The marl and mudstone alternatively occur with shale. The marl and mudstone form a aquifer of Banyaweol Formation. In this study, a group of aquifer is in convenience named as a aquifer zone. The aquifer occurs in lenticular form. The aquifer seems to be a type of artesian aquifer because it is covered with aquicludes, but it actually forms a unconfined aquifer because its piezometric surface stays under the lower aquiclude. The lowering of piezometric level is formed because of leakage of the ground water to the lower aquifer undersaturated. 2) The coefficient of permeability of Banyaweol Formation's ground water body (K) is derived by using Dupuit's equation as the following ${\log}K=\frac{CK^2-dK+f}{aK-b}\;\(M=1.365(2H-s)s\\M={\log}1.956s{\sqrt{H}}r\)$ here, $$a=\sum_{1}M_iG_i$$ $$b={\frac{1}{2}log{\sum_{i}}Q_i{^2}$$ $$c=2{\sum_{i}}M_i{^2}$$ $$d=loge{\sum_{i}}M_{i}Q_{i}+2{{\sum_{i}}N_{i}Q_{i}$$ $$f=loge{\sum_{i}}Q_i{^2}N_i$$ If the measured values substituted for the above equation, the coefficient of permeability of the aquifer is 4.1m/day. The coefficient of storge of the aquifer is $2.8{\times}10^{-4}$ if the measured values substituted for Theis's equation. Using the above constants, the filtration velocity of the aquifer is $2.1{\times}1O^{-1}m/day$and the daily flow quantity of the ground water is $847.38m^{3}/day$. 3) In order to understand the time necessary for a circulation of ground water body, the contents of tritum contained in the ground water are measured as 2.3 T.U. at the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute. Before 1952, the average concentration of tritium per year in groundwater was reported as 10T. u., taking it as the standard, the groundwater of the present study 26.25 years old. Therofore, the groundwater of the Banyaweol Formation is judged as an relatively old groundwater. It is characteristic that the ground water of Banyawol Formation is laminar flow as well as unconfined aquifer and ground water flow of relatively long time. 4) The nature, means of flow, and circulation of Banyaweol Formation's ground water body make it possible set up this ground water body as a ground water system.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.1715-1720
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• 2005

Two promising varieties of forage sorghum viz. HD-15 and J. Sel-10 were identified for their higher forage yield (350-400 quintals per hectare) compared to traditional/existing variety, HC-136 at Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi. Silage of these three forage sorghum varieties viz., HD-15, J.Sel-10 and HC-136 were prepared in three concrete silos for their nutritional evaluation in sheep. Twelve adult Muzaffarnagari Ewes, divided into three equal groups of 4 each, were offered a particular variety of sorghum silage ad libitum over a period of 30 days followed by a 6 day metabolism trial and a collection of rumen liquor and blood samples. The HD-15 variety of forage sorghum silage contained higher crude protein (CP) than both the J.Sel-10 and HC-136. Average daily dry matter (DM) intake (% of live weight) differed significantly (p<0.05) in sheep that were fed the different varieties of silage, with the maximum amount in HD-15 (2.55) followed by J.Sel-10 (2.49) and HC-136 (1.84). The average apparent digestibility of all the nutrients was low in the sheep that were fed the HC-136 variety of sorghum silage when compared to both HD-15 and J.Sel-10. However, digestibility of organic matter (p<0.05) and crude protein (p<0.01) was significantly low in the HC-136 variety. The average daily nitrogen retention was-0.19, 2.15 and 0.42 g in HC-136, HD-15 and J.Sel-10, respectively which differed significantly (p<0.01). The average digestible crude protein and total digestible nutrient (TDN) contents (%) of the silage varieties were higher in HD-15 (3.14 and 55.3) than HC-136 (0.25 and 58.6) and J.Sel-10 (1.58 and 55.3) varieties. On comparing to the maintenance requirements (ICAR, 1985) for dry matter, crude protein and total digestible nutrients, both the improved varieties (HD-15 and J.Sel-10) almost met the requirements except crude protein, which met only 73.3% of the requirement by J.Sel-10, while the HC-136 variety was unable to meet the requirements. The average rumen pH and total volatile fatty acids concentrations were comparable among the groups. However, concentrations of nitrogen metabolites were higher in the animals fed the HD-15 variety of silage. Varieties of sorghum silage also did not have any influence on the concentration of the blood metabolites. It was concluded that the HD-15 variety of sorghum silage was nutritionally superior to both J.Sel-10 and HC-136 silage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.1256-1266
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• 2009

Effects of particle size and physical effective fibre (peNDF) of rice straw in diets on chewing activities, feed intake, flow, site and extent of digestion and rumen fermentation in goats were investigated. A 4${\times}$4 Latin square design was employed using 4 mature Liuyang black goats fitted with permanent ruminal, duodenal, and terminal ileal fistulae. During each of the 4 periods, goats were offered 1 of 4 diets that were similar in nutritional content but varied in particle sizes and peNDF through alteration of the theoretical cut length of rice straw (10, 20, 40, and 80 mm, respectively). Dietary peNDF contents were determined using a sieve for particle separation above 8 mm, and were 17.4, 20.9, 22.5 and 25.4%, respectively. Results showed that increasing the particle size and peNDF significantly (p<0.05) increased the time spent on rumination and chewing activities, duodenal starch digestibility and ruminal pH, and decreased ruminal starch digestibility and $NH_{3}$-N concentration. Intake and total tract digestibility of nutrients (i.e. dry matter, organic matter, and starch) and ruminal fermentation were not affected by the dietary particle size and peNDF. Increased particle size and peNDF did not affect ruminal fibre digestibility, but had a great impact on the intestinal and total tract fibre digestibility. The study suggested that rice straw particle size or dietary peNDF was the important influential factor for chewing activity, intestinal fibre and starch digestibility, and ruminal pH, but had minimal impact on feed intake, duodenal and ileal flow, ruminal and total tract digestibility, and ruminal fermentation.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.42-53
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• 1983

The purpose of this study is to help the care of patient and to his family through comparison of the level of anxiety which between the family of admitted patient and the family without in patient, and to his family through comparison of the level of anxiety which between the family of admitted patient and the family without inpatient and exclude the factors which raised the level of anxiety in them. The experimental group in this study were samples of 200 patient's family selected by random sampling in H. University hospital located in Seoul (Department of patient were internal medicine, surgery, pediatrics and neuropsychiatry). The control group were samples of 70 family without inpatient selected by random sampling in Seoul. The data were collected through STAI (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) by Spielberger (1970) for measurement to level of state and trait anxiety from April 1st to April 15th in 1982. The contents of data analysis by EDPS included the difference of level of anxiety between experimental and control group, correlationship between general characteristics of experimental group and level of anxiety, and correlation of trait and state anxiety in experimental group. The Findings of this study were as follows: 1) Level of anxiety of experimental group is higher than control group. 2) In the correlation between general characteristics and level of anxiety of experimental group, there were no significant difference which revealed in correlation with age of family member, family life cycle, marital status, the relation between patient and family member, the degree of symptom, number of admission, admission or nonadmission of medical insurance, number of family member, and division of disease to level of anxiety However, according to the sex of family member, hospitalization period, a monthly income of family, the degree of confidence toward medical team, religion of family, academic background of family, a tendency of significant differences to level of anxiety were seen. To put them in the concrete, they were as follow; a) Level of. anxiety on female family member is higher than male in experimental group. b) Admission period of patient is positively related to the level of anxiety of patient's family. c) The degree of confidence of patient's family toward medical team is in inverse proportion to the level of anxiety. d) A monthly income of patient's family is in inverse proportion to the level of anxiety. e) Levlt of anxiety of believer in patient's family is lower than unbeliever. f) The academical background of patient's family is in inverse proportion to the level of anxiety g) Level of state anxiety of patient's family at the time of admission is positively related to the level of trait anxiety.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.391-400
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• 2003

This study was performed the analysis of seven kinds of the hight school chemistry II textbooks based on the 6th curriculum. Particularly, inquiry activity part was analyzed by the three dimension framework which consists of inquiry content dimension, inquiry process dimension and inquiry context dimension. In the analysis of the inquiry content dimension of inquiry activities, the total number of themes in seven kinds of textbook was 212. And the number of inquiry activities in seven kinds of textbook was diverse: A textbook had 28, B textbook 25, C textbook 31, D textbook 35, E textbook 31, F textbook 29 and G textbook 33. As for the avaerage number of inquiry activities of each chapter, chapter I "Material Science" is 3.00(9.91${\%}$), chapter II "Atomic Structure and Periodic Table" 4.57(15.1${\%}$), chapter III "Chemical Bonding and Compound" 6.86(22.6${\%}$), chapter IV "State of Matter and Solution" 7.00(23.1${\%}$), chapter V "Chemical Reaction" 8.86(29.2${\%}$). For the analysis of inquiry process dimension, it follows in the order of 'observation and measuring (66.7${\%}$)', 'Interpreting data and formulating generalizations (26.5${\%}$)', 'seeing a problem and seeking ways to solve it (4.1%)', and 'building, testing and revising the theoretical model (2.7${\%}$)'. As for the analysis of the inquiry context dimension, the scientific context occupied 90.5${\%}$, the individual context 4.3${\%}$, the social context 0.9${\%}$, and the technical context 4.3${\%}$. It shows that the proportion of STS(Science-Technology-Society) related contents in inquiry activities was only 9.5${\%}$.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 1997.07a
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• pp.11-25
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• 1997

This presentation will focus on building basic English Prosodic Skills which are very useful and helpful for Japanese learners of English. The focus first will be on recognizing the seven basic nuclear tones, analysing intonation structures, distinguishing intonation patterns and then on the way of improving speaking ability using sufficient verbal contents of intonation (mini-dialogue). My presentation deals mainly with some difficulties which Japanese learners of English have in the field of RP intonation, It is chiefly concerned with identifying, describing and analysing tone-group sequences. It sometimes happens that Japanese learners of English can pronounce isolated bounds correctly and read phonetic symbols sufficiently, bet have difficult problems in carrying out accurate prosodic features. The use of wrong intonation is sometimes the cause of misunderstanding of speaker's attitude, connotation and shades of meaning, etc.. However accurately students can pronounce the nuclear tone or tone-group of English, they have to learn how to connect tone-groups properly for suitable sequences in respect to meaning or implication. We are faced with the complicated theory of RF intonation on the one hand and difficult realization of it on the other. Japanese learners of English have special difficulties in employing "rising tune" and "falling + rising tune". If students are taught pitch movements by indicating dots graphically between two horizontal lines, they can easily understand the whole shape of pitch movements. In this presentation, I illuminate several tone-group sequences which are very useful for Japanese learning English intonation. Among them, four similar Pitch Patterns, such as, (1) (equation omitted)- type, (2) (equation omitted) - type, (3) (equation omitted) - type and (4) (Rising Head) (equation omitted)- type are clarified and other important tone-group sequences aye also highlighted from the point of view of teaching English as a foreign language. The intonation theory, tone marks and technical terms are, in all essentials, those of Intonation of Colloquial English by O'Connor, J. D. and Arnold, G. F., Longman, 2nd ed., 1982. The changes of tone are shown graphically between two horizontal lines representing the ordinary high and low zones of the utterance. A.C.Gimson (1981:314) : The intonation of English has been studied in greater detail and for longer than that of any other language. No definitive analysis, classifying the features of RP intonation, has yet appeared (though that presented by O'Connor and Arnold (1973) provides the most comprehensive and useful account from the foreign learner's point of view).

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.399-409
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• 2009

Objectives : The aim of this study was to experiment the antitumor activity of Agrimonia pilosa Ledebour (APL) in human stomach cancer (AGS) cell lines (in vitro) and male C57BL/6J mouse (in vivo). Methods : The effects of the ethanol extract from the plant on several transplantable rodent tumors were investigated in vitro by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxy phenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt (MTS) assay. DNA content analysis and Western blot analysis. Agrimonia pilosa Ledebour (APL) was given to rats with Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC) cells. The experimental rats were divided into 3 groups in vivo. Saline was injected into the abdominal cavity in the first group, 50 mg/kg APL was injected into the abdominal cavity in the second group and 100 mg/kg was injected into the abdominal cavity in the third group. After that, we checked their tumor volume periodically. Results : At first, human gastric cancer (AGS) cell lines (in vitro) showed decreased cell viability, and increased $sub-G_1$ contents. When we experimented rat intestinal epithelial (RIE)l as same condition, this result didn't show. With this, compared to normal cells, Agrimonia pilosa Ledebour (APL) led selectively to the extinction of cells only in human gastric cancer. Moreover, we showed that the traditional herbal medicine APL induced caspase-dependent apoptosis in AGS cells. Next, APL inhibited the growth of LLC-bearing mouse tumor. However, we could not verify APL induced caspase-dependent apoptosis in LLC-bearing mouse tumor. Conclusions : The roots of Agrimonia pilosa Ledebour (APL) contain some antitumor constituents.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.9
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• pp.1233-1242
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• 2011

The in vivo digestibility of mulberry leaves (Morus alba) and the effects of the partial replacement of cotton seed with fresh mulberry leaf in rations on the performance of growing Vietnamese cattle was investigated. For the in vivo digestibility trial, twenty castrated rams of Phanrang breed (a local prolific breed) with an initial weight of 23-25 kg, were first assigned to four groups according to weight and then randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments to determine digestibility of nutrients in mulberry leaves (M. alba), natural Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and buffalo grass (Panicum maximum cv. TD 58). All forages were cut and chopped daily before being offered (at 120% maintenance) to the sheep. In the feeding trial, 20 Laisind (Vietnam yellow cows${\times}$Red Sindhy bulls) crossbred bulls averaged 18 month old and 184 kg were used to investigate the effect of partial replacement of cottonseed in the diet by mulberry leaves on live weight gain and feed conversion rate. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with four levels of fresh mulberry leaves which varied from 0 to 15% of total dietary dry mater and five animals per treatment over an 84 day period. The in vivo digestion trial showed the superior quality of mulberry leaves compared with the grasses. Chemical analysis indicated that mulberry leaves had the highest CP and the lowest NDF contents (22.3 and 31.1% DM, respectively) among the four forages tested. Digestibility of DM and OM of the mulberry leaf (66.4 and 71.8%, respectively) was also the highest but that of CP (58.2%) and NDF (58.4%) was the lowest of the four forages evaluated (p<0.05). Consequently, the ME value and therefore net energy (NE) and unit feed for lactation (UFL) values of the mulberry leaves, which was estimated from chemical composition and digestibility values, were the highest among the forages investigated in the present study. Results of the feeding trial showed no treatment effect on average daily gain (ADG) of the cattle. The values were 554, 583, 565 and 568 g/d for animals in the diets of 0, 5, 10, and 15% mulberry leaves inclusion, respectively. Total DM intake of the animal was not affected by the treatment when expressed as kg/animal/d. However, when adjusted for metabolic weight of the animal the DM intake was reduced (p<0.05) as whole cottonseed was replaced by mulberry leaves in the ration. When the level of mulberry leaves in the ration increased from 5 to 15% of dietary DM at the expense of whole cottonseed, CP and ME intakes of the cattle were significantly decreased (p<0.05) and the feed to gain ratio reduced by 8 to 14% as compared with the control diet (p<0.05). Mulberry leaf is a good feed ingredient for ruminants because of its high level of crude protein and high digestibility of nutrients and energy. Mulberry leaves can be efficiently used as a source of protein supplement to replace cottonseed, a more expensive animal feeds ingredient, in the diet for Vietnamese cattle.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.133-144
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• 2008

Four different pork patties were made with two levels, HP/FP-3% and HP/FP-6%, containing 3.0 and 6.0% HP(hot air dried sweet persimmon powder)/FP(freeze-dried sweet persimmon powder), respectively. After manufacture, the meat patties were packaged with  polyvinyl wrap and stored at 4℃ for 8 days. CTL(control) and HP-3% meat patties were significantly(p<0.05) higher in moisture content than the other samples. FP-6% was found higher in protein content than the other treatments. FP-3% had a higher fat content than other meat patty samples. However, ash contents were not found significantly(p>0.05) different among the meat patty samples. The value of pH, L* and a* values were decreased as the cold storage time increased in all treatments(p<0.05). WHC(water holding capacity) of CTL and HP-6% and cooking loss of HP-3% were significantly(p<0.05) decreased with increased storage period. The diameter and thickness of all meat patties decreased with increasing the storage period. VBN(volatile basic nitrogen) values of all meat patties were increased(p<0.05) with increased storage period. TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substance) of treatments were higher than that of CTL during whole storage time. The number of microorganisms(Total plate counts, Escherichia coli.) were maintained below 4.61 log10 CFU/cm2 during the whole storage period. In sensory evaluation, treatment groups had higher(p<0.05) scores in aroma, flavor, color and overall acceptability.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.69-74
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the milk quality produced from dairy farms in Jeju province and to analyze the variety of pathogenes and the number of somatic cells in the milk. Data were collected from 262 lactating cows from 8 farms of three regions and the results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. The average daily milk yields and milk fat contents from June and October were 22.3 kg and 3.7%, respectively. 2. The average number of bacterial counts in raw milk was 1.5${\times}10^4$/ml, but that in farm A was over 3.0${\times}10^4$/ml. 3. The somatic cell counts were 2.5${\times}10^5$/ml in average and those in farm G and H were higher than those in other farms. Their distribution in 262 lactating cows from June to October was as follows; less than 2.0${\times}10^4$ /ml in 68.8% of cows, 2.0-5.0${\times}10^4$/ml in 18.8% of cows and more than 5.0${\times}10^4$/ml in 12.4% of cows. 4. Of the 113 isolates (compartments of cow udder) from mastitic milk, Staphylococcus aureus was found in 47, Streptococcus ogalatiae in 17 and Bacillus in 12. 5. The average monthly income of the farmers was 407 thousand won/head, and that in farm A or E was higher than that of farm H (456-475 thousand won vs. 314 thousand won) In conclusion, to improve income dairy farmers should reduce the somatic cell counts in the milk and mastitis infection through regular disinfection and inspection.