• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.65-74
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• 2019

Extant research has proposed that the Object-Spatial-Verbal cognitive style can elucidate individual differences in the preference for modality-specific information. However, no studies have yet ascertained whether this type of information processing evinces structural correlations in the brain. Therefore, the current study used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analyses to investigate individual differences in gray matter volumes based on the Object-Spatial-Verbal cognitive style. For this purpose, ninety healthy young adults were recruited to participate in the study. They were administered the Korean version of the Object-Spatial-Verbal cognitive style questionnaire, and their anatomical brain images were scanned. The VBM results demonstrated that the participants' verbal scores were positively correlated with regional gray matter volumes (rGMVs) in the right superior temporal sulcus/superior temporal gyrus, the bilateral parahippocampal gyrus/fusiform gyrus, and the left inferior temporal gyrus. In addition, the rGMVs in these regions were negatively correlated with the relative spatial preference scores obtained by individual participants. The findings of the investigation provide anatomical evidence that the verbal cognitive style could be decidedly relevant to higher-level language processing, but not to basic language processing.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.295-345
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• 2003

This study investigated activation of cerebral cortex in patients with hemiplegia that was caused by neural damage. Key-point control movement therapy of Bobath was performed for 9 weeks in 3 subjects with hemiplegia and fMRI was used to compare and analyze activated degree of cerebral cortex in these subjects. fMRI was conducted using the blood oxygen level-dependent(BOLD) technique at 3.0T MR scanner with a standard head coil. The motor activation task consisted of finger flexion-extension exercise in six cycles(one half-cycles = 8 scans = $3\;sec{\times}\;8\;=\;24\;sec$). Subjects performed this task according to visual stimulus that sign of right hand or left hand twinkled(500ms on, 500ms off). After mapping activation of cerebral motor cortex on hand motor function, below results were obtained. 1. Activation decreased in primary motor area, whereas it increased in supplementary motor area and visual association area(p<.001). 2. Activation was observed in bilateral medial frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus of left cerebrum, inferior frontal gyrus, inter-hemispheric, fusiform gyrus of right cerebrum, superior parietal lobule of parietal lobe and precuneus in subjedt 1, parahippocampal gyrus of limbic lobe and cingulate gyrus in subject 2, and inferior frontal gyrus of right frontal lobe, middle frontal gyrus, and inferior parietal lobule of left cerebrum in subject 3 (p<.001). 3. Activation cluster extended in declive of right cellebellum posterior lobe in subject 1, culmen of anterior lobe and declive of posterior lobe in subject 2, and dentate gyrus of anterior lobe, culmen and tuber of posterior lobe in subject 3 (p<.001). In conclusion, these data showed that Key-point control movement therapy of Bobath after stroke affect cerebral cortex activation by increasing efficiency of cortical networks. Therefore mapping of brain neural network activation is useful for plasticity and reorganization of cerebral cortex and cortico-spinal tract of motor recovery mechanisms after stroke.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Cognitive Science Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.216-221
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• 2002

본 연구는 문자 규칙 심층성이 다른 문자체계인 한국어와 중국어의 차이가 이중언어화자의 모국어 처리와 외국어 처리에서 각각 어떤 대뇌 활성화의 차이를 가져오는지 fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)를 이용하여 살펴보았다. 중국어 (Ll)-한국어(L2) 이중언어화자 및 한국어(Ll)-중국어(L2) 이중언어화자를 제 2언어 습득시기에 따라 초기 및 후기 이중언어화자로 구분하여 모국어 차이와 습득시기에 따른 영향을 알아보았다. 실험 1에서는 어휘 판단 과제(lexical decision task)를 실시하였고, 실험 2에서는 의미 판단 과제(semantic decision task)를 각각 실시하였다. 어휘판단과제를 사용한 실험 1의 결과는 음운처리와 관련된 좌반구 SMG(supramarginal gyrus), 하두정소엽(inferior parietal lobule, BA 39, 40)에서 중국어-한국어 초기 및 후기이중언어화자의 경우, 한국어 조건에서 보다 많은 활성화를 보였으나, 한국어-중국어 화자의 경우 활성화가 나타나지 않았다. 철자처리에 관련된 방추상회(fusiform gyrus, BA 37, 19) 영역에서는 중국어-한국어 화자뿐만 아니라, 한국어-중국어 인중언어화자의 경우도 중국어 조건에서 보다 많은 활성화를 보였다. 실험 2에서 사용한 의미판단과제의 경우, 중국어-한국어 이중언어화자의 경우 어휘판단과제를 사용한 실험 1의 결과에서 보고된 한국어 특정적인 반응, 즉 SMG영역에서의 활성화의 증가가 실험 2에서는 나타나지 않았다. 그러나 한국어-중국어 이중언어화자의 경우, 실험 1에서 나타난 것과 같이 철자처리 혹은 의미처리와도 관련된다고 보고되는 방추상회(fusiform gyrus)등의 영역 유의미한 차이를 나타났다. 이는 어휘 판단과제와 의미판단과제가 유도하는 뇌 활성화 양상이 다름을 시사한다. 종합해 볼 때, 이중언어화자의 뇌 영상 연구에서 어휘수준에서는 거의 공통적인 활성화를 보인다는 개략적 수준의 연구 결과를 넘어, 음운처리 및 철자처리와 같은 어휘접근 수준에서는 이중언어화자들의 뇌 활성화가 다르게 일어남을 보여주고 있다. 따라서 이중언어 화자의 뇌 기전을 밝히기 위해서도 보다 개략적 수준을 넘어 언어처리의 세부적인 수준에 따른 접근이 필요함을 시사한다.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.751-758
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate brain activation pattern and functional connectivity network during classification on the biological phenomena. Twenty six right-handed healthy science teachers volunteered to be in the present study. To investigate participants' brain activities during the tasks, 3.0T fMRI system with the block experimental-design was used to measure BOLD signals of their brain. According to the analyzed data, superior, middle and inferior frontal gyrus, superior and inferior parietal lobule, fusiform gyrus, lingual gyrus, and bilateral cerebellum were significantly activated during participants' carrying-out classification. The network model was consisting of six nodes (ROIs) and its fourteen connections. These results suggested the notion that the activation and connections of these regions mean that classification is consist of two sub-network systems (top-down and bottom-up related) and it functioning reciprocally. These results enable the examination of the scientific classification process from the cognitive neuroscience perspective, and may be used as basic materials for developing a teaching-learning program for scientific classification such as brain-based science education curriculum in the science classrooms.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.10-18
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• 2015

Background and Purpose: The association between the low emotional regulation and the brain structural change of major depressive disorder (MDD) has been proposed, but the voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies on female MDD are rare. The purpose of the present study was to show the regional volume changes of gray matter (GM) in female patients with MDD by optimized VBM. Methods: To control subjects homogeneity, twenty female MDD patients and age, sex matched 21 normal controls were included for the VBM analysis. To identify the change of regional gray matter volume (GMV), the optimized VBM was performed with T1 MRIs. The amounts of gray/white matter and intracranial cavity volumes (ICV) were measured. The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and partial correlation analyses covariate with age and ICV were applied for VBM. Results: The age and ICV distributions were similar between the two groups. In the ANCOVA, the total GMV of MDD was smaller than that of normal controls. In the VBM, regional GMV was relatively decreased in the limbic system (amygdalae, ambient gyri, hippocampi heads, subiculum, posterior parahippocampal gyri, pulvinar nuclei, dorsal posterior cingulate gyri, and left pregenual cingulate gyrus). The lingual gyri, short insular gyri, right fusiform gyrus, and right inferior frontal gyrus were also showed decreased regional GMV. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the female MDD is mainly associated with the structural deficits of the limbic system and limbic system related cortices, which were known to the center of emotions.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.348-358
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate brain activation pattern and functional connectivity network during experimental design on the biological phenomena. Twenty six right-handed healthy science teachers volunteered to be in the present study. To investigate participants' brain activities during the tasks, 3.0T fMRI system with the block experimental-design was used to measure BOLD signals of their brain and SPM2 software package was applied to analyze the acquired initial image data from the fMRI system. According to the analyzed data, superior, middle and inferior frontal gyrus, superior and inferior parietal lobule, fusiform gyrus, lingual gyrus, and bilateral cerebellum were significantly activated during participants' carrying-out experimental design. The network model was consisting of six nodes (ROIs) and its six connections. These results suggested the notion that the activation and connections of these regions mean that experimental design process couldn't succeed just a memory retrieval process. These results enable the scientific experimental design process to be examined from the cognitive neuroscience perspective, and may be used as a basis for developing a teaching-learning program for scientific experimental design such as brain-based science education curriculum.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.02b
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• pp.815-819
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• 2006

가상현실에서 구현한 환경을 사용자가 실제처럼 느끼고 그 내용을 받아들이도록 하는 것은 중요한 목표이다. presence 는 "어떤 특정한 또는 이해할 수 있는 장소에 존재한다고 생각하는 인간의 지각" 상태를 나타낸다. 따라서 presence 는 가상환경에서 사용자가 얼마나 그 가상환경을 실제로느끼는지를 알 수 있는 중요한 파라미터 중 하나 이다. 또한 Presence 는 가상현실에서 경험하게 되는 여러가지 감각적인 정보들을 통하여 느끼는 종합적인 느낌을 반영하는 파라미터 이다. 따라서 같은 가상현실을 경험한다 할지라도 개인마다 느끼는 presence 는 차이가 있을 것이고 이러한 차이는 가상환경이 제공하는 정보의 차이에 대한 인식과 처리에 있어서도 영향을 미칠 것이다. 그러므로 이러한 차이는 관련된 뇌 영역의 활성화의 차이로 나타날 것이다. 가상현실 컨텐츠는 아바타를 통해서 정보를 전달하고 피험자가 그 내용을 바탕으로 생각해보는 내용으로 구성하였다. 아바타가 전달하는 내용은 명확하게 모든 정보를 알려주는 과제 와 중요한 정보를 생략하고 알려주는 과제 두 가지로 구성하였다. 그리고 피험자 개개인이 각각의 내용을 바탕으로 추론하는 동안 뇌 영역 활성화의 차이와 가상현실 경험 동안의 presence 점수와 관련된 뇌 영역을 알아보았다. 실험 결과 Right Lingual Gyrus (16, -95, 14), Left Lingual Gyrus (-15, -88, -16), Right Fusiform Gyrus (35, -81, -14), Right Lingual Gyrus (3, -67, 3), Left Inferior Temporal Gyrus (-43, -1, -36), Left Anterior Cingulate (0, -38, -10), Right Posterior Cingulate (2, -50, 10)에서 유의미한 상관 관계가 있었다.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.142-151
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• 2001

Purpose: This study was performed to search the relatively specific brain regions related to the semantic processing of Korean and English words on the one hand and the regions common to both on the other. Materials and Methods: Regional cerebral blood flow associated with different semantic tasks was examined using $[^{15}O]H_2O$ positron omission tomography in 13 healthy volunteers. The tasks consisted of semantic tasks for Korean words, semantic tasks for English words and control tasks using simple pictures. The regions specific and common to each language were identified by the relevant subtraction analysis using statistical parametric mapping. Results: Common to the semantic processing of both words, the activation site was observed in the fusiform gyrus, particularly the left side. In addition, activation of the left inferior temporal gyrus was found only in the semantic processing of English words. The regions specific to Korean words were observed in multiple areas, including the right primary auditory cortex; whereas the regions specific to English words were limited to the right posterior visual area. Conclusion: Internal phonological process is engaged in performing the visual semantic task for Korean words of the high proficiency, whereas visual scanning plays an important role in performing the task for English words of the low proficiency.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.441-467
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• 2016

This fMRI study is aim to investigate effects of competitive environment in cognitive empathic process in human brain. Empathy is known as a crucial factor for human's adaptive behavior in aspects of social cognition and it is almost automatic process, on the other hand competitive situation is psychologically devastated environment to win someone for getting rewards. We hypnotized that reading and understanding of other person's mind are a specific characteristic related to survival evolutionarily, however competition would have an effect on the empathic cognitive process because of mechanisms of competition. To manipulate the competitive atmosphere, one researcher took a role of competitor against participants and they were instructed to get monetary rewards when their performance was better than a competitor. 21 participants(9 males and 12 females) performed to judge the emotional valence of the empathic task consisted of illustrated images with various situation could be experienced in real world as on $1^{st}$ person perspective in both competitive and non-competitive condition, and did same performance with objects stimulus in control condition. In order to examine the competition effects on empathic process,, hemodynamic response were obtained during fMRI session and the imaging data were analyzed to identify brain regions where responses to each condition across the two consecutive runs. Participants' reaction time in competitive condition was faster statistically significant than non-competitive one. Activation for competitive condition increased in the following areas: ACC, mPFC, SMG, thalamus extended caudate and Nacc, parahippocampal gyrus, and for non-competitive condition increased paracingulate gyrus, temporal pole, vmPFC, superior occipital gyrus. As a result of regression analysis using empathic scores as covariance, the rSMG, IFG, fusiform gyrus, thalamus, putamen were correlated with higher empathic levels, and TPJ were correlated with lower empathic scores. We suggest that these observations could mean competitive environment have an effect on neural base of cognitive empathic process.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.190-197
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• 2009

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to examine structural abnormalities of brain in patients with pathological gambling(PG) using voxel-based morphometry. Methods : We compared gray matter(GM) volumes between 10 patients with PG and 14 age- and IQ-matched healthy controls and examined the relationship of GM volumes with clinical variables in patients with PG. Results : We found significant increase of GM volume in the superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyri, the midbrain, the middle temporal gyrus, the precuneus, and the fusiform gyrus of patients with PG. A significant decrease of GM volume was observed in the parahippocampal gyrus and the lingual gyrus of the patient group. In addition, GM volumes in some of these regions were positively associated with South Oaks Gambling Screen score and negatively with age of onset in patients with PG. Conclusion : Current findings indicate that structural abnormalities in the fronto-temporal cortex, the midbrain, and the precuneus might be involved in the pathophysiology of PG, and contribute to some of the behavioral changes observed in patients with PG.