• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.299-306
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• 2010

This study was performed to develop new functional red ginseng drinks with Astragali Radix and Opuntia humifusa. Optimum extraction conditions such as solvent property and temperature for Astragali Radix were determined by distilled water vs. ethanol (95%) ratio (0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25) and 60 vs. $80^{\circ}C$. Water-soluble extracts at $80^{\circ}C$ showed higher antioxidant activities than fat-soluble extracts at $60^{\circ}C$. Viscosities of 1-2% (w/v) of Opuntia humifusa solution were similar to that of the 0.1% guar gum solution. Addtion of Astragali Radix (3% and 5%, w/v) and Opuntia humifusa (1.2%, w/v), especially, had effect on the changes of pH of the red ginseng solution(5%, w/v) during storage for 7 days. A significant difference during the storage was shown in total plate counts by addition of Opuntia humifusa (1.2%, w/v) and microorganisms were reduced by six log cycles. Significant antiproliferation effects of red ginseng (5%, w/v) solution with Astragali Radix (3% & 5%, w/v) and Opuntia humifusa (1.2%, w/v) on Colon26m-3.1 carcinoma (colorectal carcinoma) cell and U87-MG neuronale glioblastoma (brain carcinoma) cell were not observed.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.72-81
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• 2018

Background: Polysaccharides are the most important functional constituent in Astragalus membranaceus. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of polysaccharides isolated from the aboveground parts of A. membranaceus (AMA) and polysaccharides isolated from the roots of A. membranaceus (AMR) immune function by modulated cytotoxic T cell and Th1- and Th2-related cytokines kinetics. Methods and Results: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into exhaustive exercise case groups and non-exercise case, AMA and AMR samples were administered orally for 30 days (500 mg/kg/day and 10 mg/kg/day, respectively) and were compared to those rats in the groups fed commercial sports drink (SPD) and vehicle. Both exhaustive exercise groups and non-exercise groups had a lower ratio of $CD4^+$ and $CD8^+$ cells in the spleens of the rat fed AMA and AMR compared to those in the rats fed SPD and vehicle group. These results suggested that AMA and AMR promote an increase in the proportion of cytotoxic T cells. The IL-4-producing T lymphocytes decreased significantly in the AMR (10 mg/kg/day) group compared to SPD and vehicle, whereas the AMA group increased the IL-4 concentration more than the SPD and vehicle in exhaustive exercise group. However, the populations of IFN-${\gamma}$-producing T lymphocytes of AMR and AMA increased. AMA decreased the concentration of IFN-${\gamma}$ to inhibit the Th1 response and thereby increased the concentration of IL-4 to induce a Th2 response that was related to humoral immunity in the non-exercise group. Conclusions: These results showed that, in addition to Th1/Th2 regulation, AMR and AMA played an important immuno-modulatory role after exhaustive exercise-induced Th1/Th2 lymphocyte imbalance, which might be correlated with cytokine producing immunoregulatory cells.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.598-606
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• 2015

To develop a functional drink using abalone, two abalone composites (APM-1, APM-2) were prepared by mixing the abalone and natural plants (Lycii fructus and Rubus coreanus Miq.). Their antioxidant and anti-fatigue effects were evaluated using rats running on a treadmill after 4 weeks supplementation of the abalone composites. Experimental groups were divided into four groups including normal (non-exercised group), control (exercised group), one dose per day (EAPM-1), and three doses per day (EAPM-2) with exercise by running. Antioxidant activities, and total phenols and flavonoids contents of APM-2 were significantly higher than those of APM-1 (p<0.05). Total lipid content in serum of EAPM-2 was significantly lower than that of control group (p<0.05). Lactate dehydrogenase activity and blood urea nitrogen content of EAPM-1 and EAPM-2 groups were significantly lower than that of control group. There were no significant difference in aspartate aminotransferase activity among control, EAPM-1 and EAPM-2 groups. In the meanwhile, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities were significantly lower than that of control group. In serum and liver tissues of EAPM-1 and EAPM-2 groups, lipid peroxide contents significantly decreased compared to control group. DPPH radical scavenging activities in liver tissues of EAPM-1 and EAPM-2 groups were significantly higher than those of control group. Therefore, abalone composites were effective for the alleviation of oxidative stress caused by treadmill running, which was dependent on antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds content.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.751-759
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• 2014

In this study, we examined the hepatocyte toxicity and protective effects of an extract of Hericium erinacium cultivated with Artemisia capillaris (HEAC), and also examined the hepatocyte protective and antioxidative effects of a mixture of the HEAC and black garlic. At a concentrations of more than 0.05 mg/mL, the HEAC extract significantly reduced cell viability. The extract of HEAC treated with the same ratio of water and ethanol at $80^{\circ}C$ showed the highest hepatocyte protective effect. No significant difference in the hepatocyte protective effect was observed between the mixtures of HEAC with and without black garlic. In addition, higher antioxidative activity was shown with the addition of less black garlic. As a result of the sensory evaluation, a significant difference of sweetness was observed with varying liquid fructose concentration, but there were no significant differences in bitterness, flavor, thickness and overall acceptability according to the liquid fructose concentration.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.543-552
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• 2013

Physiological and subjective responses of the farmers and thermal environment during chili harvest in the open field were investigated to evaluate the thermal environments and farmers's workload. Eight career female farmers in their sixties participated as subjects both in morning work(MW, AM 9:00~10:30) and in afternoon work(AW, PM 15:00~16:30) with each lasting about 90 minutes. The results were as follows. 1) Air temperature, air humidity, globe temperature and WBGT of MW were mean $25.54^{\circ}C$, 81.82%RH, $37.72^{\circ}C$, $26.27^{\circ}C$ and AW were mean $30.63^{\circ}C$ 82.50%RH, $40.11^{\circ}C$, $30.02^{\circ}C$, respectively. By the WBGT, we evaluated that the thermal environment in the afternoon in the open field gave a thermal burden to farmers. 2) Mean skin temperature of AW($34.8{\pm}0.8^{\circ}C$) was higher than MW($33.5{\pm}1.2^{\circ}C$)(p<0.05). Clothing microclimate temperature on the chest of each work time were $31.3^{\circ}C$(MW) and $32.7^{\circ}C$(AW). Clothing microclimate humidity on the chest of each work time were over 80%RH. Heart rate were 88.5bpm(MW) and 91.7bpm(AW) respectively. 3) Farmers working in the afternoon felt uncomfortable after 45~60 min. of work and in the morning they felt uncomfortable after 90 min. of work. We evaluated that the harvesting of chilies in the open field was 'moderate work' by the physiological responses but the level of thermal burden increased over time especially in the afternoon work. It is suggested that farm workers should drink fluids between work to stay in homeostasis by sweating and to take frequent rests. Active clothing ventilation and wearing functional garments would help farm workers excrete sweat effectively.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.447-451
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• 2007

This study was carried out to examine the antioxidant activity of Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino. Using the DPPH method, we found that free radical scavenging activity was strong in all the fractions except the water fraction of the water extract (GPW) and ethanol extract (GPE) of G pentaphyllum Makino. Pseudo-SOD activity was highest in the diethyl ether fraction of the ethanol extract, while the other fractions of the ethanol and water extracts were lower. For xanthine oxidase inlribition activity, the diethyl ether fraction and butanol fraction of GPW, and the diethyl ether fraction and butanol fraction of GPE, showed activities over 80%. Nitrite scavenging ability was strong (over 60%) in all the GPW and GPE fractions. The diethyl ether fraction and butanol fraction of GPW had more effective nitrite scavenging abilities than the other extract fractions. These results suggest that the extracts of G pentaphyllum Makino can be used as a functional material in a tea or drink.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.271-280
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• 2018

Background: Astragalus membranaceus is a well known oriental medicinal herb. The polysaccharides of the aboveground parts (AMA) and the radix (AMR) of A. membranaceus are the most important functional constituents. Methods and Results: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of AMA and AMR on the oxidative damage induced in the skeletal muscle of rats subjected to exhaustive exercise. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into exercise and non-exercise groups; in the groups receiving the test compounds, AMA and AMR were administered orally for 30 days. Skeletal muscle samples were collected from each rat after running to exhaustion on a treadmill to determine the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) and the concentation of malondialdehyde (MDA). The antioxidant enzyme activities of SOD and GSH-Px of skeletal muscle of AMA- and AMR-treated groups were significantly higher than those of the control and commercial sports drink (SPD)-treated groups in exhaustive exercise rats. In addition, MDA concentrations in the skeletal muscle of the AMA- and AMR-treated groups were significantly lower than those of the control and SPD-treated groups. In the present study, the effects of AMA and AMR on exercise endurance capacity were also evaluated in mice subjected to a swimming exercise test. AMA and AMR supplementation prolonged the swimming time of mice and enhanced exercise endurance capacity. AMA and AMR possess the ability to retard and lower the production of blood lactate, and prevent the decrease of serum blood glucose. Conclusions: These results showed that, AMR and AMA exerted beneficial effect in mice, increasing the activity of the antioxidant systems and inhibiting oxidative stress induced by exhaustive exercise. The compounds improved exercise performance and showed anti-fatigue effects against exhaustive exercise.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.805-811
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• 2016

The present study was performed to evaluate the anti-oxidant and anti-proliferating activity of the water extract mixture of Cordyceps militaris (CM) and Allium tuberosum (AT). The water extract mixture rate of CM and AT was optimized by means of a sensory evaluation test. The optimized mixture rate were decided at 70% of CM, 30% of AT, and 10% of apple concentrate as an additive. The values of total acidity, pH, sugar contents, and turbidity of the water extract mixture were 0.1%, 4.28, 9.10 °Brix, and 1.48 respectively. The water extract mixture had effective DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power effect, and ABTS radical activity. DPPH radical activities of the water extract and the water extract mixture were 43.2% and 51.7% respectively; their reducing power (OD₇₀₀) was 1.14 and 1.43 respectively; and ABTS^.+ radical activities were 47.1% and 62.2% respectively. Also, the water extract mixture showed a higher anti-proliferating effect than the AT extract on human prostate cancer cells. These results provided experimental evidence that the water extract mixture of CM and AT is a better source of anti-oxidant and anti-cancer ingredients than a single extract of CM. In conclusion, the water extract mixture of CM and AT will be beneficial in development of a functional drink.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.213-218
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• 2021

In this study, Kombucha, a fermented drink by adding beneficial bacteria to green tea or black tea with sugar, was classified using column chromatography, and the presence or absence of quercetin glycoside, a type of flavonoids, was confirmed through TLC. In addition, the anti-pollution effect of protecting and improving the skin from pollution was confirmed using the fraction. Keratinocytes were treated with K-QG to confirm the cell viability, showing a survival rate of 90% or more up to a concentration of 100 ㎍/mL, and the cell viability by benzo[e]pyrene and fine dust stimulation to see the anti-pollution effect was measured. At 100 ㎍/mL, the improvement rates were about 68.79% and 50.68%, respectively. In addition, as a result of confirming the expression of AhR activated by benzo[a]pyrene through Western blot, it showed an inhibition rate of about 31.08% at 100 ㎍/mL compared to the control group. Through the results of this study, K-QG is thought to be valuable as an anti-pollution functional material, protecting and improving skin irritated from benzopyrene and fine dust.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.1512-1523
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Saengmaeg-san intake on blood lipids and arteriosclerosis index in male tennis players. Seventeen male tennis players enrolled in university were assigned to a Saengmaeg-san intake group (n=9) and a placebo control group (n=8) according to whether they took Saengmaeg-san during 4-week high-intensity tennis training. Tennis training was conducted 5 times a week for 4 weeks, and the exercise intensity was performed at 70-90% of the spare heart rate. The intake of Saengmaeg-san was 110ml at a time before breakfast, before, during, during, and after exercise, and after dinner, a total of 7 times, 770ml per day. For all data, mean and standard deviation were used. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to examine the effect of time and treatment, and Pearson's Correlation was used to examine the relevance of differences in blood lipid responses after treatment. As a result of this study, the Saengmaeg-san intake group significantly improved blood lipids (triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) and arteriosclerosis index, and there was a significant correlation appeared between ∆TG, ∆LDL-C, and ∆TC. As a result, the intake of Saengmaeg-san during high-intensity training of male college student tennis players can have a positive effect on blood lipids and arteriosclerosis index, suggesting that it can be an effective sports drink as an exercise supplement.