• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.10 no.12
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• pp.25-34
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• 2012

Purpose - This study examines college students' perceived choice attributes in traditional markets and the relationship quality. We study the relationships between attributes that common people look for while choosing a store (e.g., product, service, advertising, and atmosphere), consumption emotion, consumer's value, and relationship quality. Research design, data, methodology - In order to verify the relationship between choice attributes and relationship quality, and moderating (i.e., consumption emotion) and mediating effects (i.e., customer value), we collected data from 202 consumers in Gyeonggi province to test the theoretical model and its hypotheses. For this purpose, this study, utilized an empirical methodology. Results - First, contrary to the previous research findings involving college students, this study observed that four factors of store choice attributes at a traditional market were important to consumers in heightening the relationship quality. Specifically, product (β = .608, p < .01), service (β = .351, p < .01), advertising (β = .237, p < .01), and atmosphere (β = .425, p < .01) are significantly related to relationship quality. Second, consumers selected product (β =. 521, p < .01) as the most important attribute. Atmosphere (β = .254, p < .01) and service division (β = .148, p < .05), in this order, are the other important factors in this regard. However, advertising (β = -.112, p = .100) is not statistically significant. To improve and develop the relationship quality with consumers, traditional markets should ensure supply of suitable products and goods, improve store atmosphere by modernizing facilities, and educate merchants to improve their services. Third, the results of the moderating effects, although marginally statistically significant, suggest that for the consumers with low consumption emotion for traditional markets, an affirmative experience of products and store atmosphere heightens their values. In addition, the consumers having low consumption emotion who could promote consumer values were found to improve and develop a marginally significant relationship quality. Finally, the study revealed that the consumer's value exhibited a complete mediation effect in the relationships between service and relationship quality, and advertising and relationship quality and a partial mediation effect in the relationships between product and relationship quality, and atmosphere and relationship quality. Conclusions - Consumer satisfaction is important to increase the competitiveness of traditional markets, and products and store atmosphere are important attributes to increase the relationship quality. Specifically, merchants should supply different products, modernize their facilities, and improve store atmosphere to compete in traditional markets. In addition, traditional markets should provide value and competitive prices to attract consumers, and should maximize the consumer's value and promote the consumption emotion. Traditional markets should evolve to accommodate changes in the consumer's value and invest in not only functional elements but also symbolic elements.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.307-316
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• 2009

Soil microbial activity and diversity are affected by organic sources applied to improve soil quality and fluctuate seasonally. We investigated the effects of municipal compost (MC), poultry litter (PL), and cover crops of spring oats and red clover (RC) on soil enzyme activities, and soil bacterial community-level physiological profiling (CLPP) in a Mexico silt loam in North Central Missouri, USA. Temporal patterns of these parameters were observed by periodic five soil sampling from spring to fall over a two year period. MC increased soil dehydrogenase (DH) activity consistently beginning about three months after MC application; fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolytic activity significantly began to increase by the September of the first year but fluctuated during the following period. DH activity responded more directly to the amount or properties of organic residues in soils while FDA hydrolysis and CLPP were generally influenced by composition of organic sources, and enzyme activities and CLPP showed seasonal variation, which depended on organic sources and soil moisture. MC and cover crops may be useful organic sources for enhancing general soil microbial activity and altering soil microbial diversity, respectively. Because microbial activities and diversity are dynamic and subject to seasonal changes, the effects of organic amendments on these parameters should be investigated frequently during a growing season.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.149-155
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• 2011

Cheonggukjang tablet was prepared by addition of medicinal herb extracts (from Lentinus edodes, Codonopsis lanceolata, or Houttuynia cordata Thunb.) to improve its quality and functional properties. Lightness and yellowness (measured using Hunter's color values) were generally increased with increasing amount of medicinal herb extracts, whereas pH decreased. In proximate composition, the levels of crude protein, lipid and fiber levels of Cheonggukjang tablet decreased with increasing amount of added medicinal herb extracts, whereas moisture and crude ash were increased. The major amino acid of Cheonggukjang tablet were glutamic acid, aspartic acid, leucine and the principal fatty acids of Cheonggukjang tablet were linolenic acid, linoleic acid and palmitic acid, respectively. Hardness levels of Cheonggukjang tablet decreased with increasing amounts of added medicinal herb extracts. The Cheonggukjang tablet added with medicinal herb extracts increased both crude saponin and quercetin contents. Sensory score of Cheonggukjang tablet containing 20% (w/v) medicinal herb extracts were optimal in terms of both quality characteristics and sensory evaluation.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.218-222
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• 2002

Lycii Cordex Radicis extract (gigolpi) examined through SOS Chromotest showed a strong, dose-dependent antimutagenic effect on the tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BOOH) induced mutagenecity. Gigolpi revealed considerable superoxide anion radical scavenging activity under L-ascorbic $acid-CuSO_4$ system, but showed lower hydroxyl radical scavenging activity in photochemical test system. Hot-water gigolpi extract delayed protein oxidation, whereas lipid peroxidation of rat skin exposed to UVB radiation was inhibited. The results indicate that gigolpi possessing antioxidant activity against UVB-induced lipid peroxidation could be used as a raw ingredient for manufacturing functional cosmetics

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.238-244
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• 2012

In general, stepwise hot steaming process is known to be effective in improving its biological activities; however, not much employed in processing Codonopsis lanceolata due to its hardness. In this study, C. lanceolata was first pretreated with warm water at $50^{\circ}C$ and $60^{\circ}C$ for two hours, then steamed for 3 hours. Antioxidant activities of 70% ethanol extracts were compared with the extract from the water solvent: 41.58% vs 8.98% of DPPH radical scavenging activity in adding $1.25mg/m{\ell}$ of steamed extract and water extract, respectively. Reducing power of steamed and fresh C. lanceolata were also measured as 1.39 and 0.71. Total poly phenolic of the steamed extract was estimated as 12.11mg/g, compared to 3.98mg/g fresh C. lanceolata. Total flavonoid contents were also obtained as 11.48mg/g, compared to 7.11mg/g of fresh C. lanceolata. In comparing phenolic acids profiles in the extract, in general higher amounts of gallic acid, trans-ferulic acid, vanillic acid were obtained possibly by easy release of active components during thermal processing, which results in better antioxidant activities than that of water extract. This findings can also be supported by result that the ethanol extract showed better activities than the water extract.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.180-192
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to investigate the antioxidative and antimicrobial activities of sourdough fermented with the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from sliced radish kimchi. According to 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the isolated lactic acid bacteria were categorized as Leuconostoc dextranicum SRK03, Lactobacillus brevis SRK15, Pediococcus halophilus SRK22, Lactobacillus acidophilus SRK30, Lactobacillus plantarum SRK38, Leuconostoc citreum SRK 42, and Lactobacillus delbrueckii SRK60 with sequence similarity of 99%. After fermentation with L. dextranicum SRK03, L. acidophilus SRK30, L. plantarum SRK38 or L. delbrueckii SRK60 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae KCTC 7246 at $30^{\circ}C$ for 24 h LAB and yeast in sourdough were present at levels of $10^9$ and $10^7CFU/g$, respectively. In particular, the titratable acidity and ethanol and exopolysaccharide contents of sourdough fermented with L. dextranicum SRK03 were also significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of sourdough fermented with L. acidophilus SRK30, L. plantarum SRK38, or L. delbrueckii SRK60. The sourdough fermented with L. dextranicum SRK03 and L. acidophilus SRK30 showed not only good DPPH radical-scavenging capacity but anti-lipid peroxidation activity. In addition, the viable counts of Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 in sourdough during storage for 5 days at $25^{\circ}C$ were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than those of pathogenic bacteria in the control group due to the organic acids and bacteriocin produced by L. acidophilus SRK30 strain.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.314-323
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• 2015

Black ginseng was made by steaming raw white ginseng nine times at $100^{\circ}C$ for 2 h and drying. We then performed pilot experiments using the nine black ginseng extracts for different steaming and drying times to determine their anti-obesity effects. Two ginseng extracts, steaming and drying five times (FSFD) and steaming and drying nine times (NSND), prepared in water or ethanol solution decreased lipid accumulation of 3T3-L1 cells. FSFD in water and ethanol extracts showed higher levels of ginsenosides, in particular, Rh1, Rg2, and Rb1 than NSND, and levels of the three ginsenosides were higher in ethanol extracts than in water extracts. Treatment with FSFD and/or NSND in ethanol extracts significantly regulated $PPAR{\gamma}$, C/$EBP{\alpha}$ and AMPK phosphorylation in 3T3-L1 cells. We verified doubling time of stem cells from both abdominal fat and subcutaneous fat after FSFD and NSND in ethanol and water extracts were added. Although addition of FSFD and NSFD in water extracts had no effects on proliferation, ethanol extracts with FSFD and NSND increased doubling time of stem cells in subcutaneous fat. FSFD and NSND in ethanol extracts more effectively reduced adipogenesis compared to those in water extracts. FSFD in ethanol extracts promoted secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokine such as IL-10 and depressed MCP-1 infiltration in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes co-cultured with RAW264.7 cells. We concluded that FSFD and NSND ethanol extracts may be developed as a functional food for its anti-obesity effect, but anti-inflammatory effect was shown in ethanol extracted FSFD rather than in NSND.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.515-521
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• 2011

There are increasing demands for the producing and breeding new domestic riding horses for the vitalizations of horse riding industry in Korea, according as 'Horse Industry Support Act' became. In this study, we were to develop the functional relation through the conformation comparison & body composition analysis. 76 heads of 5 breeds utilized for riding horses in Korea were used and their body measurements on 12 items were measured and cluster analysis was conducted to determine the correlation relation among them. The measurements were standardized that (height, croup height, pelvis length), and (hip width, width of pelvis) were highly correlated. In these results of the decision tree, we confirmed to classify the breed type determination by their body measurements (hip height, hip width, head length, croup height). This result can be used as basic data for the development of horse type determination (racing, riding, Riding for the Disabled, Working, or fattening) through the analysis of body composition, and be utilized as the basic data for the producing and breeding new domestic riding horses through the 3D Stereosocpic image system analyze.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.141-153
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• 2015

We investigated the feasibility of incorporating Aster yomena powder into cookies as a value-added food ingredient. In this study, we assessed the quality characteristics and antioxidant activity of cookies containing various concentrations (0, 3, 5, 7 and 9%) of Aster yomena powder(AYP). For the analysis, quality characteristics such as density and pH of dough, spread factor, moisture content, color(L, a, b), hardness, DPPH radical scavenging activity and sensory properties were measured. The Hardness and DPPH radical scavenging activity of the cookies significantly increased with increasing concentrations of AYP, whereas pH and density of the dough, L value of the cookies significantly decreased. The results of sensory properties showed that cookies made with 3% and 5% AYP did not differ significantly from the control in color, taste, and overall quality. Texture scores for the 3% and 5% AYP groups ranked significantly higher than those of the other groups. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that AYP is a beneficial ingredient for increasing the consumer acceptability and functionality of cookies. The quality characteristics of the 3% and 5% added samples exhibited significantly similar or higher values as compared to those of the controls, raising the possibility of developments in health-functional cookies. The results of the sensory evaluation produced very significant values for color, appearance, texture, and overall quality of instrumental analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.36
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• pp.239-262
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• 1998

The pursuit of freedom by the individual--desire to be liberated from all forms of restrictions-- is one of the defining character-istic of the modern society. As costume is, in part, a product of the spirit of the times, it was only natural that this desire for freedom would find its expression in modern costume as well. Among various forms of restrictions, differentiaton by sex has placed one of the most significant binding influences on individual behavior. From early times, the dichotomous division by sex was incorporated into the disign of costume, and the traditional differestriction of costume by sex imposed a significant restriction on the background,“the modern androhynous look”was born as a by-product of the sexual liberation movement in the second half of the 20th century, based on the concept of the individual as a complete human being rather than as a member exclusively of either the male or the female sex. This paper seeks to examine the androgynous look within a coherent theoretical frame-work, and explore new design possibilities by analyzing and understanding the visual characteristics of the androgynous look. In addition, this paper seeks to define the functional aspects of the androgynous look based on the premise that costume is an embodiment of the spirit of the times. As for research methodology, both theoretical and historical methods are employed. Through a theoretical examination of historical documents, the meaning of the androgynous look is explored from various angles, and order to examine its place in modern fashion, an-drogynous styles are categorized and system atically analyzed. The main findings of the paper can be summarized as follows : 1. Androgyny is a compound word consisting of“andro-”(meaning man) and“gyn-”(meaning woman). In modern times, this word has been associated with the socio-cultural aspect of gender rather than the physical or physiological aspect with the pshchological characteristics of the male and female sexes. Androgynous styles also appear in fashion and general arts such as drama, film, dance, and music. In fashion, the androgynous look, represented by the visual superimposition of “masculine”and “faminine”elements, has emerged as a major element of the 20th-century costume, and has gained broad acceptance among those free spirits wishing to be liberated from the conventional conceptions of male clothing, and the unisex look. 3. The androgynous look in modern fashion reflects the spirit of the 20th century society and culture, and performs various functions as follows : expression of fun, change in gender roles, expression of the inner consciousness, and pursuit of the ideal human type.