• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.192-203
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• 2013

Objectives : To investigate the incidence of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) by combined-prescription of Korean herbal medicine (KHM; prescribed herbal medicine by doctors of traditional Korean medicine) and Western medicine on liver function. Methods : Sixty-nine in-patients who took KHM and Western medicine for various conditions were enrolled for prospective observational study. All subjects were given liver and renal function tests at the start of hospitalization to establish a baseline. After taking KHM and Western medicine, tests were done at approximately 4-week intervals afterwards. Results : Fifty-three subjects showed normal liver function test (LFT) at baseline, 50 subjects (72.5%) remained within the normal range at the second test, while 3 subjects (4.3%) tests revealed slight increase of LFT. However not a single patient had a high enough raised LFT to indicate liver injury. Sixteen of 69 subjects had abnormal baseline, 11 subjects recovered to normal levels and 5 subjects remained at abnormal level. Among all subjects, there was no statistically significant increase in LFT level between the first and second tests. Conclusions : This study shows that the combined-prescription of KHM and Western medicine did not cause any DILI. In some cases, combined treatment increased LFT levels but those increases were not high enough to have statistical significance. Additional large scale and systematical studies are required for more conclusive proof and results.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.97-106
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• 2018

Objectives: The combined use of herbal and Western medicine is increasing. However, herbal medicine is highly likely to interact with Western medicine making it important to understand the effects of co-administration. This study investigates the ratio of patients who take Western medicine with herbal medicine, the types of medicines commonly prescribed together, and the results of hospital examinations. Methods: We investigated patients who were hospitalized at Kyung Hee University Korean Medical Hospital for at least one day from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2017. There were some inclusion criteria. First, we chose patients aged 19 and over. Second, we chose patients who were diagnosed with osteoarthritis (OA) with diagnosis codes M13, M15, M17 according to KCD-7. Third, patients had liver function tests, renal function tests, and general hematology tests performed at least two times during hospitalization. Results: Among a total of 131 OA patients, 32 (24.4%) patients were treated with herbal-Western medicine combination therapy. The most commonly prescribed herbal medicine was Daegalwhal-tang, and the most commonly prescribed Western medicine was celecoxib. In the laboratory findings, all liver function tests, renal function tests, and general hematology tests showed no difference compared to admission day. There were also no differences between herbal medicine single treatment and herbal-Western medicine combination treatment. Conclusions: From these results, we suggest that herbal medicine single treatment and herbal-Western medicine combination treatment for OA patients does not cause adverse effects.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.233-239
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• 2015

This study compares two generalized Lindley distributions and assesses consistency between theoretical and analytical results. Data (complete and censored) assumed to follow the Lindley distribution are generated and analyzed using two generalized Lindley distributions, and maximum likelihood estimates of parameters from the generalized distributions are obtained. Size and power of tests of hypotheses on the parameters are assessed drawing on asymptotic properties of the maximum likelihood estimates. Results suggest that whereas size of some of the tests of hypotheses based on the considered generalized distributions are essentially ${\alpha}$-level, some are possibly not; power of tests of hypotheses on the Lindley distribution parameter from the two distributions differs.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.17-21
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• 1980

TRH stimulation tests and $T_3$ suppression tests were done in 13 patients with clinically suspected mild or early hyperthyroidism who were all conventional thyroid function tests gave results within the accepted normal range. The results were as follows 1. 6 patients with normal $T_3$ suppression test revealed normal TRH stimulation test and could be easily diagnosed as euthyroidism. 2. 7 patients with abnormal $T_3$ suppression test exhibited no TSH response to TRH stimulation test and could be easily diagnosed as hyperthyroidism. The TRH stimulation test is a single, sensitive and reliable test of thyroid function and can well replace $T_3$ suppression test in the diagnosis of marginal hyperthyroidism.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.109-117
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• 2023

Intuitively, a test with more assumptions has greater power than a test with fewer assumptions. This kind of examples are abundant in the nonparametric tests vs corresponding parametric ones. In general, the nonparametric tests are less efficient in terms of asymptotic relative efficiency (ARE) compared to corresponding parametric tests (Daniel, 1990). However, this is not always true. To test equal means under independent normal samples, the usual test involves using the t-distribution with the pooled estimator of the common variance. Adding the assumption of equal sample size, we may derive another test. In this case, two tests using more assumptions were performed for univariate (multivariate) cases. For these examples, it was found that the power function of a test with more assumptions is less than or equal to that of a test with fewer assumptions. This finding can be used as an expository example in master's mathematical statistics courses.

• Dementia and Neurocognitive Disorders
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.139-147
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• 2023

Background and Purpose: Dual walking task such as crossing over an obstacle may serve as an excellent tool for predicting early cognitive decline. Thus, this study aimed to investigate correlation between walking while crossing over an obstacle and executive functions under different gait phases to validate the use of walking with an obstacle for predicting early cognitive decline. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 48 elderly individuals from 2 day-care centers and 3 welfare-centers in Seoul and Gyeonggi, Korea. Executive function tests (Trail Making Test, Stroop test) and dual walking tests (gait speed, cadence, stance time, gait cycle time) were performed and compared using partial correlation analysis. Results: There were significant correlations between executive function and most of the gait variables (stance time, cadence, and gait cycle time) (p<0.05) when crossing over an obstacle while walking. Especially, stance time exhibited significant correlations with most executive functions (p<0.05). Conclusions: When evaluating executive function during walking with an obstacle, post-obstacle-crossing phase and stance time need to be observed.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.639-646
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• 2015

We propose simultaneous tests for mean and variance under the normality assumption. After formulating the null hypothesis and its alternative, we construct test statistics based on the individual p-values for the partial tests with combining functions and derive the null distributions for the combining functions. We then illustrate our procedure with industrial data and compare the efficiency among the combining functions with individual partial ones by obtaining empirical powers through a simulation study. A discussion then follows on the intersection-union test with a combining function and simultaneous confidence region as a simultaneous inference; in addition, we discuss weighted functions and applications to the statistical quality control. Finally we comment on nonparametric simultaneous tests.

• Proceedings of the Korean Statistical Society Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.235-240
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• 2000

In this paper a test of fit for exponentiality and we propose the estimator of Kullback-Leibler Information functions using the data from accelerated life tests. This acceleration model is assumed to be a tampered random variable model. The procedure is applicable when the exponential parameter based on the data from accelerated life tests is or is not specified under null hypothesis. Using Simulations, the power of the proposed test based on use condition of accelerated life test under alternatives is compared with that of other standard tests in the small sample.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.563-574
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• 2016

In this study, we propose several simultaneous tests to detect the difference between means and variances for the two-sample problem when the underlying distribution is normal. For this, we apply the likelihood ratio principle and propose a likelihood ratio test. We then consider a union-intersection test after identifying the likelihood statistic, a product of two individual likelihood statistics, to test the individual sub-null hypotheses. By noting that the union-intersection test can be considered a simultaneous test with combination function, also we propose simultaneous tests with combination functions to combine individual tests for each sub-null hypothesis. We apply the permutation principle to obtain the null distributions. We then provide an example to illustrate our proposed procedure and compare the efficiency among the proposed tests through a simulation study. We discuss some interesting features related to the simultaneous test as concluding remarks. Finally we show the expression of the likelihood ratio statistic with a product of two individual likelihood ratio statistics.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.41-48
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• 2023

PURPOSE: Falls are caused by a decline in physical and cognitive function. A quantitative evaluation tool that can comprehensively evaluate motor and cognitive functions for elderly people with an impaired physical function. This study assessed the clinical application potential by confirming the correlation between the physical function tests, cognitive and the stepping trail-making test (S-TMT). METHODS: Fourteen community-dwelling older patients (65-75 years) were recruited. The study conducted cognitive function tests with the trail-making test (TMT-A, B), and physical function tests (6-minute walking test (6MWT), short physical performance battery (SPPB), and timed up and go (TUG)). The results of were analyzed using SPSS version 21.0. Descriptive statistics were used for the general characteristics of the study subjects, and the correlations between S-TMT, other functional tests were examined through Pearson's correlation analysis. The statistical significance was set to .05. RESULTS: S-TMT had a significant positive correlation with the TUG (r = .588^*) and trail-making test-B (TMT-B) (r = .689^*, p < .05). Furthermore, S-TMT showed a negative correlation between SPPB (r = -.397) and 6MWT (r = -.422), but it was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: S-TMT is a cognitive-gait dual-task performance evaluation tool that can be performed safely. A significant correlation was confirmed between the TUG test and the TMT-B. S-TMT is a dual-task screening tool that can evaluate both physical and cognitive functions simultaneously.