• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.347-356
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• 2009

In attempt to select the most appropriate forage legume species, this study was conducted on the 10 forage legume crops suitable for the central region of Korea and investigated their productivity, feed values and stock carrying capacity. In the results, red clover showed fresh matter yield 38.6 ton/ha, dry matter yield 7.8 ton/ha, crude protein yield 1.0 ton/ha, total digestible nutrients(TDN) yield 4.6 ton/ha, its fresh matter yield, dry matter yield and nutrient yield were significantly(p<0.05) higher than other species. The value of neutral detergent fiber(NDF) and acid detergent fiber(ADF) were getting higher by the late harvest time then galega and cicer milkvetch were the highest and yellow suckling clover was the lowest value. Relative feed value(RFV) showed good feed values above 100 except cicer milkvetch and galega. In terms of feed grading, yellow suckling clover, yellow blossom sweet clover, crimson clover, hairy vetch were classified into 1st grade, above 151%. The average stock carrying capacity was yet high Kcp(2.18 head/ha/yr), KTDN(1.25 head/ha/yr) and K(0.04 head/ha/yr). Especially, red clover had the highest stock carrying capacity, Kcp 6.84 head/ha/yr, KTDN 3.64 head/ha/yr and K 0.05 head/ha/yr. According to results, red clover is considered to be the most appropriate crops for the central region, in terms of quality, feed value and stock carrying capacity.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2009

The plant height of hairy vetch was high to comparing with crimson clover, and that of crimson clover was the lowest while that of hairy vetch was the highest with one application of rare earth. The dry matter content of crimson clover and hairy vetch were 20.3% and 18.1%, respectively and the dry matter content between two species had little difference. In this study, the fresh yield of hairy vetch was higher than that of crimson clover, while the dry matter yield of crimson clover was higher than that of hairy vetch. But there were not significant difference between two species. Although the fresh and dry matter yield of both species were the high with one application of rare earth, there were not significant difference between three treatments of rare earth. The nutritive values of hairy vetch were higher than that of crimson clover Neural detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) content decreased with one application of rare earth. But crude protein (CP) and digestibility were not significant between rare earth applications.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.285-292
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• 2012

This experiment was carried out to determine the harvesting day after heading of barley for highest total forage yield in double cropping with corn at paddy field in middle region. The fresh barley yield was the highest at the harvest of 20 days after heading, but the dry matter yield and TDN yield were the highest at the harvest of 25 days after heading because of higher dry matter rate. The dry matter yield of corn after the harvest of 25 days after heading was decreased about 16 percent than that of the check, sowing on april 25. But total fresh yield of corn monoculture was lower about 31 percent, and decreased 28 percent of dry matter and 23 percent of TDN yield, respectively, than that of the double cropping system with corn and barley. In double cropping system at paddy field, the total forage yield was the highest at the harvest of 25 days after heading of barley and grew corn subsequently. Although yield of corn was reduced by late sowing, the total forage yield was increased by double cropping system compared with corn monoculture.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.353-360
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• 2011

This experiment was carried out to know adaptability, forage production and quality of corn hybrid for silage at paddy field at Chungnam region. Among agronomic characteristics, 'P32T83' hybrid was somewhat strong for waterlogging and good stay green, and low ear height as 57 cm and thicker stem diameter as 15.1 mm, and higher sugar content as 12 (Bo, %). The fresh and dry matter yield of 'P32T83' hybrid were the highest 55,220 kg/ha and 19,680 kg/ha, respectively. 'NC7117' hybrid was thicker as 15.5 cm and somewhat strong for waterlogging. The fresh and dry matter yield of 'NC7117' were 50,890 kg/ha and 19,110 kg/ha, respectively. The 'P32T83' hybrid was high as 81.9% in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). The result of this study indicated that 'P32T83' and 'NC7117' hybrid could be recommended as having good characters according to production, waterlogging tolerance, stay green, sugar content, and stem diameter at paddy field in Chungnam region.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.517-522
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• 1994

Three experiments were carried out to evaluate the fermentation process and subsequent nutritional quality of silage made from dried and fresh barley straw with and without the addition of wet brewers' grains. The treatments were: 1 kg of dried straw with 600 g of water but no wet brewers' grains (I - 0) as a control, and the same straw mixed with 2 kg (I - 2), 3 kg (I - 3), 4 kg (I - 4), or 5 kg (I - 5) of wet brewers' grains as treatments in Experiment I; and 2 kg of fresh straw without wet brewers' grains (II - 0) as a control, and the same fresh straw mixed with 2 kg (II - 1), 4 kg (II - 2), 6 kg (II - 3), or 8 kg (II - 4) of wet brewers' grains as treatments in Experiment II. Each material prepared was ensiled in 5 L (vinyl) bag silos, and the silos placed in a chamber of $21^{\circ}C$ for 10 (Exp. I) or 7 (Exp. II) months. The fermentation quality and nutritive value of the barley straw silages produced were markedly improved by mixing them with wet brewers' grains. Increasing levels of wet brewers' grains caused on increase in fermentation quality. The in vitro dry matter digestibility of silages was also increased by adding wet brewers' grains. Two semi scale pilot silages, experiment III, prepared from dried and fresh barley straw mixed with wet brewers' grains were fed to wether sheep. These silages, which contained 50% barley straw and 50% wet brewers' grains by dry weight, were moderate apparent digestibility and supplied of about 50% TDN and DCP.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.1281-1287
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• 2015

This study was performed to determine the effect of field pea silages which were the organic acid (OA) alternative of oregano and cinnamon essential oils on fermentation quality and aerobic stability. Whole crop pea was harvested at full pod stage and wilted in the laboratory at the 48 h. The chopped pea was mixed and divided into equal portions allocated to five groups: CON (non-treated), distilled water, denoted as control group; OA group, a mixture of 60% formic acid, 20% sodium formate and 20% water applied at a rate of 5 g/kg fresh forage (Silofarm Liquid, Farmavet); origanum (ORE) group, Origanum onites essential oil at 400 mg/kg fresh forage; cinnamon (CIN) group, cinnamon essential oil at 400 mg/kg fresh forage; origanum+cinnamon (ORECIN) group, a mixture of ORE and CIN applied at an equal rate of 400 mg/kg fresh forage. Cinnamon decreased acetic acid (AA), ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3-N$) and weight loss (WL) at the end of 60 days silage. Crude protein (CP) and dry matter (DM) increased by cinnamon essential oil. Yeasts were not detected in any treatments, including the control, after 7 days of air exposure. The $CO_2$ amount decreased and the formation mold was inhibited in the aerobic period by the addition of cinnamon oil. Oregano did not show a similar effect, but when it was used with cinnamon, it showed synergic effect on AA and during aerobic period, it showed antagonistic effect on mold formation and DM losses. It was found in this study that cinnamon can be an alternative to organic acids.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.643-648
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• 2005

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) has become increasingly used as a rapid, accurate method of evaluating some chemical constituents in cereal grains and forages. If samples could be analyzed without drying and grinding, then sample preparation time and costs may be reduced. This study was conducted to develop robust NIRS equations to predict fermentation quality of corn (Zea mays) silage and to select acceptable sample preparation methods for prediction of fermentation products in corn silage by NIRS. Prior to analysis, samples (n = 112) were either oven-dried and ground (OD), frozen in liquid nitrogen and ground (LN) and intact fresh (IF). Samples were scanned from 400 to 2,500 nm with an NIRS 6,500 monochromator. The samples were divided into calibration and validation sets. The spectral data were regressed on a range of dry matter (DM), pH and short chain organic acids using modified multivariate partial least squares (MPLS) analysis that used first and second order derivatives. All chemical analyses were conducted with fresh samples. From these treatments, calibration equations were developed successfully for concentrations of all constituents except butyric acid. Prediction accuracy, represented by standard error of prediction (SEP) and $R^2_{v}$ (variance accounted for in validation set), was slightly better with the LN treatment ($R^2$ 0.75-0.90) than for OD ($R^2$ 0.43-0.81) or IF ($R^2$ 0.62-0.79) treatments. Fermentation characteristics could be successfully predicted by NIRS analysis either with dry or fresh silage. Although statistical results for the OD and IF treatments were the lower than those of LN treatment, intact fresh (IF) treatment may be acceptable when processing is costly or when possible component alterations are expected.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.914-919
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• 2007

The effect of the addition of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (mainly xylanase and cellulase activities, 15 ml/15 kg of fresh forage), on intake, total tract digestibility and nylon bag degradability of a chopped fresh Digitaria decumbens grass was studied at 2 stages of regrowth ( 21 and 56-day old grasses). Moreover, comparisons between ground and chopped grass were done using the nylon bag degradability method. DM intake (g/kg $BW^{0.75}$) and organic matter total tract digestibility for control and enzyme treatments respectively were 69.1 vs. 65.9 (p>0.05) and 0.723 vs. 0.727 (p>0.05) with the 21-day old regrowth. Based on the same parameters, values for the 56-day old grass were 58.1 vs. 52.7 (p>0.05) and 0.621 vs. 0.591 (p>0.05). Nylon bag degradation at 24 h of the dry matter for control versus enzyme treatments were 0.653 vs. 0.70 (p<0.05) and 0.644 vs. 0.733 (p<0.0001) for the 21-day old chopped and ground forage respectively, whereas with the 56-day old grass, corresponding values were 0.321 vs. 0.392 (p<0.0001) and 0.463 vs. 0.481 (p>0.05). The positive impact of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) on degradability of the young and ground pangola grass may suggest that in some cases, enzyme accessibility to potentially digestible cell wall is a limiting factor in their digestion.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.471-478
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• 2012

The role of moisture absorptive capacity of pre-silage material and its relationship with silage effluent in high moisture by-product feedstuffs (HMBF) is assessed. The term water retention capacity which is sometimes used in explaining the rate of effluent control in ensilage may be inadequate, since it accounts exclusively for the capacity of an absorbent incorporated into a pre-silage material prior to ensiling, without consideration to how much the pre-silage material can release. A new terminology, 'potential water retention capacity' (PWRC), which attempts to address this shortcoming, is proposed. Data were pooled from a series of experiments conducted separately over a period of five years using laboratory silos with four categories of agro by-products (n = 27) with differing moisture contents (highest 96.9%, lowest 78.1% in fresh matter, respectively), and their silages (n = 81). These were from a vegetable source (Daikon, Raphanus sativus), a root tuber source (potato pulp), a fruit source (apple pomace) and a cereal source (brewer's grain), respectively. The pre-silage materials were adjusted with dry in-silo absorbents consisting wheat straw, wheat or rice bran, beet pulp and bean stalks. The pooled mean for the moisture contents of all pre-silage materials was 78.3% (${\pm}10.3$). Silage effluent decreased (p<0.01), with increase in PWRC of pre-silage material. The theoretical moisture content and PWRC of pre-silage material necessary to stem effluent flow completely in HMBF silage was 69.1% and 82.9 g/100 g in fresh matter, respectively. The high correlation (r = 0.76) between PWRC of ensiled material and silage effluent indicated that the latter is an important factor in silage-effluent relationship.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.1741-1746
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• 2001

An experiment was conducted at the experimental duck farm of Cantho University to determine the effects of feeding duckweed (Lemna minor) that completely replaced commercial protein supplements in diets for crossbred meat ducks. The experiment included five treatments, with four replicates and ten crossbred ducks per replicate (pen). The five diets were based on broken rice offered ad libitum, supplemented with either 27 (control, SB100), 19 (SB70), 15 (SB55), 12 (SB40) or zero (SB0) g/day of ground, roasted soya beans, with fresh duckweed supplied ad libitum, except for the control (SB0) treatment. A vitamin / mineral premix and salt were included in the control (SB100) diet, but not in the diets with duckweed. These diets were fed to growing crossbred meat ducks (Czechoslovak Cherry Valley hybrids) from 28 to 63 days of age, when two birds (one male and one female) per pen were slaughtered for carcass evaluation. Total daily intakes were 95, 108, 108, 105 and 107 g of dry matter (DM) (p<0.001) and daily live weight gains 26.1, 29.1, 28.3, 27.1 and 27.6 g (p<0.001) for the SB100, SB70, SB55, SB40 and SB0 diets, respectively. Corresponding feed conversion ratios (FCR, dry matter basis) were 3.63, 3.71, 3.82, 3.89 and 3.88 kg feed/kg gain, respectively. There were no significant differences in carcass yields, chest and thigh muscle weights, and internal organ weights between the ducks fed the control diet and those fed duckweed diets. Fresh duckweed can completely replace roasted soya beans and a vitamin-mineral premix in broken rice based diets for growing crossbred ducks without reduction in growth performance or carcass traits. If the duckweed is grown on farm, and managed and harvested by household labour, the saving over purchased protein supplements is up to 48%.