• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.195-202
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• 2010

목 적 : 요로감염 환아에서 영구적 신장손상을 예측하기 위하여, 연령, 발열기간 및 농뇨 지속기간, 방광요관역류나 수신증 여부 등을 비교, 분석하였다. 방 법 : 2000년 1월부터 2005년 1월까지 아주대학교 병원에서 요로감염으로 입원한 환아 중 DMSA에서 신장 결손을 보인 160명의 환아를 대상으로 6개월 후 추적 DMSA에서 회복된 회복군과 반흔이 남은 반흔군으로 나누어 각각의 특징을 비교분석하였다. 결 과 : 전체 대상 환아 160명 중 106명이 추적 DMSA에서 회복을 보였고, 54명이 반흔이 남아 33.8%의 발생률을 보였다. 반흔군에서 처음 진단 당시의 나이가1세 이상인 환자가 회복군에 비해 많았고(P=0.01), 발열기간, 농뇨지속 기간 등이 회복군에 비해 길었으며, 발열의 기왕력이 있었다. VCUG, Ultra-sound sonography에서도 반흔군이 회복군에 비해 비정상적 결과를 보인 경우가 많았다. 결 론 : 급성신우신염을 앓은 소아에서 감염당시 환아의 나이가 많을수록, 발열 기간이나 농뇨 지속 기간이 오래 될수록, 방광요관역류나 초음파검사 이상소견이 있는 초기 신결손이 신반흔으로 고착되는 경향을 확인할 수 있었다. 특히 잦은 발열 기왕력이 있는 경우 신손상 발생률이 높은 것을 볼 때, 이는 임상에서 미처 진단되지 못한, 혹은 잘 못 진단된 급성신우신염이 있음을 시사해 준다.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.45-52
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the types of school accidents and their first aids at Elementary, Middle, High Schools in a local area. Methods: The subjects were 1062 students who have had episodes of school accidents from 730 (Elementary = 429, Middle = 188, High = 113) schools in Chungnam province from January to December, 2006. Data were collected from accident-related record from school nurse and 'School Safety Fund', and analyzed using the SPSS Version 13.0 programs and the results and conclusions are as follows: Results: The proportion of school accidents occurred were in middle(0.43%), high(0.35%), primary(0.30%) school students. And the most frequent type of accident was fracture and then sprain. Most school accidents broke out in playground during resting time, and followed by physical education class. The most frequent cause of school accidents was carelessness and first aid was fixation the injury. Conclusion: Based on these findings, school-based and continuous safety education programs and emergency care system within school and in community can be suggested in collaboration with health-related resources. Further longitudinal study to identify causes and kinds of school accidents and can also be recommended.

• 고신대학교 의과대학 학술지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.159-170
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• 2018

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare antibiotic resistance patterns between first urinary tract infection (UTI) and recurrent UTI groups and to obtain information regarding empirical antibiotic selection for treating recurrent UTI. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 148 children treated for UTIs from January 2009 to June 2016. The patients were divided into two groups: first UTI (N = 148) and recurrent UTI (17 patients and 20 episodes). Results: In both groups, Escherichia coli was the most frequent causative organism, accounting for 89.9% and 75.0% in the first and recurrent UTI groups, respectively. When E. coli or Klebsiella pneumoniae was the causative organism, extended-spectrum ${\beta}-lactamase$ (ESBL)-producing organisms were more frequent in the recurrent UTI group (17.6%) than in the first UTI group (14.0%); however, this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.684). Cefotaxime was the most frequently used first-line empirical antibiotic in both groups. In the first UTI and recurrent UTI groups, 7.4% and 15.0% of patients were treated with intravenous antibiotics as definitive therapy, respectively (P = 0.250). Fifteen out of 17 patients having a second UTI had different causative organisms or antibiotic susceptibility patterns compared to their previous episode. Conclusions: Escherichia coli was the most frequent causative organism in the recurrent UTI group. There were no differences in the proportion of ESBL-producing organisms between the first UTI and recurrent UTI groups. Therefore, when a UTI recurs in children, the antibiotics effective on the most common causative organism might be administered as empirical antibiotics.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.5-9
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• 2011

Sleep-related eating disorder (SRED) is a newly recognized parasomnia that describes a clinical condition of compulsive eating under an altered level of consciousness during sleep. Recently, it is increasingly recognized in clinical practice. The exact etiology of SRED is unclear, but it is assumed that SRED might share features of both sleepwalking and eating disorder. There have been also accumulating reports of SRED related to the administration of various psychotropic drugs, such as zolpidem, triazolam, olanzapine, and combinations of psychotropics. Especially, zolpidem in patients with underlying sleep disorders that cause frequent arousals, may cause or augment sleep related eating behavior. A thorough sleep history is essential to recognition and diagnosis of SRED. The timing, frequency, and description of food ingested during eating episodes should be elicited, and a history of concurrent psychiatric, medical, sleep disorders must also be sought and evaluated. Interestingly, dopaminergic agents as monotherapy were effective in some trials. Success with combinations of dopaminergic and opioid drugs, with the addition of sedatives, has also been reported in some case reports.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.45.1-45.15
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• 2022

Asthma is a chronic airway inflammatory disease characterized by reversible airway obstruction and airway hyperreactivity to various environmental stimuli, leading to recurrent cough, dyspnea, and wheezing episodes. Regarding inflammatory mechanisms, type 2/eosinophilic inflammation along with activated mast cells is the major one; however, diverse mechanisms, including structural cells-derived and non-type 2/neutrophilic inflammations are involved, presenting heterogenous phenotypes. Although most asthmatic patients could be properly controlled by the guided treatment, patients with severe asthma (SA; classified as a treatment-refractory group) suffer from uncontrolled symptoms with frequent asthma exacerbations even on regular anti-inflammatory medications, raising needs for additional controllers, including biologics that target specific molecules found in asthmatic airway, and achieving the precision medicine for asthma. This review summarizes the immunologic basis of airway inflammatory mechanisms and current biologics for SA in order to address unmet needs for future targets.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.353-363
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• 2000

본 연구에서는 4개 소집단의 학생간 토론 양상을 조사하였다. 소집단 토론 과정에서 나타나는 언어적 상호작용을 녹음 및 녹화한 후, 기록 원고를 작성하고, 분석하였다. 개별 진술, 상호작용 단위, 에피소드 수준의 분류들을 개발하였다. 개별 진술 분석에서 학생들의 이전 성취도와 지식 구성 과정 기여도 사이에는 뚜렷한 관계가 없었다. 상호작용 단위 분석에서는 부분 참여형 상호작용과 대칭적 상호작용이 상대적으로 많이 발견되어 학생간의 상호작용이 부분적이고 피상적인 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 에피소드 분석에서는 제시된 의견의 수용이나 부분적인 정교화 유형이 가장 흔히 나타났고, 변증법적인 대화는 드물었다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.446-450
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• 2006

Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome은 혈중 이산화탄소 증가와 저산소에 대한 자율 신경계와 호흡 조절 기능의 선천성 결함으로 호흡의 저환기가 주로 수면시에 발생하는 질환이다. 이는 신경 이주장애 질환(neurocristopathy)에 속한다고 알려져 있으며 선천성 거대결장 등의 질환과 잘 동반된다. 아직까지 확실한 완치법은 없는 상태이고 환아들은 평생을 환기 보조에 의존하여 생존해야 하며 적절한 환기 보조를 통해서 생존 기간을 연장할 수 있다. 저자들은 출생시부터 반복되는 수면시의 무호흡과 청색증이 있는 환아에서 congenital central hypoventilation 및 선천성 거대 결장이 동반된 1례를 경험하였기에 보고하는 바이다.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.53-59
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• 2012

Objectives : Autobiographical memory (ABM) is a special type of episodic memory, containing events that have occurred in a personal life. Overgeneral tendency of ABM refers to the retrieval of memory with only general and categorical descriptions rather than specific events. ABM specificity in depression and posttraumatic stress disorder is a robust finding with relation to cognitive vulnerability, affect regulation, problem-solving ability. It is also implicated in bipolar disorder with frequent relapses. In this study, we investigated whether ABM specificity was related to manic or euthymic mood states in patients with bipolar disorder. Methods : Forty bipolar patients with manic and euthymic episodes and 25 healthy controls participated in this study. Prompted by 5 positively and 5 negatively valenced emotional cue words, each participant was instructed to recall positive or negative memories and describe them in detail. The One-way ANOVA was used to compare ABM scores and post-hoc analyses were done. Results : Comapred to the healthy persons, the bipolar patients reported significantly more general than specific negative memories in both manic and euthymic episodes (p = 0.003). However, there was no significant difference between manic and euthymic patients (p = 0.074). Conclusions : These results suggest that overgeneral tendency of negative ABM may be a trait abnormality in bipolar disorder. Moreover, this phenomenon might be related to underlying cognitive deficits or affect regulation irrespective of the mood state.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.1-4
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• 2003

Cyclosporine (CsA) has become well established as a potent immunosuppressive agent in the renal transplantation. However, therapy is complicated by large intraindividual and interindividual variability in pharmacokinetics of CsA and frequent undesirable clinical outcomes such as graft rejection and nephrotoxicity. The objective of this study was to determine the CsA trough blood concentrations that were associated with acute graft rejection and renal toxicity in renal transplant patients. Also, the ability of the current recommendation of therapeutic range for CsA to prevent graft rejections and CsA-associated renal toxicity was assessed. The clinical courses of the patients on CsA as an immusuppressive agent for preventing the graft rejection with renal ransplantation performed at Seoul National University Hospital from January 1995 to September 1998 were retrospectively reviewed. Total of 78 patients were included and three of them were retransplantation cases. Twenty-two acute episodes of rejection were identified, but only 16 episodes were clinically significant. Of these all the episodes occurred during the first month after transplantation except one. Mean daily doses of CsA were $427.2\pm72.1,\;352.6\pm56.8,\;308.62\pm48.3\;and\;268.47.1\;mg$ at posttransplant 1, 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. Mean CsA whole blood though levels were $259.8\pm36.2,\;238.5\pm39,\;200.8\pm45.8\;and\;161.9\pm25.8\;ng/ml$ at posttransplant 1, 3, 6 and 12 months, respectively. Mean daily doses/weight were $7.9\pm1,\;6.4\pm1,\;5.3\pm0.7\;and\;4.6\pm0.7\;mg/kg$ at posttransplant 1, 3, 6 and 12 months, respectively. CsA doses decreased significantly as months progressed (p<0.001). During the first month after transplantation, only $12.5\%$ of the patients in rejection group had CsA concentration in therapeutic range, and 87.5, 93.8, and $100\%$ were within the therapeutic range at posttransplant 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. These results suggested that CsA concentrations of $250\sim300\;ng/ml$ might be appropriate for preventing the acute rejection during the first posttransplant month.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.327-341
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• 2018

Extreme temperatures and precipitations are expected to be more frequently occurring due to the ongoing global warming over the Korean Peninsula. However, few studies have analyzed the synoptic weather patterns associated with extreme events in a warming world. Here, the atmospheric patterns related to future extreme events are first analyzed using the HadGEM3-RA regional climate model. Simulations showed that the variability of temperature and precipitation will increase in the future (2051-2100) compared to the present (1981-2005), accompanying the more frequent occurrence of extreme events. Warm advection from East China and lower latitudes, a stagnant anticyclone, and local foehn wind are responsible for the extreme temperature (daily T>$38^{\circ}C$) episodes in Korea. The extreme precipitation cases (>$500mm\;day^{-1}$) were mainly caused by mid-latitude cyclones approaching the Korean Peninsula, along with the enhanced Changma front by supplying water vapor into the East China Sea. These future synoptic-scale features are similar to those of present extreme events. Therefore, our results suggest that, in order to accurately understand future extreme events, we should consider not only the effects of anthropogenic greenhouse gases or aerosol increases, but also small-scale topographic conditions and the internal variations of climate systems.