• Speech Sciences
• /
• v.6
• /
• pp.83-101
• /
• 1999

The aim of this study is to provide a learning method of prosodic rhythm for Taegu North Kyungsang Korean speakers to learn French rhythm more effectively. The rhythmic properties of spoken French and Taegu North Kyungsang Korean dialect are different from each other. Therefore, we try to provide a basic rhythmic model of the two languages by dividing into three parts: syllable, rhythmic unit and accent, and intonation. To do so, we recorded French of Taegu Kyungsang Korean speakers, and then analysed and compared the rhythmic properties of Korean and French by spectrograph. We tried to find rhythmic mistakes in their French pronunciation, and then established a learning model to modify them. After training with the CSL Macro learning model, we observed the output result. However, although learners understand the method we have proposed, an effective method which is possible by repeating practice must be arranged to be actually used in direct verbal communications in a well-developed learning programme. Hence, this study may play an important role at the level of preparation in the setting of an effective rhythmic learning programme.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
• /
• v.27
• /
• pp.7-29
• /
• 2012

This study was aimed to analyze - focusing on the thesis of Younes - the pronunciation error occuring mostly for Arabian speakers to learn French pronunciation for Arabians and to suggest the effective study plan to improve such errors and provide the effective studying method. The first part is on how the Arabic and French pronunciation system are distinguished, especially by comparing and analyzing the system of graphemes and phonemes, with which we focused on the fact that Arabian is a language centralized on consonants, while French is a verb-centered language. In the second part, we mainly discussed the cause and the types of errors occurring when Arabic speakers study French pronunciation. As of the category of mistakes, we separated them into consonants and verbs. We assumed the possible method which can be used in learning, focusing on /b/, /v/, /p/, /b/ - in case of non-verbs and consonants - and /y/, /ø/, - in case of verbs - which don't exist in Arabic pronunciation system. One of the troubles the professors in Arabian culture have in teaching French to native learners is how to solve the problem on a phonetic basis regarding speaking and reading ability, which belong to verbal skill, among the critical factors of foreign language education, which are listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills. In fact, the problems occuring in learning foreign language are had by not only Arabian learners but also general groups of people who learn the foreign language, the pronunciation system of which is distinctly distinguished from their mother tongue. The important fact professors should recognize regarding study of pronunciation is that they should encourage the learners to reach the acceptable level in proper communication rather than push them to have the same ability as the native speakers, Even though it cannot be said that the methods suggested in this study have absolute influence in reducing errors when learning French pronunciation system, I hope it can be at least a small help.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
• /
• v.21 no.5
• /
• pp.683-690
• /
• 2011

This study was carried out to determine the best mixing ratio of French dressing containing onion juice which was added at with different levels (12, 24, 36, and 48%). The mixing methods of ingredients were evaluated through sensory evaluation and viscosity and color of were measured. Instead of soy bean oil, we also studied various oils(corn oil, grape seed oil, canola oil, and olive oil) for the purpose of determining functional French dressing. The results were as follows; The results of the sensory evaluation showed that the French dressing with 36% added with 36% onion juice was the preferred most in appearance, flavor, and overall preference. Correlation coefficients between overall preference and sensory characteristics of onion added French dressing were higher in the order of taste (r=0.64), flavor (r=0.54), texture (r=0.48), appearance (r=0.41). The quality of French dressing varied greatly depending on the mixing methods of ingredients. The best method for making dressing was mixing 5 mL of oil with the other ingredients at 5 seconds intervals. The results of the sensory evaluation on French dressings with added onion juice containing soybean oil, corn oil, grape seed oil, canola oil, and olive oil, indicated that soybean oil was the most preferable. The appearance and taste of French dressing containing soybean oil were significantly the highest with regard to preference.

• Korean Journal of Child Education & Care
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.51-73
• /
• 2017

This study has analyzed the characteristics of the French method of childrearing which is drawing attention recently based on the psychoanalytic theory of François Dolto, the so-called French people's godmother, the child psychoanalyst. Dolto is a psychoanalyst who represents France and is the unique character who was loved by the public and established unique frame of child psychoanalytic analysis by combining psychoanalysis and pediatrics. She cherished communication through conversation with infants and toddlers and has perceived even the babies who can not speak yet as a lingual being who understands words. This study has selected domestically published books on French method of childrearing and documentary broadcasting program which dealt with childrearing, classified the common theme and deducted four core words, which are temperance, perseverance, waiting, autonomy and rule, authority and respect and independence and self-reliance. These core themes have been explained based on Dolto's theory of communication, infans, castration, subject and others and desire etc. Also, a new direction has been proposed for the child education in households and childrearing by Korean parents through French method of childrearing.

• International Journal of Railway
• /
• v.2 no.3
• /
• pp.99-106
• /
• 2009

Checks and tests before putting safety facilities into service as well as the results of these tests are essential, time consuming and may show great variations between each other. Economic constraints and the increasing complexity associated with the development of computerized tools tend to limit the capacity of the classic approval process (manual or automatic). A reduction of the validation cover rate could result in practice. This is not compatible with the French national plan to renew the interlocking systems of the national network. The method and the tool presented in this paper makes it possible to formally validate new computerized systems or evolutions of existing French interlocking systems with real-time functional interpreted Petri nets. The aim of our project is to provide SNCF with a method for the formal validation of French interlocking systems. A formal proof method by assertion, which is applicable to industrial automation equipment such as interlocking systems, and which covers equally the specification and its real software implementation, is presented in this paper. With the proposed method we completely verify that the system follows all safety properties at all times and does not show superfluous conditions: it replaces all the indoor checks (not the outdoor checks). The advantages expected are a significant reduction of testing time and of the related costs, an increase of the test coverage rate, an answer to the new demand of railway infrastructure maintenance engineering to modify and validate computerized interlocking systems. Formal methods mastery by infrastructure engineers are surely a key to prove that more safety is not necessarily more expensive.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.31-39
• /
• 2018

This paper aims to present a taxonomy of non-standard words (NSW) for developing a French text normalization system and to propose a method for evaluating this system based on a corpus. The proposed taxonomy of French NSWs consists of 13 categories, including 2 types of letter-based categories and 9 types of number-based categories. In order to evaluate the text normalization system, a representative test set including NSWs from various text domains, such as news, literature, non-fiction, social-networking services (SNSs), and transcriptions, is constructed, and an evaluation equation is proposed reflecting the distribution of the NSW categories of the target domain to which the system is applied. The error rate of the test set is 1.64%, while the error rate of the whole corpus is 2.08%, reflecting the NSW distribution in the corpus. The results show that the literature and SNS domains are assessed as having higher error rates compared to the test set.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
• /
• v.7 no.4
• /
• pp.1132-1140
• /
• 2000

The purpose of this paper was to present the method of progress efficiency of morphosyntaxical analyzer for French information processing in the view of multilingual information processing. This study indicated that he method prohibit the additional useless word type by decomposing word type by decomposing works which were created by morphological amalgamation. Findings also suggested the need of preprocessing in order to decrease the overload of morphosyntaxical analysis algorithm. In addition, general rules were proposed to divide word form and to decompose complex sentence.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.43 no.3
• /
• pp.410-419
• /
• 1996

Background : Spontaneous pneumothorax have been managed with a variety of methods. The technique most frequently used is chest tube drainage. Small caliber catheters were first used in the management of pneumothorax complicating the percutaneous needle aspiration lung biopsy, and the try to treat spontaneous pneumothorax also has been reported. However, the value of small caliber catheters in spontaneous pneumothorax has not been fully evaluated. So, we tried to elucidate the efficacy of 8 French catheter in the management of spontaneous pneumothorax. Method : From January, 1990, to April, 1994, 44 patients with spontaneous pneumothorax treated at Chung-Ang university hospital were reviewed. The patients were sub-divide into 8 French catheter insertion group (n=21) and chest tube insertion group (n=23). We compared the presence of underlying lung disease, the extent of the collapse, the duration of indwelling catheter and complication between two groups. Results : 1) The duration of indwelling showed no significant difference between 8 French catheter group and chest tube. But, complication after insertion as subcutaneous emphysema was developed in only chest tube group. (p<0.05) 2) In the primary spontaneous pneumothorax, all case of the pneumothorax of which size was less than 50% showed complete healing with 8 French catheter insertion. Whereas the success rate in patients with large pneumothorax (more than 50%) was tended to be dependent on the age. 3) In the patients with secondary spontaneous pneumothorax who were managed with 8 French catheter, the success rate was trended to be high if the underlying disease of pneumothorax was not COPD and if the patient was young. Conclusion : These results show that 8 French catheter insertion probably was effective in the pneumothorax less than 50%, the primary spontaneous pneumothorax, young age or secondary pneumothorax not associated with COPD.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
• /
• v.49 no.4
• /
• pp.585-600
• /
• 2014

The purpose of this study is to consider the influence of the French Royal Academy of Science on the European mapping of China in the eighteenth century. For this, the historical background of French Jesuits mission of mathematicians sent to China by Louis XIV in 1685 was examined. It was found that making astronomical observations for the determination of Chinese geographic coordinates was one important reason of the French Jesuit mission. Secondly, Cassini instructed the longitude determination method to the missionaries and they reported their survey results to the Academy as correspondence member. Thirdly, the cartographic materials they accumulated in the first state were not sufficient to change the map of China. But after 1700, the map of China was broken with the Ptolemaic tradition and the longitude of Peking was moved westward about $20^{\circ}$. This reduced the width of China. Fourthly, the French Jesuit contributed to the making of Huangyu quanlan tu. The manuscipt was sent to France and it was published in d'Anvill's atlas. And his map was used as a standard map of China for more than 100 years.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.40 no.1
• /
• pp.115-117
• /
• 2008

Liposomes are artificial membranes prepared by phospholipid. In this study, liposomes were prepared by dehydration-rehydration method, and then nano-sized by sonication and pressure. The sizes of the prepared multilamellar vesicles (MLV) were greater than 10 μm. Sonication with a tip-type sonifier or pressurization with a French press on MLV were carried out to reduce size. Sonication with an output of 112.5 W for 10 min on MLV resulted in sizes less than 450 nm. French press with 6,000 psi of pressure was able to manufacture liposomes of approximately 100 nm uniformly. Also, the sonication or pressure clarified the color of the liposome solutions. The results indicate that sonication and pressure via French press can be applied to obtain nano-sized liposomes.