• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.187-210
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• 2009

Space law(or outer space law) and the law of the sea are branches of international law dealing with activities in geographical ares which do not or do only in part come under national sovereignty. Legal rules pertaining to the outer space and sea began to develop once activities emerged in those areas: amongst others, activities dealing with transportation, research, exploration, defense and exploitation. Naturally the law of the sea developed first, followed, early in the twentieth century, by air law, and later in the century by space law. Obviously the law of the sea, of the air and of outer space influence each other. Ideas have been borrowed from one field and applied to another. This article examines some analogies and differences between the outer space law and the law of the sea, especially from the perspective of the legal status, the exploration and exploitation of the natural resources and environment. As far as the comparisons of the legal status between the outer space and high seas are concerned the two areas are res extra commercium. The latter is res extra commercium based on both the customary international law and treaty, however, the former is different respectively according to the customary law and treaty. Under international customary law, whilst outer space constitutes res extra commercium, celestial bodies are res nullius. However as among contracting States of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, both outer space and celestial bodies are declared res extra commercium. As for the comparisons of the exploration and exploitation of natural resources between the Moon including other celestial bodies in 1979 Moon Agreement and the deep sea bed in the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the both areas are the common heritage of mankind. The latter gives us very systematic models such as International Sea-bed Authority, however, the international regime for the former will be established as the exploitation of the natural resources of the celestial bodies other than the Earth is about to become feasible. Thus Moon Agreement could not impose a moratorium, but would merely permit orderly attempts to establish that such exploitation was in fact feasible and practicable, by allowing experimental beginnings and thereafter pilot operations. As Professor Carl Christol said until the parties of the Moon Agreement were able to put into operation the legal regime for the equitable sharing of benefits, they would remain free to disregard the Common Heritage of Mankind principle. Parties to one or both of the agreements would retain jurisdiction over national space activities. In so far as the comparisons of the protection of the environment between the outer space and sea is concerned the legal instruments for the latter are more systematically developed than the former. In the case of the former there are growing tendencies of concerning the environmental threats arising from space activities these days. There is no separate legal instrument to deal with those problems.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.41-50
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• 2004

This research proposes the on-stage costumes for the play Hamlet of Shakespeare performed by Yunheedan Guhri Pae - the Street Theater Troupe. Stage costumes have an important role in displaying the characteristics of each characters to the audience and has big visual effects. However, in order to design the costumes in the object viewpoints of the audience, the survey on the images of the characters who had actually watched the performance was taken place and proposed the costume design according to the results of the survey. Hamlet a: This result was applied to propose a sweater in black color, black leather pants and vest. Hamlet b: This result was applied to propose hooded coat in purple in middle level of brightness and color spectrum and yellow coat. For free image, loose pants in blue and vest in the same color tone were proposed. Gertrude a: This result was applied to use purple (violet) with reddish tone to propose the formation of a dress applying tailored suit. Gertrude b: This result was applied to propose purple gown and the one-piece dress with black laces. Ophelia a: This result was applied to propose feminine white dress and cape in purple color tone. Ophelia b: This result was applied to propose dyed and weaved clothes. Through the surveys as above, the images of each character was driven in adjectives, and using the results driven from the brightness, coloration, and color, color images were proposed. Only one costume cannot make up for the stage costumes and because it exists as an element of stage production, it is true that costumes are limited in some areas. However, that limit can become the motive of the costume. There is a limit, which the designer cannot produce the costumes as he or she had designed but I believe it is the center of the on-stage customers to display the characteristics of the characters according to the given concept. The limit of this research is the fact that because the costumes were designed so they fit the conditions already given, thus it was difficult to regard the process of designing and producing the costume as a project done according to the interaction. And in the future, if it is possible, I wish for the joint research with the people responsible for stage art to take place as a practical stage art. It was possible to produce practical costume since they were produced for actual performance and the production of costumes considering the dance steps, line of flow, and acting, was able to reduce the trial and error on stage. Through this research, I felt that the understanding and smooth interaction on diverse other areas not limited to the costume design should be taken place and believe that this was a research that proposes new research method since there had been only a few previous research regarding the on-stage costumes for actual performances. Therefore, this research had depended on the surveys given to the audiences to endow objectivity, however, I wish this research can contribute to defining effective process and methods for the on-stage costumes with more active researches with diverse methods and in diverse areas. I am sorry that the costume production for all the characters and all the scenes in Hamlet couldn't be done due to many limitations. As the following research assignment, I am planning on designing the costumes for all the scenes.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.77-91
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• 2015

This study aims to suggest adequate soil management through the analysis of physicochemical properties of soil in the planting grounds of Incheon International Airport, which was constructed on a massive land reclamation site. Study areas were 5 sites at the international business complex, the passenger terminal, the airport support complex, the free trade zone, and the access road. Soil profile analysis showed that 9 plots out of the 27 plots were hardpan and heterospere within 80cm from the soil surface. The earth laid on the ground was categorized as gravel based soil(4 plots), dredged soil from the sea bottom and mixed reclamation materials(2 plots), clay with poor permeability(3 plots) and waste construction material(1 plot). Average soil hardness was $11.5kg/cm^2$ and soil textures were sandy soil, sandy loam and loamy sand. Average soil pH was 6.7 and average organic matter content was 0.7%. Electrical conductivity was 0.0dS/m and exchangeable cation concentrations were $Ca^{2+}$ 3.4cmol/kg, $Mg^{2+}$ 1.5cmol/kg, $K^+$ 0.3cmol/kg and $Na^+$ 1.0cmol/kg. Average cation exchange capacity was 11.0cmol/kg. Although average figures in Solum mostly meet the landscape design criteria, properties of each soil layer showed various values sometimes over the limit. Base saturations were $Ca^{2+}$ 29.9%, $Mg^{2+}$ 13.3% and $K^+$ 3.7% for lower soil, $Ca^{2+}$ 33.3%, $Mg^{2+}$ 17.0% and $K^+$ 2.7% for mid-soil and $Ca^{2+}$ 32.6%, $Mg^{2+}$ 12.2% and $K^+$ 1.9% for upper soil. Exchangeable sodium percentages were 16.4% for lower soil, 7.5% for mid-soil and 4.7% upper soil. Sodium adsorption rates were 0.8 for lower soil, 0.3 for mid-soil and 0.2 for upper soil. Factors affecting to the vegetation growth were heterogeneity and poorness of solum, disturbance of dredged soils, high soil hardness including hardpan in the subsurface soil layer and shallow effective soil depth, high soil acidity, imbalance of base contents, low organic matter content and low available phosphate levels in the soil.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.231-240
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• 2015

In this study, a total of 16 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) producing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from fermented foods. Among those strains, the S48 and P1201 strains were capable of producing higher CLA contents than other LABs. The two strains were classified as Lactobacillus plantarum based on morphological, physiological, chemotaxonomic, and molecular-genetic properties. The survival rates of these strain appeared to be 59.57% and 62.22% under artificial gastric conditions after 4 h at pH 2.5, respectively. These strains produced the cis-9, trans-11, and trans-10, cis-12 CLA isomers from 8% skim milk medium supplemented with the different free LA concentration at $37^{\circ}C$ for 48 h and the production of two CLA isomers constantly increased in the growth until 48 h of incubation. After 48 h of fermentation, the levels of CLA appeared highest in steamed soy-powder milk than fresh and roasted soy-powder milks. In particular, the CLA contents were produced $183.57{\mu}g/ml$ and $198.72{\mu}g/ml$ from steamed soy-powder milk after fermentation (48 h) with S48 and P1201 strains, respectively.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.157-163
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• 2000

In a previous report, 50 potato cultivars were screened for infestation levels by the coppery click beetle (Selatosomus puncticollis Motschulsky) in the field. Subsequently, we selected 10 potato cultivars (Anco, Atlantic, Bintje, Dejima, Denali, Jopung, Irish Cobbler, Namsuh, Shepody, and Superior) to evaluate feeding preferences by wireworms, and to analyze some factors associated with resistance. The injury rates and number of holes in potato tubers damaged by larvae of S. puncticollis were checked in the field and laboratory. Additionally, some of their chemical characters (contents of glycoalkaloids, total-nitrogen, Ca, K, Mg, sugars, and starch) were quantified. And finally correlation analysis was conducted to see whether there is a possible relationship between these characteristics and the damage level. The tuber injury rates by S. puncticollis larvae were generally high showing 19% to 73% of damage level. The highest number of tuber hole damaged by S. puncticollis larvae was found on cv. Namsuh, but generally fewer on cvs. Anco, Atlantic, Bintje, Denali and Superior. No activities for $\alpha$-chaconine, $\alpha$-solanine and $\alpha$-tomatine at a concentration of 2,500 ppm were found to S. puncticollis larvae. The contents of glycoalkaloids in tuber were different depending on cultivars. In tubers, cv. Superior contained the highest level of 18.8 mg%, but cv. Irish Cobbler had the lowest level of 6.39 mg%. Concentrations of reducing sugars and total free sugars in tubers of cv. Namsuh were 0.71 % and 2.95%, but 0.26% and 1.77% in those of cv. Dejima, respectively. For the content of potato starch, cvs. Bintje, Dejima and Irish Cobbler showed higher level, but cvs. Jopung and Shepody lower. The highest contents of total nitrogen, Ca, K and Mg in tuber were found on cvs. Anco, Atlantic, Anco and Jopung, respectively. From correlation analyses, injury rate by S. puncticollis larvae was correlated with total nitrogen content (r = -0.71435*) and total sugar content in tuber (r = 0.78018*). Such information will become essential in developing integrated pest management programs and also in breeding new potato cultivars resistant to the wireworms.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.5469-5475
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• 2012

Background and Objectives: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a complex genetic disease involving many fusion oncogenes (FO) having prognostic significance. The frequency of various FO can vary in different ethnic groups, with important implications for prognosis, drug selection and treatment outcome. Method: We studied fusion oncogenes in 101 pediatric ALL patients using interphase FISH and RT-PCR, and their associations with clinical features and treatment outcome. Results: Five most common fusion genes i.e. BCR-ABL t (22; 9), TCF3-PBX1 (t 1; 19), ETV6-RUNX1 (t 12; 21), MLL-AF4 (t 4; 11) and SIL-TAL1 (del 1p32) were found in 89/101 (88.1%) patients. Frequency of BCR-ABL was 44.5% (45/101). BCR-ABL positive patients had a significantly lower survival ($43.7{\pm}4.24$ weeks) and higher white cell count as compared to others, except patients with MLL-AF4. The highest relapse-free survival was documented with ETV6-RUNX1 (14.2 months) followed closely by those cases in which no gene was detected (13.100). RFS with BCR-ABL, MLL-AF4, TCF3-PBX1 and SIL-TAL1 was less than 10 months (8.0, 3.6, 5.5 and 8.1 months, respectively). Conclusions: This is the first study from Pakistan correlating molecular markers with disease biology and treatment outcome in pediatric ALL. It revealed the highest reported frequency of BCR-ABL FO in pediatric ALL, associated with poor overall survival. Our data indicate an immediate need for incorporation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the treatment of BCR-ABL+ pediatric ALL in this population and the development of facilities for stem cell transplantation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.85-92
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• 2005

The performance of a novel fermentation process, adopting a sludge blanket type configuration for higher hydrolysis/acidogenesis of the municipal primary sludge, was investigated under batch and semi-continuous conditions with various pH and temperature conditions. This acid elutriation slurry reactor provided higher system performance with a short HRT (5 days) and higher acidogenic effluent quality under pH 9 and thermophilic ($55^{\circ}C$) conditions. The hydrolysis of the sludge was revealed to be significantly dependent on seasonal effects for sludge characteristics but with little impact on acidogenesis. Based on the rainy season at the optimum conditions, VFA production and recovery fraction ($VFA_{COD}/COD$) were $0.18\;g\;VFA_{COD}\;g^{-1}\;VSS_{COD}$ and 63%. As byproducts, nitrogen and phosphorus releasing were $0.006\;g\;N\;g^{-1}\;VSS_{COD}$ and $0.003\;g\;P\;g^{-1}\;VSS_{COD}$, respectively. For the mass balance in a full-scale plant($Q=158,880\;m^3\;day^{-1}$) based on the rainy season, the VFA and non-VFA(as COD) production were $3,110\;kg\;VFA_{COD}\;day^{-1}$ and $1,800\;kg\;COD\;day^{-1}$, resulting in an increase of organics of $31\;mg\;COD\;L^{-1}$ and $20\;mg\;VFA_{COD}\;L^{-1}$ and nutrients of $0.7\;mg\;N\;L^{-1}$ and $0.3\;mg\;P\;L^{-1}$ in the influent sewage. The economical benefit from this process application was estimated to be about $67 per $1,000m^3$ of sewage except for energy requirements and also, better benefits can be expected during the dry season. Also, the results revealed that the process has various additional advantages such as pathogen-free stabilized solids production, excellent solids control and economical benefits.