• Knowledge Management Research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.127-145
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• 2014

This study aims to examine the effects of message framing of restaurant menus on customers' perceptions (trust and immersion) and their willingness to pay a premium price. The contents of messages focused on a hypothetical restaurant's cause-marketing activity. Four types of message framing were created: The first two types were varied by the presence and absence of the information about the current cause-marketing outcome, and the second two types were varied by positive and negative framing. The results showed that respondents in general had trust in cause-marketing messages and immersion of cause-marketing message by negative framing lead to positive influence of willingness to pay. Furthermore it had a significant effect on willingness to pay depending on cause-marketing message type and negative message framed messages showed an intention to willingness to pay a premium price. This study compared the difference in messages by type as an extension of the studies of cause-marketing messages in the past. The results of this study will be used for establishing effective marketing strategies for today's foodservice companies and serve as objective data for setting differentiated prices under the circumstance where the importance of companies' social responsibilities is growing.

• Architectural research
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.17-26
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• 2006

This paper attempts to identify the term "tectonics" comprehensively by collecting and categorizing existing definitions of tectonics within the architectural area rather than to stress the concept of tectonics of each specific theorist. Although no consensus of opinion on the concept of tectonics exists, architectural tectonics was closely related to the following terms in three categories: 1. $techn\acute{e}$, technique, and technology; 2. construction and structure; and 3. stereotomics. Based on its etymology, system, and material construct, the notion of tectonics common in these three categories signifies "the art of framing construction," in which linear elements are connected with joints and clad or infilled with lightweight material. Thus, the art of framing construction, as a common concept of tectonics, reveals the following characteristics: First, tectonics is based on framing construction in contrast to piling-up construction as the etymology of tectonics signifies the art of carpentry. Then, the term tectonics, dealing as it does with a higher level of construction rather than the mechanical level of structure, incorporates the poetic aspect of techne as well as the rational aspect of technology. Third, Owing to the organic, double system of tectonic frame and incrusting or infilling materials, the tectonic body becomes both the ornament and the structure simultaneously. As the art of framing construction is based on material construction rather than structural or ornamental form, this paper proposes that one can view tectonics as a term that conveys the meaning of the actual material effect on space.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.63-74
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• 2023

This study compared news coverage of national and international disasters, Hurricane Katrina and the Haiti Earthquake, using textual analysis of The New York Times and The Washington Post. The results reveal that media framing of the historical cases developed in three stages upon the development of post-disaster relief: (1) Call for humanitarian assistance; (2) New Orleans under anarchy and hopelessness vs. Haiti under scrutiny with hope; and (3) Katrina effects. By framing the outcomes of the hurricane as the "Katrina effect," the media used the disaster as a reference point to explain other economic and political issues. In addition, analysis of relevant statements and press releases confirmed that different social actors involved in the relief process, such as donors, facilitators, and beneficiaries, contributed to the media framing of the issue, although the facilitators were most successful in transferring their own frames to media frames. This study makes important contributions to the field as it looks beyond traditional relationships between quantitative measures of media attention and aid allocation. For governmental and nongovernmental organizations in the area of humanitarian assistance, the findings of this study will assist them in media-relations in the future.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.53-81
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• 2012

Constructing attractive bundle offers depends on more than an understanding of the distribution of consumer preferences. Consumers are also sensitive to the framing of price information in a bundle offer. In classical economic theory, consumers' utility should not change as long as the total price paid stays same. However, even when total prices are identical, consumers' preferences toward a bundle product could be different depending on the format of price presentation and the locus of price discount. A weighted additive model predicts that the impact of a price discount on the overall evaluation of the bundle will be greater when the discount is assigned to the more important product in the bundle(Yadav 1995). Meanwhile, a reference dependent model asserts that it is better to assign a price discount to a tie-in component that has a negative valuation at its current offer price than to a focal product that has a positive valuation at its current offer price(Janiszewski and Cunha 2004). This paper has expanded previous research regarding price discount presentation format, investigating the reasons for mixed results of prior research and presenting new mechanisms for price discount framing effect. Prior research has hypothesized that bundling is used to sell a tie-in component with an offer price above the consumer's reference price plus a focal product of the same offer price with reference price(e.g., Janiszewski and Cunha 2004). However, this study suggests that bundling strategy can be used for increasing product's attractiveness through the synergy between components even when offer prices of bundle components are the same with reference prices. In this context, this study employed various realistic bundle sets with same price between offer price and reference price in the experiment. Hamilton and Srivastava(2008) demonstrated that when evaluating different partitions of the same total price, consumers prefer partitions in which the price of the high-benefit component is higher. This study determined that their mechanism can be applied to price discount presentation formats. This study hypothesized that price discount framing effect depends not on the negative perception of tie-in component with offer price above reference price but rather on the consumers' perceived consumption benefit in bundle product. This research also hypothesized that preference for low-benefit discount mechanism is that perceived consumption benefit reduces price sensitivity. Furthermore, this study investigated how consumers' concern for quality in a price discount--a factor not considered in previous research--influences price discount framing. Yadav(1995)'s experiment used only one magazine bundle of relatively low quality uncertainty and could not show the influence of perceived uncertainty of quality. This study assumed that as perceived uncertainty of quality increases, the price sensitivity mechanism for assigning the discount to low-benefit will increase. Further, this research investigated the moderating effect of uncertainty of quality in price discount framing. The results of the experiment showed that when evaluating different partitions of the same total price and the same amount of discounts, the partition that discounts in the price of low benefit component is preferred to the partition that decreases the price of high benefit component. This implies that price discount framing effect depends on the perceived consumption benefit. The results also demonstrated that consumers are more price sensitive to low benefit component and less price sensitive to high benefit component. Furthermore, the results showed that the influence of price discount presentation format on the evaluation of bundle product varies with the perceived uncertainty of quality in high consumption benefit. As perceived uncertainty of quality gradually increases, the preference for discounts in the price of low consumption benefit decreases. Besides, the results demonstrate that as perceived uncertainty of quality gradually increases, the effect of price sensitivity in consumption benefit also increases. This paper integrated prior research by using a new mechanism of perceived consumption benefit and moderating effect of perceived quality uncertainty, thus providing a clearer explanation for price discount framing effect.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.46
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• pp.75-107
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• 2009

Nevertheless reported the same events, news audience have diverse sense of sights and opinions about the events because of the different news frames. This notion was repeatedly evi nnced by several framing studies. This pa wa tried to analyse an interacting relationship between viewer’s level of elaboration likelihood and the effects of the news frames. This pa wa sfrrted with a discussion about the framing effects, then compared them with Elaboration Likelihood Ms notraming effely. And this study conducted an ex waiment selecting indivi ual dispngitions (involvement and cognitive complexity) and message characteristics(number of cues and arguments) as intermediating variables on the message framing effects. This study found out that, the more involvement about the issues the viewers had, the more their thoughts coincided with the issue's frame. On the other hand, when the viewers had low involvement about the issues and cognitive complexity, the framing effects were not found because they processed the messages through the peripheral route. Although the viewers' cognitive complexity was a factor in choosing the central route, but it was not directly connected to the framing effect. Both the number of cues and argument diversity in the messages had positive relationships with the framing effects.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.173-201
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• 2013

This study aimed to investigate the differential effects of individual's cultural disposition (individualism-collectivism or horizontal-vertical thinking) and need for cognitive closure(NFC) on framing effects. For this purpose, the participants were divided into 4 different cultural disposition groups based on Singelis et al.'s[1] INDCOL scale, and 2 different NFC groups based on Lee's[2] NFC Scale, and then asked to respond on 5 decision making scenarios. The results can be summarized as followings. First, participants preferred risk-avoidant option in gain frame, whereas risk-seeking option in loss frame. Second, there are no difference of cultural disposition on framing effects, but high NFC group showed larger framing effects than low NFC group in loss frame. Third, collectivism and vertical thinking in high NFC condition showed larger framing effects than low NFC condition.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.147-162
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• 2010

This study investigates how framing and the interaction with involvement influences responses toward a help campaign. There could be two possible predictions about the results of framing. One is that, because helping is a risk avoidance behaviors, the positive framing would dominant or the other is that, because helping is mainly mediated by negative emotions such as sadness or guilty, the negative framing would be preferred. The present research was to solve the conflicting predictions and was conducted with a experimental design. The participants were exposed to a campaign emphasizing either positive aspects of the help or negative contexts which would be maintained without any help. The results were that the main effect of framing was not existent, but the significant interaction with involvement on responses was found. The interaction of framing and involvement, though, included unexpected inconsistency between the results of attitude and behavioral intention. The theoretical and practical meanings of the results were discussed.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.63-75
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of responsive teaching on students' productive argumentation practice. The participating students predicted the results of an activity to measure in which location on the body (the head, spine, or back of the hand) they would feel a cellphone's vibrations faster. They then engaged in the activity and built an argument to justify it. We interviewed the teacher to understand her thoughts regarding what was expected in the class. We also recorded and transcribed the class and the interview, for use in the analysis of the students' epistemological framing and the teacher's responsive practice in small group argumentation. We discovered that the teacher intervened in the groups with questions that elicited students' thoughts as starting points for her responsive practice. Her eliciting questions led the students to talk about their ideas, supporting their engagement in the argumentation. The teacher's understanding of the argumentation lesson and her behavior to understand the students' ideas reflected her productive framing, which led her to elicit students' ideas and to support their active interaction during the small-group argumentation. She presented rebuttals against students' ideas, engaging in the argumentation as another participant, not as an evaluator. This supported the equality of intellectual authority in the group and showed students how to engage in the argumentation, supporting students' productive framing. As a result of these responsive teaching practices, the students shifted their epistemological framing, resulting in productive argumentation practice. The results of this study will contribute to developing teachers' responsive teaching strategies to support students' productive framing in science classrooms.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.469-480
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• 2013

This study suggests 12 products regarding the pending question of tourism package price mechanism which is linked directly and indirectly to Jeju Tourism, and shows the following conclusions through inspection in mental accounting principles and framing effect based on prospect theory. First, when presenting the price list of the tourism package, it is needed to present in price bundling. Second, it is proven that it is desirable that information about discount prices open the individual discount information of the basic package and option package to public. Third, it is discovered that experienced tourists in purchasing tourism products are more sensitive to price information (price discount) than inexperienced tourists, so that framing effect conform to Knowledge-assembly theory. The current questions of this study are that 'no discount' information should be presented in bundling, that the method of framing is important in presenting discount product information. It is required not only to grasp the viewpoint of modern people in purchasing tourism products, but also to present ready-to-serve products which can save time, effort, cost to give stability in mental accounting principles.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.99-105
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• 2016

Purpose - In the present study, it has become the most important necessity in our daily lives that consumers' psychological factors affect the use of smartphones, and it has been analyzed through behavioral economic approaches. In this respect, the present study is intended to apply the heuristic theory and the prospect theory among behavioral economics theories to examine how psychological factors affect consumers' product selection. Research design, data, and methodology - In the present study, using smartphone repurchase as a dependent variable, whether regulatory focus effects have interaction effects on behavioral economic theories and behavioral economic effects such as possession (ownership) effects, framing effects, and brand recollection. As an analysis method, questionnaire surveys conducted with university students in Incheon were examined through Two-Way ANOVAs using the SPSS23 package. Results - The analysis from the results are as follows. Using smartphone repurchase as a dependent variable, the main effects and interaction effects on two variables; satisfaction difference with product functions and positive framing variable were statistically significant. Using repurchase as a dependent variable was statistically significant, there was no interaction effect between the two variables; satisfaction difference with product functions and the difference of brands in possession. Using smartphone repurchase as a dependent variable, interaction effects on two variables; satisfaction difference with product functions and the lengths of product possession periods were not statistically significant. The results from the analyses of interaction effects of brand recollection and brands type were statistically significant in possession using repurchase as a dependent variable. The results from the analyses of the main effect of the brands type were statistically significant in possession using repurchase as a dependent variable. Conclusions - The implication of the present study is that it suggests the factors that became important for customers' smartphone purchase following the change in the meaning of smartphones from practical products in the past to hedonic products. Limitations of the present study are first, the study subjects are limited to students and the number of copies in questionnaires is only approximately 130, which is insufficient, so that the present study is not sufficient as a study for entire smartphone users.