• Electronics and Telecommunications Trends
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.1-13
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• 2018

Deep learning (DL) models have been widely applied to AI applications such image recognition and language translation with big data. Recently, DL models have becomes larger and more complicated, and have merged together. For the accelerated training of a large-scale deep learning model, model parallelism that partitions the model parameters for non-shared parallel access and updates across multiple machines was provided by a few distributed deep learning frameworks. Model parallelism as a training acceleration method, however, is not as commonly used as data parallelism owing to the difficulty of efficient model parallelism. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of the state of the art in model parallelism by comparing the implementation technologies in several deep learning frameworks that support model parallelism, and suggests a future research directions for improving model parallelism technology.

• Electronics and Telecommunications Trends
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.14-22
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• 2018

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are widely used in various domains such as speech and image recognition. DNN software frameworks such as Tensorflow and Caffe contributed to the popularity of DNN because of their easy programming environment. In addition, many companies are developing neuromorphic processing units (NPU) such as Tensor Processing Units (TPUs) and Graphical Processing Units (GPUs) to improve the performance of DNN processing. However, there is a large gap between NPUs and DNN software frameworks due to the lack of framework support for various NPUs. A bridge for the gap is a DNN software platform including DNN optimized compilers and DNN libraries. In this paper, we review the technical trends of DNN software platforms.

• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 1996.10a
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• pp.37-44
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• 1996

When a load such as the mechanical load, the wind load, and the seismic load causing a vibration, acts on the body of the 3-D frameworks with slab, it is required to consider the dynamic behavior of elastic soil as well as that of 3-D structure in the structural analysis. Thus, this study presents the analysis of dynamic behavior using finite element method that is formulated by using a model of the 3-D structure. For the idealization of the actual structure closely into a geometric shape, plate is subdivided into 4-node plate element with the flexibility, beam-column is subdivided into 2-node beam element, and elastic soil is subdivided into 8-node brick element.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1999.07b
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• pp.838-840
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• 1999

In this paper, modeling and analysis of discrete event systems by temporal logic frame works and petri net is considered. The reachability tree of the petri net can be used to solve the safeness, boundedness, conservation and coverability problems of discrete event systems. But the reachability tree of the petri net do not solve reachability and liveness problems in general. We proposed a method that synthesised the petri net and the temporal logic frameworks. This method slove some problems of petri net by logical representation of temporal logic frameworks.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.138-145
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• 2014

Cobalt-Chromium (Co-Cr) alloys are classified as predominantly base-metal alloys and are widely known for their biomedical applications in the orthopedic and dental fields. In dentistry, Co-Cr alloys are commonly used for the fabrication of metallic frameworks of removable partial dentures and recently have been used as metallic substructures for the fabrication of porcelain-fused-to-metal restorations and implant frameworks. The increased worldwide interest in utilizing Co-Cr alloys for dental applications is related to their low cost and adequate physico-mechanical properties. Additionally, among base-metal alloys, Co-Cr alloys are used more frequently in many countries to replace Nickel-Chromium (Ni-Cr) alloys. This is mainly due to the increased concern regarding the toxic effects of Ni on the human body when alloys containing Ni are exposed to the oral cavity. This review article describes dental applications, metallurgical characterization, and physico-mechanical properties of Co-Cr alloys and also addresses their clinical and laboratory behavior in relation to those properties.

• 한국공간정보시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.96-102
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• 2004

This study presents an effective stiffness-based optimal technique to control quantitatively lateral drift for 3-D steel frameworks subject to lateral loads. To this end, the displacement sensitivity depending on behavior characteristics of 3-D steel frameworks is established. Also, approximation concept that can preserve the generality of the mathematical programming and can efficiently solve large scale problems is introduced. Resizing sections in the stiffness-based optimal design are assumed to be uniformly varying in size. Two types of 30-story frames are presented to illustrate the features of the Quantitative lateral drift control technique proposed in this study.

• Proceedings of the CALSEC Conference
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• 2005.03a
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• pp.149-154
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• 2005

Recently, lots of EDI-VAN (Electronic Data Interchange-Value Added Network) companies challenge to convert their business systems into Web-based e-business frameworks to avoid high cost and closed structure of EDI system. This research proposes e-Transformation strategies for EDI-VAN companies to adopt Web-based e-business standard frameworks such as ebXML (e-business using XML) and RosettaNet. Four migration strategies for EDI companies are presented, and their properties are described in detail. Transformation procedures of two representative strategies are also provided fur the convenience of medium-sized companies. The result of this work can be used as a practical guideline for EDI companies to develop there own transformation strategy suitable to its scale and capability, while minimizing the impacts on the pre-existing business processes.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.8
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• pp.2419-2422
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• 2014

The syntheses and crystal structures of a three-dimensional (3D) coordination network $[Zn_4(2-mBIM)_5-(C_2H_6NCOO)(HCOO)({\mu}-OH)]{\cdot}DMF$ ($1{\cdot}$DMF; 2-mBIM = 2-methylbenzimidazolate) and a two-dimensional (2D) layer $[Zn_2(2-mBIM)_3(HCOO)(H_2O)]{\cdot}DMF$ ($2{\cdot}DMF$) are reported. Different structures were produced depending on the ratio of reactants. Structurally, 1 illustrates the formation of a unique framework based on a 2-mBIM bridge with the side group on an imidazole ring, while 2 possesses a honeycomb layer built up purely from imidazolates. For gas sorption, $CO_2$ is adsorbed on the activated phase of 1 but $N_2$ is not taken up.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1997.11a
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• pp.109-112
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• 1997

A Discrete Event Dynamic System is a system whose states change in response to the occurrence of events from a predefined event set. A major difficulty in developing analytical results for the systems is the lack of appropriate modeling techniques. This paper proposes the use of Real-time Temporal Logic as a modeling tool for the modeling and control of fixed-time traffic control problem which by way of a DEDS. The Real-time Temporal Logic Frameworks is extended with a suitable structure of modeling hard real-time constraints. Modeling rules are developed for several specific situations. It is shown how the graphical model can be translated to a system of linear equations and constraints.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.113-125
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• 2004

This study aims to provide philosophical frameworks and approaches, and practical guidelines to interview research. While there are some studies which focus on the practical guidelines, there is a lack of studies which address the philosophical and conceptual issues integral to qualitative interview research. By discussing three different but related philosophical aspects of qualitative interviewing--phenomenology, hermeneutics, and dialectics--consistency among research purpose, research method, research methodology is pursued. Based on this discussion, four stages of interviewing--designing, conducting, analyzing, and writing of qualitative interview research--are presented.