• 대한수의학회지
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.209-216
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• 2011

Four strains of fowl adenovirus (FAdV) were isolated from 4 flocks of broiler or layer chickens affected by hydropericardium syndrome in Korea. These FAdVs were classified as serotype 4 by restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns of hexon genes and whole genomes. The virus exhibited cytopathic effects consisting of rounding, ballooning and clustering in primary chicken embryo liver cell cultures. In transmission electron microscopy, virus particles in hexagonal shape aggregated exclusively in the nuclei of hepatocytes of the chickens as the typical appearances in adenovirus infections. Buoyant density of the virus in cesium chloride (CsCl) was 1.34 g/mL. The virus was stable to chloroform, ether, 50~70% ethanol, acidic condition at pH 3, 0.25% trypsin (1 : 250), heat at $50^{\circ}C$ for 30 min, but labile to 100% ethanol, heat at $52{\sim}60^{\circ}C$ for 30 min, 1 M $MgCl_2$ at $50^{\circ}C$ for 1 h, 1 : 2,000 formalin (37%). All of the physicochemical properties pertained to the characteristics of adenoviruses. Eight viral polypeptides were determined in CsCl-purified virus by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

• 한국가금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국가금학회 2005년도 제22차 정기총회 및 학술발표회
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• pp.80-81
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• 2005

The occurrence of HHS was confirmed for the first time in Korea from chickens submitted for diagnosis to our laboratory from broiler and baeksemi farms. Clinical signs included depression, inappetence, ruffled feathers and a increase in mortality. At necropsy, severe hydropericardium and hepatic necrosis was founded characteristically and the most remarkable microscopic changes were seen in the liver. These included basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in the hepatocytes, massive hemorrhages and necrosis in the liver parenchyma. We could also identify fowl adeno-virus(FAV) by polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and electro-microscopic confirmation. Abbreviation: HHS=hydropericardium hepatitis syndrome, EM=electron microscopy, FAV=fowl adenovirus, PCR=polymerase chain reaction.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.15-20
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• 2014

본 연구는 가금에서 호흡기 질환, 심낭수종, 봉입체 간염, 산란저하증 등을 유발하는 가금 아데노바이러스의 fiber 2 유전자에 대한 특이 난황 항체를 개발하고자 실험을 실시하였다. Fiber 2 유전자를 클로닝한 뒤, 대장균 발현 시스템을 이용하여 약 22 kDa의 재조합 fiber 2 단백질을 생산하였다. 이를 산란계에 3주 간격으로 총 4회 면역하여 혈청 및 난황 내 항체가를 측정한 결과, 면역 후 12주경에 항체가가 최고치에 달하였으며, 산란계로부터 획득한 난황 항체를 이용한 Western blot analysis 결과, 가금 아데노바이러스 내 fiber 2 단백과 특이적으로 반응한다는 것을 규명하였다. 결론적으로, 가금 아데노바이러스 fiber 2에 특이적인 난황 항체 생산에 성공하였으며, 이러한 특이적인 난황 항체는 가금 아데노바이러스로 인한 질병의 예방 및 치료에 활용 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.139-148
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• 2011

Avian reovirus (ARV) and fowl adenovirus (FAdV) were evaluated for pathogenicity in specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens. ARV was isolated from the broilers with history of malabsorption syndrome (MAS). FAdV was isolated from the layer breeders with inclusion body hepatitis and hydropericardium syndrome. Total 6 inoculated groups including 1 un-inoculated group were organized and inoculated with the ARV and/or FAdV by oral route. The minimal pathological lesions and lower viral gene detection rates were present in the ARV inoculated groups compared to those of FAdV or ARV/FAdV inoculated groups. Common gross lesions in the ARV inoculated group were distended intestine with foamy contents and in the FAdV group there were foamy cecal contents and hydropericardium among the evaluation methods such as gross and histological lesion, viral gene detection, body weight and serum chemistry, histopathological lesion score was reliable especially in the liver lesions such as hepatic necrosis and lymphocytic infiltration. However, we did not success to evaluate the synergetic effect of mixed infection of ARV and FAdV in this study. Therefore, we need further study to reproduce malabsorption syndrome of ARV infection using different viral agent such as rotavirus and using different dose of virus.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.42.1-42.16
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• 2021

Background: Inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) is an economically important viral disease primarily affecting broiler and breeder chickens. All 12 serotypes of fowl adenovirus (FAdV) can cause IBH. Objectives: To characterize FAdV isolates based on phylogenetic analysis, and to study the pathogenicity of FAdV-8b in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens following virus inoculation via oral and intramuscular (IM) routes. Methods: Suspected organ samples were subjected to virus isolation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for FAdV detection. Hexon gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were performed on FAdV-positive samples for serotype identification. One FAdV-8b isolate, UPM/FAdV/420/2017, was selected for fiber gene characterization and pathogenicity study and was inoculated in SPF chickens via oral and IM routes. Results: The hexon gene phylogenetic analysis revealed that all isolates belonged to FAdV-8b. The fiber gene-based phylogenetic analysis of isolate UPM/FAdV/420/2017 supported the grouping of that isolate into FAdV species E. Pathogenicity study revealed that, chickens infected with UPM/FAdV/420/2017 via the IM route had higher clinical score values, higher percent mortality, higher degree of the liver lesions, higher antibody response (p < 0.05), and higher virus shedding amounts (p < 0.05) than those infected via the oral route. The highest virus copy numbers were detected in liver and gizzard. Conclusions: FAdV-8b is the dominant FAdV serotype in Malaysia, and pathogenicity study of the FAdV-8b isolate UPM/FAdV/420/2017 indicated its ability to induce IBH in young SPF chickens when infected via oral or IM routes.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.759-770
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• 2018

Fowl adenovirus (FAdV) is distributed worldwide and causes economic losses in the poultry industry. The objectives of this study were to determine the hexon and fiber gene changes in an attenuated FAdV isolate from Malaysia in specific pathogen-free chicken embryonated eggs (SPF CEE) and its infectivity in commercial broiler chickens. SPF CEE were inoculated with 0.1 mL FAdV inoculum via the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) for 20 consecutive passages. The isolate at passage 20 (E20), with a virus titer of $10^{8.7}TCID_{50}/mL$ ($TCID_{50}$, 50% tissue culture infective dose), was inoculated (0.5 mL) into one-day-old commercial broiler chicks either via oral or intraperitoneal routes. The study demonstrated that 100% embryonic mortality was recorded from E2 to E20 with a delayed pattern at E17 onwards. The lesions were confined to the liver and CAM. Substitutions of amino acids in the L1 loop of hexon at positions 49 and 66, and in the knob of fiber at positions 318 and 322 were recorded in the E20 isolate. The isolate belongs to serotype 8b and is non-pathogenic to broiler chickens, but it is able to induce a FAdV antibody titer. It appears that molecular changes in the L1 loop of hexon and the knob of fiber are markers for FAdV infectivity.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.313-319
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• 2007

Avian adenoviruses are diverse group of pathogens and recently hydropericardium hepatitis syndrome (HHS) Is an important, emerged disease of poultry. Particularly 2-3 weeks old age broilers increased mortality ranging from 20-30% and brown native chicken 3-7 weeks sudden onset with mortality 20-50%, typically development secondary infection. The infection chicken shows liver enlarged, pale and straw- colored fluid is present in the sac surrounding the heart. Histopathological positive samples have necrotic foci and basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in the hepatocytes and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was useful for detect the fowl adenovirus (FAV) associated with HHS.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.21-27
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• 2018

Fowl adenovirus (FAdV) and chicken anemia virus (CAV) have gained much importance as an immunosuppressive and economically important emerging pathogen of poultry. This study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of FAdV and CAV infection in chickens. The groups were divided into Korean native chickens, broiler, layer hens and broiler breeder and set up groups according to age. As results, 12.5% of the native chicken, 2.5% of broiler and 6.7% of layer chicken were positive, respectively by PCR for FAdV. Serological test showed that 84.8%, 79.0%, 97.7% and 96.1% of chickens were positive for antibody to FAdV in native chickens, broiler, layer hens and broiler breeder. The prevalence of CAV infection were 20.0%, 7.5%, 16.7% and 10.0%, based on CAV gene detection by PCR. In serological test of CAV, 40.6%, 35.9%, 84.8% and 73.9% of chickens were positive in that groups.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.255-263
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• 2010

봉입체성 간염-심낭수종증(IBH-HPS)은 주로 육계에서 다발하며 3~6주령의 육계에서 최고 75%까지의 폐사율을 일으킬 수 있는 질병이다. 주 증상으로는 심낭의 황색 수양성 액체가 저류되는 심낭수종증과 함께 봉입체성 간염이 나타난다. 1987년 파키스탄에서 처음 발생이 보고된 후 여러 나라에서 발병되었으며, 최근 우리나라에서도 질병 발생이 확인된 바 있다. 본 실험에서는 IBH-HPS에 대한 경제적 피해를 감소시키기 위한 목적으로 사독 오일 백신을 제조하여 안전성 및 효능을 평가하였다. 2주령의 SPF 닭에 제조한 사독 백신을 1 또는 2수분으로 근육 접종한 뒤 2주 후인 4주령에 FAdV-4로 공격 접종을 실시하였다. 백신 접종에 의한 임상 증상 발현 및 폐사가 관찰되지 않아 백신의 안전성이 인정되었고, AGP 검사를 통해 FAdV-4에 대한 항체가 100% 형성되었음을 확인하였다. 공격 접종 시 각각 경구 또는 근육으로 접종하였고, 접종 후 10일간 관찰한 결과, 백신 접종군 모두 부검 소견, 바이러스 유전자 검색율 및 조직학적 병변도에 있어서 효능이 인정되었다. 육안 병변의 경우, 백신 비접종군에서는 간의 괴사 반점이 10~50%의 개체에서 발생한 데 비해 백신 접종군에서는 관찰되지 않았다. 바이러스 유전자 검색 양성률 또한 백신 접종군이 백신 비접종군에 비해 낮은 수준으로 나타났으며, 이는 특히 근육 투여군에서 더 명확하게 나타났다. 조직 병변도는 관찰 기간 내내 핵내 봉입체는 관찰되지 않았으나, 림프구 침윤 및 간세포의 괴사 정도가 백신 접종군에서 현저히 감소한 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서, 본 실험에서 제조한 FAdV-4 사독 오일 백신은 실험계에 임상적으로 안전하고 면역원성도 높았으며, 효능에 있어서는 백신 비접종군에서의 임상 증상이 명확하지 않았음에도 불구하고, 육안 병변, 바이러스 검색율 및 조직 병변도에 있어서 공격 접종에 대한 방어가 효과적인 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.237-245
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• 2010

본 조사 연구는 종란을 생산하는 원종계, 종계, 백세미씨알 생산 농장을 대상으로 수직 감염(난계대전파)되는 전염성 질병인 추백리/가금티푸스, 닭마이코플라즈마증(MG, MS), 전염성 빈혈증, 조류아데노바이러스 감염증에 대한 항원 및 항체 검사를 실시하였다. 조사 기간은 2009년 8월부터 12월까지 5개월간 원종계 45계군, 종계 1,018계군, 백세미씨 알 생산 54계군에 대한 성적이다. 추백리/가금티푸스 항원검사에서는 모든 계군이 음성으로 확인되었으나, 항체 검사결과 종계 3.2%, 백세미씨알 생산계군 3.0%의 항체 양성율이 관찰되었다. 계종별 가금티푸스의 발생률은 종계군의 항원 검사 결과와 상반되어 육계 44.3.7%, 백세미 26.2%, 산란계 15.7%, 토종닭 12.6%, 육용 종계 1.08%였다. MG 항체 검사 결과, 원종계 71.1%, 종계 및 백세미씨알 생산계군 각 88.7% 항체 양성율이 확인되었으며, MS 항체 검사 결과도 비슷한 수준으로 나타났다. 닭 전염성 빈혈 바이러스 검사 결과, 원종계 42.2%, 종계 18.0%가 바이러스를 갖고 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 항체 양성율도 86% 이상이었다. 이와 함께 조류 아데노바이러스 항원 검사 결과에서는 원종계 4.4%, 종계 2.7%, 백세미씨알 생산계군 9.35%가 바이러스를 보유하고 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 결론적으로 국내 종계군은 닭 마이코플라즈마증과 닭 전염성 빈혈에 상당히 높은 수준으로 감염되어 있는 것으로 판명되어 질병별 적절한 예방책이 필요한 것으로 나타났다.