• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.37-42
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• 1967

이 시험(試驗) 전남(全南) 광양연습림(光陽演習林)에 있는 약(約) 40여년생(餘年生)의 리기다소나무임분(林分)에서 하계벌(夏季伐)과 동계벌(冬季伐)을 실시(實施)한 다음 조재목(造材木)에 완전박피(完全剝皮), 외피박피(外皮剝皮)(내피부재(內皮付材)) 그리고 무박피처리(無剝皮處里)를 하여 이들이 천연건조(天然乾燥)에 미치는 박피처리(剝皮處理)의 효과(効果)를 구명(究明)하기 위(爲)하여 실시(實施)되었다. 이 시험(試驗)의 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. (1) 완전박피재(完全剝皮材)는 대체(大體)로 내피부재(內皮付材)나 무박피재(無剝皮材)에 비교(比較)하여 속(速)히 건조(乾燥)하나 건열피해(乾裂被害)를 많이 이르킨다. (2) 하계벌(夏季伐)을 실시(實施)한 완전박피재(完全剝皮材), 내피부재(內皮付材) 및 무박피재(無剝皮材)를 비교(比較)하면 완전박피재(完全剝皮材)와 내피부재(內皮付材) 및 무박피재간(無剝皮材間)에는 차이(差異)가 인정(認定)되어도 내피부재(內皮付材)와 무박피재간(無剝皮材間)에는 차이(差異)가 없다. (3) 동계벌(冬季伐)을 실시(實施)한 경우 내피부재(內皮付材)와 완전박피재간(完全剝皮材間)에는 차이(差異)가 없어도 완전박피재(完全剝皮材) 및 내피부재(內皮付材)와 무박피재간(無剝皮材間)에는 현저(顯著)한 차이(差異)가 있었다. 따라서 내피부재(內皮付材)의 건조효과(乾燥効果)는 완전박피재(完全剝皮材)의 효과(効果)와 같다고 생각(生覺)한다. (4) 이 시험(試驗)에서 하계벌(夏季伐)의 완전박피재(完全剝皮材) 그리고 동계벌(冬季伐)의 내피부재(內皮付材) 및 완전박피재(完全剝皮材)는 모두 4개월(個月) 이내(以內)에 평형함수량(平衡含水量)에 도달(到達)한다고 예상된다.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.54-63
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• 2021

본 연구는 강원도 원주시에 3개의 사방댐이 연속적으로 설치된 지역을 대상으로 장마 전·후의 자료를 비교·분석하여 사방댐에 의한 저서성 대형무척추동물의 군집 변화를 파악하고자 하였다. 조사시기는 2019년 3월부터 9월까지 총 4회 조사를 실시하였으며, 조사지점은 불투과형이 연속적으로 설치된 지역과 투과형이 연속적으로 설치된 지역을 선정하였다. 불투과형, 투과형 사방댐 각각 상·하류로부터 총 8개의 지점을 선정하였다. 유속은 장마 이후 불투과형, 투과형 모두 대부분의 지점에서 증가하였으나, 불투과형은 투과형보다 상대적으로 유속의 변화가 큰 것으로 확인되었다. 저서성 대형무척추동물의 종수 및 개체수는 장마 이후 대부분의 지점에서 감소하는 것으로 나타났으며, 불투과형 상류지점이 상대적으로 종수 및 개체수가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 하루살이목-강도래목-날도래목 (EPT) 그룹 분석은 상대적으로 불투과형에서 하루살이목이 감소하였으며, 투과형에서 날도래목이 감소하였다. 유사도 분석 결과, 불투과형, 투과형 모두 장마 전·후가 구분되었으며, 투과형이 상대적으로 장마 전·후의 변화가 적은 것으로 분석되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권7호
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• pp.1050-1056
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• 2014

This study investigated the main factors influencing digester temperature and methods to reduce heat losses during the cold season in the subtropics. Four composite digesters (two insulated and two uninsulated) were buried underground to measure their internal temperature ($^{\circ}C$) at a depth of 140 cm and 180 cm, biogas production and methane ($CH_4$) concentration in biogas from August to February. In parallel the temperature of the air (100 cm above ground), in the slurry mixing tank and in the soil (10, 100, 140, and 180 cm depth) was measured by thermocouple. The influent amount was measured daily and the influent chemical composition was measured monthly during the whole experimental period. Seasonal variations in air temperature significantly affected the temperature in the soil, mixing tank and digester. Consequently, biogas production, which is temperature dependent, was influenced by the season. The main factors determining the internal temperature in the digesters were insulation with Styrofoam, air temperature and temperature of slurry in the mixing tank. Biogas production is low due to the cold climate conditions in winter in Northern Vietnam, but the study proved that storing slurry in the mixing tank until its temperature peak at around 14:00 h will increase the temperature in the digester and thus increase potential biogas production. Algorithms are provided linking digester temperature to the temperature of slurry in the mixing tank.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.517-528
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to obtain the basic data on clothing habits for health promotion through the investigation of clothing weight by month and season. Thirty six subjects (18 males and females twenties) were composed to obtain the clothing weight(Total clothing weight) for a year. And then clothing weight was grouped in to four seasons : spring(Mar-May) Summer(Jun-Aug) Fall(Sep-Nov) and Winter(Dec-Feb). The data of males and females were respectively divided into three groups by cluster analysis with clothing weight. 1. The clothing weight of male and female were the heaviest in jan, that of male were smallest in July female in Aug. 2. The clothing weight mean of male(996g/m2) were heavier than that of female(894g/m2) for year. The seasonal clothing weight of male culminated in Winter(1179g/m2) and decreased respectively : Spring (973g/m2) Fall(879g/m2) and summer(559g/m2) The seasonal clothing weight of female culminated in Winter (1068g/m2) and decreased respectively ; Fall(865g/m2) Spring(835g/m2) and summer(479g/m2). The seasonal clothing weight variations were significantly different in each season(p<0.01) but they were insignificantly different between Spring and Fall. middle and light. There was individual differences in the clothing weight especially large in Winter and Spring and small in Summer and Fall. 4. Lower inner clothing weight was the lowest fluctuant all around year upper outer clothing weight was the most fluctuant. So he/she controled upper outer clothing to deal with thermal environment. He/she pretended natural textiles such as cotton and wool to synthetic textiles.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.231-239
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• 1995

Alley cropping field experiment has been carried out for 24 months in lime-stone based dryland farming area of southern Bali to study the chemical composition and nutritive value of 16 provenances of Gliricidia sepium The design was a completely randomized block: arrangement, consisted of 16 treatments (G. sepium provenances) and 6 blocks as replications with 12 plants per provenance. Of the 16 gliricidia provenances, six were from Mexico (M), four were from Guatemala (G), one each was from Colombia (C), Indonesia (I), Nicaragua (N), Panama (P), Costa Rica (R) and Venezuela (V). After 12 months establishment, the gliricidia were lopped at 150 cm height regularly 4 times a year, twice during the 4 months wet season and twice during the 8 months dry season. The highest ash, mineral, total soluble phenol, prussic acid and digestibility were in V1; the highest crude fiber component was in M39; the highest gross energy was in P13, while the highest organic matter was in M35. Based on the highest nutritive constituents, V1, C24 and G14 were ranked first, second and third respectively, while based on the lowest non-nutritive constituents C24, V1 and N14 were ranked first, second and third, respectively. The importance of such provenances as source of nutrients for the ruminant during the dry season were discussed.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.17-24
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• 2012

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of weed interference and starter fertilizer on subsequent soybean seed quality at the Agricultural Research Farm and Laboratory of Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. Two factorial experiment was laid-outon a randomized complete block design with four replications. First factor was starter fertilizer levels (0 and 25 kg $ha^{-1}$) applied in the forms of monoammonium phosphate, the second factor was different weed interference periods consisted of five initial weed-free periods (in which, plots were kept free of weeds for 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days after crop emergence (DAE) and then weeds were allowed to grow until harvest) and five initial weed-infested periods (in which, weeds were allowed to grow for 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60DAE, after which the plots were kept free of weeds until harvest). Full season weedy condition reduced 100-seed weight, seed germination percentage and seedling dry weight by 25.9, 13.3 and 22.5%, respectively and increased mean germination time and seed electrical conductivity by 55.8 and 24.3%, respectively as compared with full season weed-free control. However, the traits under study were not significantly influenced when field was kept free of weeds for at least 45 DAE (R1) or weedy condition was continued for less than 30 DAE (V8). There was a significant and negative correlation between weed biomass and seed weight (r = -0.93), so that when weed free condition was less than 45 DAE or weed infested period was continued for at least 30 DAE, soybean plants produced wrinkled and underdeveloped seeds with lower weights and qualities. Moreover, soybean seed quality reduction due to weed interference was more evident when starter fertilizer was applied and weeds interfered with soybean from the beginning of the growing season. Information from the present study is beneficial in soybean seed production systems and where farmers use the harvested seeds for the following planting.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제16권8호
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• pp.897-906
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• 2007

Effect of seawater temperature (temperature) on the production of anchovy, Engraulis japonica and laver, Porphyra tenera Kjellman, were investigated in the eastern part of South Sea of Korea (ESS). Bimonthly temperature data (Feb., Apr., Jun., Aug., Oct., Dec.) from 1980 to 2002 were collected from Korean Oceanographic Data Center (KODC) and monthly anchovy catch and laver production from 1980 to 2002 were used from published sources by the Ministry of Maritime Affairs & Fisheries, Korea. Effects of temperature on the two organisms were examined in four cases. In case of lower anchovy catch and higher laver production (1993), temperature during main spawning season of anchovy was about $0.2-0.6^{\circ}C$ lower than normal condition, and temperature during seed collecting season of laver in Namhaedo, Kojedo went down below $22.0^{\circ}C$. In case of higher anchovy catch and higher laver production (1995), optimum temperature for catch was formed in main fishing ground, temperature for seed collection was lower than $22.0^{\circ}C$, In case of lower anchovy catch and lower laver production (1996), temperature for spawning and catch was about $0.6-1.6^{\circ}C$ lower than normal condition, and temperature during seed collection in nursery was about $0.5-1.0^{\circ}C$ higher than optimum temperature for seed collection. In case of higher anchovy catch and lower laver production (1998), temperature during main fishing and spawning season was about $1.0-1.8^{\circ}C$ higher than normal condition, and temperature during laver seed collection in nursery was $1.5^{\circ}C$ higher than optimum temperature for seed collection.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.385-393
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• 1999

The purpose of this paper on Hoe (raw beef) is to investigate various kinds of its recipes, with equal focus on seasonings and sauces as well as its main and sub ingredients. The recipes of Hoe can be broadly classified into four large groups such as Salkogi Hoe(Red meat Hoe), Hankazi Naechang-yook Hoe(made from internal organs), Jap Hoe(1)(miscellaneous Meat Hoe) and Jap Hoe(II)(rolled with a whole pinenut) while the cook books written before 1945 indicate that the number of recipes reaches up to 21. The recipe of Salkogi Hoe comprises following three steps. Cut raw beef into thin strips and season them if necessary, then sprinkling sufficient pinenut powder on the strips. Its main sauce is hot pepper paste with vinegar. The recipe of Hankazi Naechang-yook Hoe uses kidney, manyplies, liver and tripes as main ingredients. Kidney should be thinly sliced with mixture of salt, seasame salt, seasame oil, and pepper as its seasonings. Regarding Manyplies, liver and tripes, there exists two possible ways to season them after cutting into strips. You can season with sesame oil and pepper or only with salt. Main ingredients of Jap Hoe(I) consist of beef, pork, kidney, manyplies, liver and tripes, among which minimum two ingredients are selected. Ingredients selected are sprinkled with pinenut powder after cutting into thin strips. And Hot pepper paste with vinegar is used as main sauce. The recipe of Jap Hoe(II) is to cut manyplies into pieces of 2Cm by 5 Cm without removing their black part and roll each piece with a whole peanut in such a manner that the peanut sticks from rolled piece.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.474-477
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• 2000

Two experiments were conducted to study the use of urea-treated rice straw (UTRS) and whole sugar cane (WSC) crop as roughage sources for dairy cattle during the dry season. Experiment I, four rumen-fistulated dairy crossbred steers were assigned to receive roughage treatments according to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design: $T_1=urea-treated$ (5%) rice straw, $T_2=UTRS$ and WSC at 75:25% DM, $T_3=UTRS$ and WSC at 25:75% DM, and $T_4=WSC$. Experiment II, three rumen fistulated, late lactating multiparous Holstein-Friesian crossbreds were randomly allotted to a $3{\times}3$ Latin square design to receive three types of roughages; $T_1=WSC$, $T_2=UTRS$, $T_3=WSC+UTRS$ at 50:50% DM. It was found that combination of UTRS and WSC at 75:25 ratio significantly increased DM intake while intake of WSC alone was lowest. Moreover, inclusion of UTRS into WSC enhanced digestibilites (Exp. I). In Exp. II, combination of UTRS with WSC at 50:50 ratio (DM) enhanced DM intake (kg/d) (p<0.05) and especially milk yield, milk fat and protein percentages. The findings suggest the combined use of WSC and UTRS improved the feeding values of these roughages for dairy cattle during the dry season.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.25-35
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• 2015

Pennisetum aloperculoides is a key revegetation species mixed with other plants species and used for revegetating cut-slopes. The purpose of this research is to identify the effects of mixed seeding of revegetation plants on cut-slope revegetation with respect to the quantity of Pennisetum aloperculoides seeds. The coverage ratio and appearance frequency of Pennisetum aloperculoides, and other revegetation species were measured to assess the cut-slope revegetation. We divided Pennisetum treatments into four groups with different Pennisetum seed quantities of $0g/m^2$, $5g/m^2$, $10g/m^2$, and $15g/m^2$. For each treatment group, we mixed identical quantities of seeds from herbaceous flowers (bird's-boot trefoil, aster, chrysanthemums, golden coreopsis and china pink), cool-season turfgrasses, and woody plants (korean lespedeza, indigo and silk tree). The increase in the quantity of the Pennisetum seeds resulted in the higher coverage ratio for Pennisetum, but in the lower coverage ratio for herbaceous flowers, cool-season turfgrasses, and woody plants. We observed a short-term succession process in which the dominant species shifted in the following order: the initial species Pennisetum, herbaceous flowers, and then lastly woody plants. In case of the appearance frequency, we also observed the higher appearance frequency for Pennisetum and the lower appearance frequency for the other plants due to the increase in the quantity of Pennisetum seeds. Pennisetum, bird's-foot trefoil and china pink showed the tendency to decrease the appearance frequency from one month after seeding while cool-season turfgrasses became extinct due to summer drought. In the woody plants, the appearance frequencies of korean lespedeza and indigo were high due to the decrease in quantity of Pennisetum seeds. The silk trees were damaged from winter frost and none emerged at all in 2013 (the following year after the seeding). Korean lespedeza and indigo appeared to have the short-term rapid dominance over other treated revegetation plants.