• 멤브레인
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.289-296
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• 2005

MBR 공정에서 가장 문제시되는 부분은 실제 공정상에서 막 표면에 오염이 발생하는 문제이다. 일반적으로 막 오염은 활성 슬러지들이 막 표면에 퇴적되어서 일어나며 이로 인해 심각한 투과 유량의 감소를 야기하게 된다. 본 연구에서는 막 오염 저항성이 뛰어난 나노 입자를 분리막 표면에 함침시켜 MBR 막을 제작하였으며 이 입자들은 막 표면에서 활성 슬러지들이 쉽게 달라 붙지 못하는 역할을 수행하게 된다. 즉, 뛰어난 투수량을 지닌 정밀여과막에 나노 입자를 첨가함으로서 실제 MBR 공정에서 막 오염을 저감시킴으로서 투수량을 보전할 수 있게 하였다. 이들을 이용하여 MBR 공정에서 막 오염이 휠씬 적게 일어나는 것을 확인하였으며 이를 바탕으로 현장에 적용하여 막 오염 저항성을 확인하였다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.133-138
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• 2015

Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) process is one of membrane processes for harvesting renewable energy by using salinity difference between feed and draw solutions. Power is generated by permeation flux multiplied by hydraulic pressure in draw side. Membrane fouling phenomena in PRO process is presumed to be less sever, but it is inevitable. Membrane fouling in PRO process decreases water permeation through membrane, resulting in significant power production decline. This study intended to investigate the effect of hydraulic pressure in PRO process on alginate induced organic fouling as high and low hydraulic pressures (6.5 bar and 12 bar) were applied for 24 h under the same initial water flux. In addition, organic fouling in draw side from the presence of foulant (sodium alginate) in draw solution was examined. As major results, hydraulic pressure was found to be not a significant factor affecting in PRO organic fouling as long as the same initial water flux is maintained, inidicating that operating PRO process with high hydraulic pressure for efficient energy harvesting will not cause severe organic fouling. In addition, flux decline was negligible from the presence of organic foulant in draw side.

• 멤브레인
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.120-126
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 $TiO_2$ 나노입자로 표면침적된 polyethersulfone (PES) 정밀여과 분리막이 자연유기물로 인한 분리막 막힘현상(파울링)에 미치는 영향을 관찰하였다. $TiO_2$ 나노입자로 표면침적된 PES 정밀여과 분리막의 자연유기물 파울링 거동에 $TiO_2$ 나노입자의 결정구조와 용액의 pH 그리고 $Ca^{+2}$이 미치는 영향을 관찰하였다. 연구결과, $TiO_2$ 나노입자로 표면 개질된 정밀여과 분리막은 자연유기물에 의한 파울링 현상을 현저하게 감소시킬 수 있음을 확인 할 수 있었다. 그러나 이와같은 현상은 $TiO_2$ 나노입자의 결정구조와 용액의 성상에 매우 의존하는 것으로 나타났다. 자연유기물 파울링의 감소는 결정구조가 상대적으로 불안정한 anatase $TiO_2$ 나노입자를 분리막에 표면침적 시, 용액 중 $Ca^{+2}$이 존재하지 않을 때 상대적으로 높은 pH에서 효과적인 것으로 관찰되었다. 그러나 $Ca^{+2}$의 첨가 시 이와 같은 효과는 높은 pH에서 더욱 증가할 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 반면, 결정구조가 상대적으로 안정한 rutile $TiO_2$ 나노입자의 경우 자연유기물의 파울링 감소는 용액의 조성에 큰 영향을 받지 않는 것으로 나타났다.

• 멤브레인
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.55-61
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• 2016

저압 침지식 멤브레인을 이용한 해수 담수화 전처리에 있어서 유기 파울링은 막간 압력 증가로 인한 화학 세정 횟수의 증가 및 에너지 소비 증가 등 멤브레인 운전시 문제점들을 야기한다. 조류대응 해수전처리에서 조류가 배출하는 extracellular polymeric substances의 대표물질인 sodium alginate를 이용하여 침지식 여과에서 파울링 현상을 관찰하였다. 공기 폭기가 적용되지 않은 경우 순수한 aglinate 파울링은 농도가 증가하면서 증가하였다. 그러나 공기 폭기를 적용해 준 경우 alginate 파울링 감소는 매우 효과적이었다. 공기 폭기가 없는 경우 칼슘 농도의 증가에 따라 alginate 파울링은 감소하였다. 동일 조건에서 공기 폭기 시 높은 alginate 파울링 감소효과를 나타내었으나 NaCl 농도를 증가시킨 경우 칼슘 농도의 증가에 따라 파울링 제어를 위한 공기 폭기 효과는 감소하였다. 해수와 유사한 높은 NaCl과 칼슘 농도에서 고농도 sodium alginate의 경우 공기 폭기량 증가를 통해 초기 파울링을 감소시킬 수 있었으나 시간의 경과에 따라 상대적으로 낮은 폭기량에서의 파울링 감소 효과와 큰 차이는 없었다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.429-436
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• 2005

A coagulation/ultrafiltration membrane hybrid system was operated to treat river water with capacity of $0.06m^3/d$. The impact on membrane fouling by flux and linear velocity was investigated. It is known that pressure increase is proportional to flux increase. However, pressure increase was much faster than theoretical value in the pilot plant test. So it was suggested that flux was on important factor in ultrafiltration of continuous operation. Membrane fouling was decreased when linear velocity was increased. This phenomenon was found more obviously without coagulation. With the combination of coagulation and sedimentation, membrane fouling was not reduced conspicuously. Big particles formed during coagulation and sedimentation were destroyed by feed and circulation pumping, which resulted in little effect on membrane fouling reduction. The degree of destruction was similar at various linear velocities. In this study, the hollow fiber membrane was used and the system was operated in pressure type module. In case of the system used in this study, membrane fouling has been affected lightly by linear velocity variation when coagulation pretreatment was applied.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.93-104
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• 2020

As water resources are limited and legal regulations are strengthened, there is a growing need to reuse residuals in WTP(Water Treatment Plant). In this study, membrane filtration system was constructed and its operation method was studied for water quality stabilization and reuse of WTP residuals. The operation parameters were stable for 1 year and 6 months. Membrane fouling was identified as particulate pollution (activated carbon) and inorganic pollution (manganese). The membrane system was operated steadily with raw water of high concentration SS(Suspended solid) containing activated carbon because membrane fouling was reduced by the effect of End-Free type. In the case of inorganic contamination, dissolved manganese eluted by chemicals and acted as a membrane fouling source, and the operating conditions for minimizing membrane fouling. were confirmed by newly developing application methods and types of cleaning chemicals. Based on the results, design parameters for reducing manganese membrane fouling were derived.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.115-125
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• 2020

This study was aimed to examine inorganic fouling and fouling reduction method in direct contact membrane distillation(DCMD) process. Synthetic seawater of NaCl solution with CaCO₃ and CaSO₄ was used for this purpose. It was found in this study that both CaCO₃ and CaSO₄ precipitates formed at the membrane surface. More fouling was observed with CaSO₄(anhydrite) and CaSO₄·0.5H₂O(bassanite) than CaSO₄·2H₂O(gypsum). CaCO₃ and gypsum were detected at the membrane surface when concentrates of SWRO(seawater reverse osmosis) were treated by the DCMD process, while gypsum was found with MED(multi effect distillation) concentrates. Air backwash(inside to out) was found more effective in fouling reduction than air scouring.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.111-121
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• 2020

The fouling of Nanofiltration membrane (NF) was examined using wastewater containing reactive black dye RB5 of 1500 Pt/Co color concentrations with 16890 mg/l TDS collected from El-alamia Company for Dying and Weaving in Egypt. The NF-unit was operated at constant pressure of 10 bars, temperature of 25℃, and flowrate of 420 L/min. SEM, EDX, and FTIR were used for fouling characterization. Using the ROIFA-4 program, the total inorganic fouling load was 1.07 mM/kg present as 49.3% Carbonates, 10.1% Sulfates, 37.2% Silicates, 37.2% Phosphates, and 0.93% Iron oxides. The permeate flux, recovery, salt rejection and mass transfer coefficients of the dye molecules were reduced significantly after fouling. The results clearly demonstrate that the fouling had detrimental effect on membrane performance in dye removal, as indicated by a sharp decrease in permeate flux and dye recovery 68%. The dye mass transfer coefficient was dropped dramatically by 34%, and the salt permeability increased by 14%. In this study, all the properties of the membrane used and the fouling that caused its poor condition are identified. Another study was conducted to regeneration fouled membrane again by chemical methods in another article (Abdel-Fatah et al. 2017).

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.140-144
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• 2006

This study was performed to investigate the effect of organic characteristics and feed water solution chemistry on membrane fouling index such as Silt Density Index (SDI) and Modified Fouling Index (MFI). Specifically, Aldrich humic acids (AHA) and Suwannee river humic acids (SHA) were used in SDI/MFI experiments. Higher SDI values were observed with increasing organic concentration. AHA with larger molecular weight (MW) and SUVA (${\approx}UV_{254}/TOC$) resulted in higher SDI values, compared to SHA. The feed solution chemistry (i.e, pH, ionic strength, and hardness) also affects SDI values to some degree. In particular, SDI increased with increasing hardness ($Ca^{2+}$) concentration for AHA. Unlike SDI, the MFI developed on the basis of particle cake filtration theory, was not accurately assessed due to internal fouling by organics such as pore adsorption and subsequent pore blocking.

• 동력기계공학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.22-26
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• 2010

Generally, it is a method to remove the fouling cleaning the plate heat exchanger with chemicals or polishing with a brush or cloth after stopping the equipment and disassembling heat exchanger. However, the equipment must be stopped and taken apart when using this method, which causes an unnecessary work to assemble again after cleaning it. In this study, it has developed and tested the equipment which can automatically clean the fouling on plate heat exchanger at regular intervals with air bubbles. It indicated that the overall heat transfer coefficient had decreased without significant differences similar to that calculated without air bubbles until after 72 hours when making air bubbles to remove fouling ingredient on the surface of heat transfer area every 10 minutes per 2 hours. However, it showed that there was a 10% higher of heat transfer effect compared to the case without air bubbles of after 192 hours.