• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.535-544
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• 1988

In this paper, the hybrid ARQ scheme, which is incorporated the selective-repeat ARQ system with the finite receiver buffer and the single-error-correcting and double-error-detecting(63.56) cyclic Hamming code system, has been investigated. As a result of simulation, the proposed hybrid ARQ scheme shows that that throughput efficiencies are improved by one error correction, and that the reversed codewords due to retransmission are delivered to the user in order by means of detecting two errors. The hybrid ARQ scheme significantly outperforms the FEC or the ideal selective-repeat ARQ system in the respect of throughput and reliability, especially when the channel error rate is approximately in the range from $10^{-2}$~$10^{-3}$.

• KIISE Transactions on Computing Practices
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.122-127
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• 2017

The data link layer operates reliable internode communication in the OSI reference model. Generally, the forward error correction (FEC) method is used in the data link layer of the wireless sensor network (WSN) environment that has a high frequency of errors. However, the FEC method consumes a significant amount of energy due to its high error correction rate, which negatively affects the networks' lifespan. In contrast with battery-based technology, energy is regularly recharged in the solar-powered WSN to meet higher energy needs than required for basic operation of existing nodes. By efficiently utilizing this surplus energy, the proposed energy-aware FEC method can reduce the data loss rate with no decrement of the network lifetime. The method employs a trade-off relationship between the energy and data loss rate by adjusting the parity length in the FEC method to the energy state in each node. The performance of the proposed scheme was verified through a simulation.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 2017

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) is promising medium access control schemes for underwater acoustic sensor networks because of its robustness against frequency-selective fading and high frequency-reuse efficiency. In this paper, we design diversity schemes of underwater CDMA transceiver for the forward and reverse links. User data are multiplexed by Walsh code and a pseudo random noise code acquisition process is added for phase error correction before decoding the user data at the receiver. Then, the diversity reception using equal gain combining and maximal ratio combining is performed in order to minimize performance degradation caused by rich multipath fading of underwater acoustic channel. We evaluated the performance of diversity transceiver through lake experiment, which was performed at Lake Kyungcheon, Mungyeong city using two transmitters and two receivers placed 460 m apart at an average depth of 40 m. The lake experiment results show that user data are recovered with error-free in both of the forward and reverse links.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.38C no.6
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• pp.540-549
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• 2013

An adaptive non-uniform quantization scheme is proposed for soft-decision error correction in NAND flash memory. Even though the conventional maximizing mutual information (MMI) quantizer shows the optimal post-FEC (forward error correction) bit error rate (BER) performance, this quantization scheme demands heavy computational overheads due to the exhaustive search to find the optimal parameter values. The proposed quantization scheme has a simple structure that is constructed by only six parameters, and the optimal values of them are found by maximizing the mutual information between the input and the output symbols. It is demonstrated that the proposed quantization scheme improves the BER performance of soft-decision decoding with only small computational overheads.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.257-262
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• 2016

A two-dimensional optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) en/decoder composed of four double-ring resonator add/drop filters and three delay waveguides is designed, and a transfer matrix method combined with fast Fourier transform is implemented to provide numerical simulations for the en/decoder. The auto-correlation peak level over the maximum cross-correlation level is larger than 3 at the center of the correctly decoded pulse for most of wavelength hopping and spectral phase code combinations, which assures the BER lower than 10^-3 which corresponds to the forward error correction limit.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.205-208
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• 2001

According to the IMT-2000 specification of 3GPP(3rd Generation Partnership Project) and 3GPP2, Turbo codes is selected as a FEC(forward error correction) code for even higher reliable data communication. In 3GPP complied IMT-2000 system, channel coding under consideration is the selective use of convolutional coding and Turbo codes of 1/3 code rate with 4 constraint length. Suggesting a new path metric normalization method, we achieved a low complexity and high performance SOVA decoder for Turbo Codes, Further more, we analyze the decoding performance with respect to update depth and find out the optimal value of it by using computer simulation. Based on the simulation result, we designed a SOVA decoder using VHDL and implemented it into the Altera EPF10K100GC503FPGA.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.765-772
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• 2006

The L2 Civil Signal (L2CS) will be transmitted by modernized IIR(IIR-M), IIF and all subsequent GPS satellites. It contains two codes of different length; CM code contains 10,230chips, repeats every 20milliseconds and is modulated with message data, and CL code contains 767,250chips, repeats every 1.5second Z-count and has no data modulation. And the message data is encoded for Forward Error Correction(FEC). The long code length is useful for weak signal, but it also requires very long acquisition time. Therefore, the structure of GPS Ll/L2C Correlator and the fast acquisition scheme are proposed in this paper.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.62-77
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• 2010

Emerging applications with high data rates will need to transport bulk data reliably in wireless sensor networks. ARQ (Automatic Repeat request) or Forward Error Correction (FEC) code schemes can be used to provide reliable transmission in a sensor network. However, the naive ARQ approach drops the whole frame, even though there is a bit error in the frame and the FEC at the bit level scheme may require a highly complex method to adjust the amount of FEC redundancy. We propose a bulk data transmission scheme based on erasure-resilient code in this paper to overcome these inefficiencies. The sender fragments bulk data into many small blocks, encodes the blocks with LT codes and packages several such blocks into a frame. The receiver only drops the corrupted blocks (compared to the entire frame) and the original data can be reconstructed if sufficient error-free blocks are received. An incidental benefit is that the frame error rate (FER) becomes irrelevant to frame size (error recovery). A frame can therefore be sufficiently large to provide high utilization of the wireless channel bandwidth without sacrificing the effectiveness of error recovery. The scheme has been implemented as a new data link layer in TinyOS, and evaluated through experiments in a testbed of Zigbex motes. Results show single hop transmission throughput can be improved by at least 20% under typical wireless channel conditions. It also reduces the transmission time of a reasonable range of size files by more than 30%, compared to a frame ARQ scheme. The total number of bytes sent by all nodes in the multi-hop communication is reduced by more than 60% compared to the frame ARQ scheme.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.9C no.4
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• pp.563-572
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• 2002

Wireless mobile networks tend to drop a large portion of packets due to propagation errors rather than congestion. To Improve reliability over noisy wireless channels, wireless networks can employ forward error correction (FEC) techniques. Static FEC algorithms, however, can degrade the performance by poorly matching their overhead to the degree of the underlying channel error, especially when the channel path loss rate fluctuates widely. This paper investigates the benefits of an adaptable FEC mechanism for wireless networks with severe packet loss by analytical analysis or measurements over a real wireless network called sensor network. We show that our adaptive FEC named FECA (FEC-level Adaptation) technique improves the performance by dynamically tuning FEC strength to the current amount of wireless channel loss. We quantify these benefits through a hybrid simulation integrating packet-level simulation with bit-level details and validate that FECA keeps selecting the appropriate FEC-level for a constantly changing wireless channel.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.1575-1582
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• 1998

Reed-Solomon(RS) code which is especially effective against burst error is studied as a forward error correction technique in this ppaer. The circuits of RS encoder and decoder for ASIC implementation are designed and presented employing modified Euclid's algorithm. The functionalities of the designed circuits are verified though C programs which simulates the circuits over the various errors and erasures. The pipelined circuits using systolic arrays are designed for ASIC realization in VHDL, and verified through the logic simulations. Finally the circuit synthesis of RS encoder and decoder can be achieved.