• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.229-236
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• 2020

The trend of water vapor contents in atmosphere is one of key elements for studying climate change. The tropospheric products, i.e., ZTD values achieved through GPS data processing can retrieve the amount of water vapor with higher temporal and spatial resolution than any other instruments. In this study, the tropospheric products of KASINET for a time period from 2001 to 2014 are reprocessed using PPP strategy and the products from the CODE's 2nd reprocessing campaign. For consistency with reprocessing activities of other networks like EPN, the VMF1 mapping function and non-tidal loading effect due to atmospheric pressure are applied in the process. The reprocessing results are investigated through comparing with the CODE's 2nd reprocessing products by including some IGS stations in the process and also calculating weekly coordinate repeatability to see the quality of the processing. After removing outliers based on the variation of averaged formal error, all processed stations have similar variations of formal error about 2 mm which is lower than that of the IGS final product. Comparison results with the CODE's 2nd reprocessing products show that the overall mean difference is found to be -0.28±5.54 mm which is similar level of the previous studies. Finally, the ZTD trends of all KASINET stations are calculated and the averaged trend is achieved as 0.19 mm/yr. However, the trend of each month shows different amounts and directions from -1.26 mm/yr in May to 1.18 mm/yr in August. In conclusion, the reprocessed tropospheric product and applied strategy of this study has enough quality as one of reliable solution for a reference product for Korean Peninsula which is needed to use GPSbased tropospheric product for climate change research.

• 복식
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• 제60권2호
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• pp.1-19
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• 2010

The purpose of this research is to examine the rise of hip-hop culture and its characteristics which have been established as a part of popular culture amid other subcultures and to examine the overall concept of hip-hop fashion which has been developing since its rise in the 1970s and particularly to examine the hip-hop after the turn of the new century when it has gone through several iterations and changes while simultaneously accommodating different trends and reflecting a highly diverse larger culture. The research methodology is a literature-based research that uses classification and analysis based on the preceding research including related books and dissertations and, considering that this research focuses on the characteristics of hip-hop from the 2000s to the present, mainstream news media such as newspapers and magazines around New York images of famous hip-hop culture & stores websites were used in this research. The most characteristic hip-hop fashions since the 2000s examined by this research comprise prep-hop, slim formal suits, skurban, hip-hop Goth, and hip-hop Tatto. First, prep-hop is a mixed match of a preppy look with latest hip-hop sentiments and hip-hop styles. Second, there are slim formal suits that reflect a change of trends that strongly show changes of hip-hop fashion consumers who have been following sports stars' fashions. Third, skurban is a hip-hop fashion combined with the look of skaters. Fourth, hip-hop Goth is what emphasizes strong Goth images such as grunge, skull, and devil in hip-hop fashions based on vintage fashion. Fifth, hip-hop Tatto style designs have appeared in diverse items such as trendy clothes and accessories that were most popular since the 2000s. Hip-hop fashion since the 2000s up to the present is beginning to be integrated with diverse other cultures and its most prominent characteristics is a change into slimmer silhouette.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.41-56
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the change of elementary school students' conception on the movement of the moon, after teaching a lesson about the lunar phase which focused on concrete activities. The 396 subjects in this study consisted of intact groups of second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth grade students. Pre-test and post-test instrument concerning on the conception in the movement of the moon were developed after reviewing the related literature and curriculum. Prevailing conceptions were identified by frequency of each conception. Then, the pattern of change and consistency of each conception were analyzed in comparison pre-test with post-test. To figure out the effect of teaching, the GEFT and the GALT instrument were administered to analyze it by gender, cognition mode and level. SPSS/WIN programs were used to process the data. The result showed that teaching 'movement of the moon' was the most effective in fourth grade. The effect of teaching 'changes in shape of the moon' was effective regardless of their sexes. Teaching 'changes in shapes of the moon' was more effective for the students whose cognitive modes were field-independent, than those filed-dependent. But the improvement by the teaching was not significantly different. The pre-score by cognitive level was significantly high in the order of the formal operational, transitional stage and the concrete operational stage. But the improvement of conception after teaching was high in the order of the concrete operational, transitional stage and the formal operational stage. That is to say, teaching was more effective as the cognitive level lowered.

• 한국전통조경학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.132-142
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• 2014

본 연구는 영국 낭만주의 정원과 구별되는 미국 낭만주의 정원의 특성을 밝히기 위한 초기 연구로, 미국 초기 국가시대 영국의 낭만주의 정원이 처음 도입되기 시작하여 전환기 정원으로 언급되고 있는 파커정원, 마운트 버논과 몬티첼로 정원을 분석하였다. 분석은 문헌을 통해 시대적 배경, 정원을 조성한 인물, 정형식 정원과 자연주의 정원의 특성 등을 조사하였고, 문헌고찰과 현장답사를 통해 수집된 자료를 중심으로 각 대상지의 공간구조 원리와 정원요소를 중심으로 분석하였다. 공간구조 원리는 직선과 곡선, 노단과 구릉, 가시적 축과 비가시적 축, 대칭과 비대칭, 원근법과 사원근법을 분석인자로 하였다. 분석결과 각 정원은 초기국가 전시대인 식민지 시대 정원에서 보여지는 정형식 정원과 달리 자연주의 정원 즉, 비정형식 정원(영국 자연주의 정원) 양식이 공존하였다. 즉, 파카정원은 정형식 정원과 자연주의 정원이 각각의 공간에 계획되어 각각의 공간에 양식적 특성이 잘 나타나고 있었으나 정형식 정원에서 중심축의 계획에 있어서 거주지의 축과 정원의 축이 일치하지 않아 기존의 정형식 정원의 틀에서 벗어났음을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 현상과 한 정원 내에 자연주의적 정원이 공존 한다는 사실은 미국 초기 국가시대에 계획되어졌던 정형식 정원 양식이 다른 양식으로 대체된 것을 입증한다. 마운트 버논 정원은 파커정원에서와 같이 각각 다른 공간으로 나뉘어 계획된 것이 아니라 하나의 정원에 두 가지 양식이 서로 조화롭게 혼합되어 계획되어졌다. 구불구불한 산책로가 도입되었으나 중심축에 의한 좌우 대칭을 이루게 하였으며, 동일한 식재를 통해 대칭 등 정형적 계획이 동시에 고려된 것으로 나타났다. 반면 구릉의 테라스, 사원근법을 통한 공간계획 등을 통해 본격적으로 자연주의적 양식이 미국 정원에 정착하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 몬티첼로의 분석결과 자연주의 정원의 대표적 특성인 구불구불한 산책로, 장식농장, 곡선의 화단과 사원근법 등의 원리로 공간이 계획되어 졌으며, 곡선의 화단, 숲과 덤불 형태의 식재 등 정형식 정원의 모습은 거의 찾아 볼 수 없는 영국에서 도입된 자연주의 정원의 특성이 완벽하게 재현된 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 복식
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• 제26권
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• pp.123-143
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• 1995

Clothing as one of elements of culture has been interwoven with cultural diffusion, and accompanied the most visible change. In this paper, it was focused that the process and the characteristics of western clothing adop-tion of Korea from 1876 to 1945 corelating with cultural diffusion theory. They were analyzed through the change of clothing reformation system by government, school uniform, and social phenomenon. The finding of this paper were as followings; 1. The process of western clothing adoption was forcibly demanded by Japan, therefore influenced by Japan. 2. The clothing reformation which was forced to accept western style was confronted by complex of cultural, psychological and economical resistance. 3. The fashion leaders of this period were Korean students studying abroad, diplomatic officials, members of the armed forces, government officials, students of western educational systemed school, and lady of evangelist. 4. Man adopted western clothing earlier than woman. 5. Western clothing adoption was took precedence in case of formal wear, diplomatic official's attire, military uniform, and school uniform. 6. In this process, we can find 'transculturation' by Malinowski and 'reinter-pretation' by Herskovits. 7. This process was a kind of 'reorientaion'. 8. The change of clothing which was affected by the tradition, for example, robe for the ancestral rites was evolutionary than others. 9. Clothing elements based on mental or internal characteristics like which clothing was hardly changed by compulsion or extortion. 10. The external trends of clothing change during this period were simplicity, utility, and decrease of status symbols.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.27-35
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• 1991

This study was carried out to investigate the influence of the various physiological function caused by brassiere wearing. The four experimental methods used in this study are as follows. For example, the Roentgen photographing, Body measurement by Sliding Gauge, the measurement of the Electrocardiogram and Blood Pressure. The results of the Electrocardiogram and Blood Pressure. The results of the investigation were as follows: 1. In experimental change by Sliding Gauge and Body measurement, The bust point was rised in order AB1>B2. The width of right and left bust point was decreased in order of A>B1>B2. According to, The supplementary effect of brassiere wearing was excellent in B2. 2. In the change of various organs by Roentgen photographing, The width of the chest and size of the heart were decreased in regular order of A>B1>B2. The diaphragm and the others were not showed change. 3. In the experimental result by measurement of the electrocardiogram, The interval of heart palpitation was decreased in order A>B1>B2 and the pulse frequency was similar. 4. In the experimental result by the blood pressure measurement, A had the highest blood pressure and B2 had the lowest pressure in all variables.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.84-93
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• 2001

The aim of this study is to provide fundamental informations that make it possible to use a cool stream and a hot stream simultaneously. We changed the pressure of compressed air that flows into a tube, the inner diameter of orifice that a cold stream exits, and the mass flow rate ratio. And in each case, we measured the temperature of a cold stream and a hot stream in each exit of a tube. Also we measured the axial temperature distribution and the radial temperature distribution in internal space of a tube. From the study, following conclusive remarks can be made. Average flow rate that flows into a tube is in proportion to square root of inlet pressure. As inlet pressure increases axial and radial temperature distribution in the inner space of vortex-tube increase. As mass flow rate ratio change, separation point moves.

• 한국언어정보학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국언어정보학회 2002년도 Language, Information, and Computation Proceedings of The 16th Pacific Asia Conference
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• pp.195-204
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• 2002

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the lexical-semantic structure of morphologically derived passive verbs in Korean based on Pustejovsky (1995)'s Generative Lexicon Theory (GL) and to explain the change of the root verb's lexical-semantic structure by means of passivization. Passivization in this paper is defined as the unaccusaztivization. In Argument Structure of derived passive verbs, the agent argument is deleted and the theme argument is realized as a syntactic subject. As for Event Structure, derived passives express left-headed event (achievement), whereas their roots denote right-headed event (accomplishment). In Qualia Structure, passive verbs and root ones have the same Fomal Role, but in Agentive Role of passive verbs, an act weakens to a process. Both Formal and Agentive Roles have the same theme argument.

• 대한수학교육학회지:수학교육학연구
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.353-369
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• 2002

In this paper, we deal with the teaching of the approaching to algebra based on patterns. The change of algebra curriculum has been undergoing in many countries including USA, England, Australia. The traditional algebra curriculum starts with letters(variables), algebraic expressions, and equations. But these formal approaching method has many difficulties in teaching school algebra. Therefore the new algebra curriculum has to be needed, and the approaching to algebra based on patterns has been focused. In this paper, we compare this new approaching to algebra based on patterns to the traditional algebra curriculum. Next we consider the NCTM algebra curriculums based on Standards (1989) and Standards 2000(2000), Britannica textbook series(1998) based on RME. Also we investigate our pattern approaching in our curriculum and discuss some problems from the perspective of the approaching to algebra based on patterns.

• 영어어문교육
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.103-124
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• 2002

For the current study, five Asian English teachers participated in their case studies to investigate an in-depth understanding of their beliefs about teaching and learning English as a foreign language. Data were collected through structured and unstructured interviews, written documents, observations of teacher-participants' micro teaching, a research methodology journal and a self-reflection journal. This study described the beliefs that Asian English teachers brought to the teacher preparation program and examined to see if these teacher-participants who were involved in case studies perceived change in their beliefs. The study found that formal and informal learning experiences greatly shaped the way teacher-participants' beliefs about the way learning and teaching ought to be. In addition, early experiences of learning and teaching influenced teacher-participants' change in beliefs.