• 제목/요약/키워드: Form analysis

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화엄사 목조비로자나삼신불좌상의 조성기 「시주질(施主秩)」 분석 (Analysis of the Shijujils(施主秩), the records on the creation of Buddha statues, of wooden seated Vairocana Buddha Triad of Hwaeomsa Temple)

  • 유근자
    • 미술자료
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    • 제100권
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    • pp.112-138
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    • 2021
  • 본 논문은 화엄사 목조비로자나삼신불좌상 가운데 좌존(左尊) 노사나불상과 우존(右尊) 석가불상의 복장에서 수습한 2점의 불상 조성기인 「시주질(施主秩)」을 분석한 것으로, 두 자료는 2015년 9월과 2020년 7월의 복장조사를 통해 나온 것이다. 2015년 9월에 수습한 석가불상의 「시주질(施主秩)」은 한동안 미공개로 화엄사 성보박물관에 소장되다가 2020년 7월 노사나불상의 「시주질(施主秩)」이 발견되면서, 2021년 9월 '지리산 대화엄사' 특별전을 통해 함께 처음으로 공개되었다. 화엄사 두 불상의 「시주질(施主秩)」은 17세기에 조성된 불상에 관한 기존 조성기의 일반적인 낱장 또는 두루마리 형식과 다르게, 선장(線裝) 방식으로 가철(假綴)된 책자 형식으로 되어 있다. 노사나불상의 「시주질(施主秩)」은 1책 19장 38면으로, 석가불상의 「시주질(施主秩)」은 1책 11장 22면으로 구성되어 있다. 「시주질(施主秩)」의 내용은 불상 조성의 목적, 제작 시기, 봉안(奉安) 연도 및 봉안처(奉安處), 존명(尊名), 소임자(所任者), 조각승(彫刻僧), 시주(施主) 물목(物目), 시주자(施主者) 등을 담고 있다. 이밖에도 당시 화엄사에 주석하고 있던 승려들까지 수록하고 있는 점에서 「시주질(施主秩)」은 약 400여 년 전 화엄사의 중창 불사 당시의 상황을 오늘날에 소상하게 알려주는 타임캡슐(time capsule) 같은 것이다. 노사나불상과 석가불상의 「시주질(施主秩)」 및 노사나불상의 대좌 기록에 의하면, 1634년(인조 12) 3월에 화엄사 비로자나삼신불상을 조성하기 시작해 8월에 완성한 후, 1635년(인조 13) 가을에 대웅전에 봉안한 사실을 확인할 수 있다. 화엄사 비로자나삼신불상의 제작 시기를 1634년으로 특정할 수 있게된 점은 매우 중요한 의미를 갖는다. 그동안은 중관(中觀) 해안(海眼)이 1636년(인조 14)에 저술한 『호남도구례현지리산대화엄사사적(湖南道求禮縣智異山大華嚴寺事蹟)』에 의존해 비로자나삼신불상의 조성 시기를 1636년으로 추정해 왔는데, 이제는 화엄사 비로자나삼신불상의 제작 시기를 1634년으로 특정할 수 있게 되었기 때문이다. 화엄사 노사나불상과 석가불상의 「시주질(施主秩)」은 벽암(碧巖) 각성(覺性)의 역할을 잘 알 수 있는 자료이기도 하다. 벽암 각성은 1630년에 화엄사 동오층석탑을 중수할 때는 '대공덕주(大功德主)'였고, 1634년 삼신불상을 조성할 때도 '판거사(辦擧事)' 또는 '대공덕주(大功德主)'였으며, 1653년 영산회 괘불탱을 조성할 때 역시 주도적인 역할을 맡는 등 17세기 화엄사 중창 불사에 가장 중추적인 역할을 한 인물이다. 화엄사 노사나불상과 석가불상의 「시주질(施主秩)」은 벽암 각성과 왕실과의 관계를 밝힐 수 있는 자료라는 점에서도 매우 중요하다. 노사나불상과 석가불상의 「시주질(施主秩)」은 불상의 조성과 관련하여 왕실 인물인 선조의 아들 의창군(義昌君) 이광(李珖)과 사위 신익성(申翊聖), 인조의 아들 소현세자(昭顯世子) 등이 구체적으로 기록된 최초의 자료이기 때문이다. 화엄사 노사나불상과 석가불상의 「시주질(施主秩)」은 비로자나삼신불상의 조성 연도, 벽암 각성과 왕실의 관계 및 벽암 각성의 역할 등, 17세기 비로자나삼신불상의 조성에 관한 구체적 정보를 담고 있어 미술사뿐만 아니라 향후 화엄사의 역사 연구에도 중요한 자료적 가치가 있다.

Perceptional Change of a New Product, DMB Phone

  • Kim, Ju-Young;Ko, Deok-Im
    • 마케팅과학연구
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    • 제18권3호
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    • pp.59-88
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    • 2008
  • Digital Convergence means integration between industry, technology, and contents, and in marketing, it usually comes with creation of new types of product and service under the base of digital technology as digitalization progress in electro-communication industries including telecommunication, home appliance, and computer industries. One can see digital convergence not only in instruments such as PC, AV appliances, cellular phone, but also in contents, network, service that are required in production, modification, distribution, re-production of information. Convergence in contents started around 1990. Convergence in network and service begins as broadcasting and telecommunication integrates and DMB(digital multimedia broadcasting), born in May, 2005 is the symbolic icon in this trend. There are some positive and negative expectations about DMB. The reason why two opposite expectations exist is that DMB does not come out from customer's need but from technology development. Therefore, customers might have hard time to interpret the real meaning of DMB. Time is quite critical to a high tech product, like DMB because another product with same function from different technology can replace the existing product within short period of time. If DMB does not positioning well to customer's mind quickly, another products like Wibro, IPTV, or HSPDA could replace it before it even spreads out. Therefore, positioning strategy is critical for success of DMB product. To make correct positioning strategy, one needs to understand how consumer interprets DMB and how consumer's interpretation can be changed via communication strategy. In this study, we try to investigate how consumer perceives a new product, like DMB and how AD strategy change consumer's perception. More specifically, the paper segment consumers into sub-groups based on their DMB perceptions and compare their characteristics in order to understand how they perceive DMB. And, expose them different printed ADs that have messages guiding consumer think DMB in specific ways, either cellular phone or personal TV. Research Question 1: Segment consumers according to perceptions about DMB and compare characteristics of segmentations. Research Question 2: Compare perceptions about DMB after AD that induces categorization of DMB in direction for each segment. If one understand and predict a direction in which consumer perceive a new product, firm can select target customers easily. We segment consumers according to their perception and analyze characteristics in order to find some variables that can influence perceptions, like prior experience, usage, or habit. And then, marketing people can use this variables to identify target customers and predict their perceptions. If one knows how customer's perception is changed via AD message, communication strategy could be constructed properly. Specially, information from segmented customers helps to develop efficient AD strategy for segment who has prior perception. Research framework consists of two measurements and one treatment, O1 X O2. First observation is for collecting information about consumer's perception and their characteristics. Based on first observation, the paper segment consumers into two groups, one group perceives DMB similar to Cellular phone and the other group perceives DMB similar to TV. And compare characteristics of two segments in order to find reason why they perceive DMB differently. Next, we expose two kinds of AD to subjects. One AD describes DMB as Cellular phone and the other Ad describes DMB as personal TV. When two ADs are exposed to subjects, consumers don't know their prior perception of DMB, in other words, which subject belongs 'similar-to-Cellular phone' segment or 'similar-to-TV' segment? However, we analyze the AD's effect differently for each segment. In research design, final observation is for investigating AD effect. Perception before AD is compared with perception after AD. Comparisons are made for each segment and for each AD. For the segment who perceives DMB similar to TV, AD that describes DMB as cellular phone could change the prior perception. And AD that describes DMB as personal TV, could enforce the prior perception. For data collection, subjects are selected from undergraduate students because they have basic knowledge about most digital equipments and have open attitude about a new product and media. Total number of subjects is 240. In order to measure perception about DMB, we use indirect measurement, comparison with other similar digital products. To select similar digital products, we pre-survey students and then finally select PDA, Car-TV, Cellular Phone, MP3 player, TV, and PSP. Quasi experiment is done at several classes under instructor's allowance. After brief introduction, prior knowledge, awareness, and usage about DMB as well as other digital instruments is asked and their similarities and perceived characteristics are measured. And then, two kinds of manipulated color-printed AD are distributed and similarities and perceived characteristics for DMB are re-measured. Finally purchase intension, AD attitude, manipulation check, and demographic variables are asked. Subjects are given small gift for participation. Stimuli are color-printed advertising. Their actual size is A4 and made after several pre-test from AD professionals and students. As results, consumers are segmented into two subgroups based on their perceptions of DMB. Similarity measure between DMB and cellular phone and similarity measure between DMB and TV are used to classify consumers. If subject whose first measure is less than the second measure, she is classified into segment A and segment A is characterized as they perceive DMB like TV. Otherwise, they are classified as segment B, who perceives DMB like cellular phone. Discriminant analysis on these groups with their characteristics of usage and attitude shows that Segment A knows much about DMB and uses a lot of digital instrument. Segment B, who thinks DMB as cellular phone doesn't know well about DMB and not familiar with other digital instruments. So, consumers with higher knowledge perceive DMB similar to TV because launching DMB advertising lead consumer think DMB as TV. Consumers with less interest on digital products don't know well about DMB AD and then think DMB as cellular phone. In order to investigate perceptions of DMB as well as other digital instruments, we apply Proxscal analysis, Multidimensional Scaling technique at SPSS statistical package. At first step, subjects are presented 21 pairs of 7 digital instruments and evaluate similarity judgments on 7 point scale. And for each segment, their similarity judgments are averaged and similarity matrix is made. Secondly, Proxscal analysis of segment A and B are done. At third stage, get similarity judgment between DMB and other digital instruments after AD exposure. Lastly, similarity judgments of group A-1, A-2, B-1, and B-2 are named as 'after DMB' and put them into matrix made at the first stage. Then apply Proxscal analysis on these matrixes and check the positional difference of DMB and after DMB. The results show that map of segment A, who perceives DMB similar as TV, shows that DMB position closer to TV than to Cellular phone as expected. Map of segment B, who perceive DMB similar as cellular phone shows that DMB position closer to Cellular phone than to TV as expected. Stress value and R-square is acceptable. And, change results after stimuli, manipulated Advertising show that AD makes DMB perception bent toward Cellular phone when Cellular phone-like AD is exposed, and that DMB positioning move towards Car-TV which is more personalized one when TV-like AD is exposed. It is true for both segment, A and B, consistently. Furthermore, the paper apply correspondence analysis to the same data and find almost the same results. The paper answers two main research questions. The first one is that perception about a new product is made mainly from prior experience. And the second one is that AD is effective in changing and enforcing perception. In addition to above, we extend perception change to purchase intention. Purchase intention is high when AD enforces original perception. AD that shows DMB like TV makes worst intention. This paper has limitations and issues to be pursed in near future. Methodologically, current methodology can't provide statistical test on the perceptual change, since classical MDS models, like Proxscal and correspondence analysis are not probability models. So, a new probability MDS model for testing hypothesis about configuration needs to be developed. Next, advertising message needs to be developed more rigorously from theoretical and managerial perspective. Also experimental procedure could be improved for more realistic data collection. For example, web-based experiment and real product stimuli and multimedia presentation could be employed. Or, one can display products together in simulated shop. In addition, demand and social desirability threats of internal validity could influence on the results. In order to handle the threats, results of the model-intended advertising and other "pseudo" advertising could be compared. Furthermore, one can try various level of innovativeness in order to check whether it make any different results (cf. Moon 2006). In addition, if one can create hypothetical product that is really innovative and new for research, it helps to make a vacant impression status and then to study how to form impression in more rigorous way.

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The Comparison of Basic Science Research Capacity of OECD Countries

  • Lim, Yang-Taek;Song, Choong-Han
    • 기술혁신연구
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    • 제11권1호
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    • pp.147-176
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    • 2003
  • This Paper Presents a new measurement technique to derive the level of BSRC (Basic Science and Research Capacity) index by use of the factor analysis which is extended with the assumption of the standard normal probability distribution of the selected explanatory variables. The new measurement method is used to forecast the gap of Korea's BSRC level compared with those of major OECD countries in terms of time lag and to make their international comparison during the time period of 1981∼1999, based on the assumption that the BSRC progress function of each country takes the form of the logistic curve. The US BSRC index is estimated to be 0.9878 in 1981, 0.9996 in 1990 and 0.99991 in 1999, taking the 1st place. The US BSRC level has been consistently the top among the 16 selected variables, followed by Japan, Germany, France and the United Kingdom, in order. Korea's BSRC is estimated to be 0.2293 in 1981, taking the lowest place among the 16 OECD countries. However, Korea's BSRC indices are estimated to have been increased to 0.3216 (in 1990) and 0.44652 (in 1999) respectively, taking 10th place. Meanwhile, Korea's BSRC level in 1999 (0.44652) is estimated to reach those of the US and Japan in 2233 and 2101, respectively. This means that Korea falls 234 years behind USA and 102 years behind Japan, respectively. Korea is also estimated to lag 34 years behind Germany, 16 years behind France and the UK, 15 years behind Sweden, 11 years behind Canada, 7 years behind Finland, and 5 years behind the Netherlands. For the period of 1981∼1999, the BSRC development speed of the US is estimated to be 0.29700. Its rank is the top among the selected OECD countries, followed by Japan (0.12800), Korea (0.04443), and Germany (0.04029). the US BSRC development speed (0.2970) is estimated to be 2.3 times higher than that of Japan (0.1280), and 6.7 times higher than that of Korea. German BSRC development speed (0.04029) is estimated to be fastest in Europe, but it is 7.4 times slower than that of the US. The estimated BSRC development speeds of Belgium, Finland, Italy, Denmark and the UK stand between 0.01 and 0.02, which are very slow. Particularly, the BSRC development speed of Spain is estimated to be minus 0.0065, staying at the almost same level of BSRC over time (1981 ∼ 1999). Since Korea shows BSRC development speed much slower than those of the US and Japan but relative]y faster than those of other countries, the gaps in BSRC level between Korea and the other countries may get considerably narrower or even Korea will surpass possibly several countries in BSRC level, as time goes by. Korea's BSRC level had taken 10th place till 1993. However, it is estimated to be 6th place in 2010 by catching up the UK, Sweden, Finland and Holland, and 4th place in 2020 by catching up France and Canada. The empirical results are consistent with OECD (2001a)'s computation that Korea had the highest R&D expenditures growth during 1991∼1999 among all OECD countries ; and the value-added of ICT industries in total business sectors value added is 12% in Korea, but only 8% in Japan. And OECD (2001b) observed that Korea, together with the US, Sweden, and Finland, are already the four most knowledge-based countries. Hence, the rank of the knowledge-based country was measured by investment in knowledge which is defined as public and private spending on higher education, expenditures on R&D and investment in software.

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119 구급대원들이 지각하는 의료지도의 필요성 인식과 요구도 (Recognition and Request for Medical Direction by 119 Emergency Medical Technicians)

  • 박주호
    • 한국응급구조학회지
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    • 제15권3호
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    • pp.31-44
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    • 2011
  • Purpose : The purpose of emergency medical services(EMS) is to save human lives and assure the completeness of the body in emergency situations. Those who have been qualified on medical practice to perform such treatment as there is the risk of human life and possibility of major physical and mental injuries that could result from the urgency of time and invasiveness inflicted upon the body. In the emergency medical activities, 119 emergency medical technicians mainly perform the task but they are not able to perform such task independently and they are mandatory to receive medical direction. The purpose of this study is to examine the recognition and request for medical direction by 119 emergency medical technicians in order to provide basic information on the development of medical direction program suitable to the characteristics of EMS as well as for the studies on EMS for the sake of efficient operation of pre-hospital EMS. Method : Questionnaire via e-mail was conducted during July 1-31, 2010 for 675 participants who are emergency medical technicians, nurses and other emergency crews in Gyeongbuk. The effective 171 responses were used for the final analysis. In regards to the emergency medical technicians' scope of responsibilities defined in Attached Form 14, Enforcement regulations of EMS, t-test analysis was conducted by using the means and standard deviation of the level of request for medical direction on the scope of responsibilities of Level 1 & Level 2 emergency medical technicians as the scale of medical direction request. The general characteristics, experience result, the reason for necessity, emergency medical technicians & medical director request level, medical direction method, the place of work of the medical director, feedback content and improvement plan request level were analyzed through frequency and percentage. The level of experience in medical direction and necessity were analyzed through ${\chi}^2$ test. Results : In regards to the medical direction experience per qualification, the experience was the highest with 53.3% for Level 1 emergency medical technicians and 80.3% responded that experience was helpful. As for the recognition on the necessity of medical direction, 71.3% responded as "necessary" and it turned out to be the highest of 76.9% in nurses. As for the reason for responding "necessary", the reason for reducing the risk and side-effects from EMS for patients was the largest(75.4%), and the reason of EMS delay due to the request of medical direction was the highest(71.4%) for the reason for responding "not necessary". In regards to the request level of the task scope of emergency medical technicians, injection of certain amount of solution during a state of shock was the highest($3.10{\pm}.96$) for Level 1 emergency rescuers, and the endotracheal intubation was the highest($3.12{\pm}1.03$) for nurses, and the sublingual administration of nitroglycerine(NTG) during chest pain was the highest($2.62{\pm}1.02$) for Level 2 emergency medical technicians, and regulation of heartbeat using AED was the highest($2.76{\pm}.99$) for other emergency crews. For the revitalization of medical direction, the improvement in the capability of EMS(78.9%) was requested from emergency crew, and the ability to evaluate the medical state of patient was the highest(80.1%) in the level of request for medical director. The prehospital and direct medical direction was the highest(60.8%) for medical direction method, and the emergency medical facility was the highest(52.0%) for the placement of medical director, and the evaluation of appropriateness of EMS was the highest(66.1%) for the feedback content, and the reinforcement of emergency crew(emergency medical technicians) personnel was the highest(69.0%) for the improvement plan. Conclusion : The medical direction is an important policy in the prehospital EMS activity because 119 emergency medical technicians agreed the necessity of medical direction and over 80% of those who experienced medical direction said it was helpful. In addition, the simulation training program using algorithm and case study through feedback are necessary in order to enhance the technical capability of ambulance teams on the item of professional EMS with high level of request in the task scope of emergency medical technicians, and recognition of medical direction is the essence of the EMS field. In regards to revitalizing medical direction, the improvement of the task performance capability of 119 emergency medical technicians and medical directors, reinforcement of emergency medical activity personnel, assurance of trust between emergency medical technicians and the emergency physician, and search for professional operation plan of medical direction center are needed to expand the direct medical direction method for possible treatment beforehand through the participation by medical director even at the step in which emergency situation report is received.

한국 땃쥐속 우수리땃쥐 Crocidura lasiura와 작은땃쥐 C. suaveolens, 뒤쥐속 뒤쥐 Sorex caecutiens의 치아형태와 Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy를 이용한 법랑질 표면의 정성적 분석 비교 (Comparative Tooth Morphology and Qualitative Analysis on the Enamel Surface using Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy in the White-Toothed Shrew Crocidura lasiura and C. suaveolens and the Red-Toothed Shrew Sorex caecutiens from Korea)

  • 정순정
    • 치위생과학회지
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    • 제13권2호
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    • pp.203-212
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    • 2013
  • 한국 땃쥐속 우수리땃쥐 Crocidura lasiura와 작은땃쥐 C. suaveolens, 뒤쥐속 뒤쥐 Sorex caecutiens의 치아형태와 법랑질 표면의 함유물을 EDX를 이용하여 정성 분석하였다. 우수리땃쥐와 작은땃쥐의 경우, 치식은 I3/1 C1/1 P1/1 M3/3=28이었고, 상악 제1대구치와 제2대구치는 5개의 교두들로 만들어진 균형이 맞지 않는 W형을 가지고 있었고, 상악 제3 대구치는 상악 제1대구치와 제2대구치의 3/1크기였으며, 상악 제1절치는 2개의 다른 크기의 갈고리 모양이었으며, 하악 제1 절치는 매끈하였다. 뒤쥐의 경우, 치식은 I3/1 C1/1 P3/1 M3/3=32이었고, 상악 제1대구치와 제2대 구치는 균형이 맞는 W형을 가졌고 상악 제3대구치는 다른 대구치의 약 절반 크기였으며, 상악 제1절치는 2개의 비슷한 크기의 갈고리 모양이었으며 하악 제1절치는 매끈하지않은 톱니모양이었다. 치아와 두개골 측정치 비교에서 우수리땃쥐가 3종 중 가장 컸으나(p<0.001), 작은땃쥐와 뒤쥐는 크기에서 차이가 없었다(p>0.05). EDX를 이용한 하악 제1절치와 하악 제1대구치의 법랑질 표본의 정성적 분석으로부터, C, O, P, Ca, Cu가 모든 표본에서 검출되었고 Pb는 몇몇 표본에서만 검출되었다. 3종들에서 이들의 함유량은 통계적 차이를 보이지 않았다(p>0.05). Fe는 붉게 착색된 치아를 가지는 뒤쥐의 법랑질 표면에서만 검출되었다. 따라 서 Fe가 치아의 붉은 착색의 원인이다. 이상의 결과들은 치아 끝의 색을 포함한 치아 형태학적 특징들이 땃쥐속과 뒤쥐속의 분류키가 될 수 있음을 시사하고 있다.

사면안정 해석과 댐 거동분석을 통한 Carsington Dam 파괴의 고찰 (Assessment of Carsington Dam Failure by Slope Stability and Dam Behavior Analyses)

  • 송정락;김성인
    • 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국지반공학회 1991년도 추계학술발표회 논문집 지반공학에서의 컴퓨터 활용 COMPUTER UTILIZATION IN GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
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    • pp.87-102
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    • 1991
  • 영국 잉글랜드 지방의 Carsington Dam의 파괴원인은 설계시 발견되지 못한 댐 상류 사면 하부의 황색점토층의 존재와 이미 존재하던 전단변형에 기인한 것으로 보고되었다. 설계시 황색 점토층과 이미 존재하던 전단변형을 고려하지 않고 전통적인 원호파괴 양상으로 검토된 사면의 안전율은 1.4 이상으로 나타났다. 그러나 댐 파괴후 황색 점토층과 이미 존재하던 전단변형을 고려한 사면의 안전율은 약 1.0으로 보고되었다. 또한 파괴후 사면에 대한 유한 요소 해석결과로 부터 파괴 토괴의 절편에 작용하는 수평력은 수평에 대해서 약 10。아래로 작용하고 있음이 보고되었다. 본 고에서는 Bishop의 간편법과 Janbu 방법 및 Morgenstern-Price 방법을 이용하여 원호형 사면파괴양상과 특정 파괴면을 따라서 일어나는 쐐기형 파괴양상에 대하여 사면안정을 검토하였으며, 이미 존재하던 전단변형과 이에 따른 토괴의 연속적인 거동은 이미 주어진 지반 특성을 이용한 강도정수와 간극수압비에 의하여 고려하였다. 그 결과 확생 점토층을 무시하고 원호형 파괴 양상에 대하여 Bishop의 간편법에 의한 설계 시점에서의 안전율은 1.387로 나타났으며(STABL), 파괴 후의 지반자료를 이용하고, 황색점토층을 고려한 안전율을 Janbu 방법의 경우 1.012(STABL), 그리고 Morgenstern-Price 방법의 경우 0.969을 보여주었다(MALE). 또한 Cam-Clay Model을 이용한 유한 요소 해석용 프로그램을 이용하여 댐 제체의 거동을 검토하였다. 이때 댐 제체의 성토 작업 및 압밀진행에 따른 간극수압변화와, 파괴시 혹은 파괴에 임박한 상태에서의 제체의 거동은 적절하게 가정된 지반의 응력-변형률 관계와 간극수압특성에 의하여 고려되었다. 그 결과 응력 및 변위가 심하게 발생하는 지역은 황색 점토층이었으며 이로부터 황색 점토층에서 부터 파괴면이 생성되어 다른 지역으로 전파되었음을 유추할 수 있었다.form trap with 2.88[eV] deep of injected space charge from the chathode in the crystaline regions. The origin of ${\alpha}$$_2$ peak was regarded as the detrapping process of ions trapped with 0.9[eV] deep originated from impurity-ion remained in the specimen during production process of the material, in the crystalline regions. The origin of ${\beta}$ peak was concluded to be due to the depolarization process of "C=0"dipole with the activation energy of 0.75[eV] in the amorphous regions. The origin of ${\gamma}$ peak was responsible to the process combined with the depolarization of "CH$_3$", chain segment, with the activation energy of carriers from the shallow trap with 0.4[eV], in he amorphous regions.의 증발산율은 우기의 기상자료를 이용하여 구한 결과 0.05 - 0.10 mm/hr 의 범위로서 이로 인한 강우손실량은 큰 의미가 없음을 알았다.재발이 나타난 3례의 환자를 제외한 9례 (75%)에서는 현재까지 재발소견을 보이지 않고 있다. 이러한 결과는 다른 보고자들과 유사한 결과를 보이고 있지만 아직까지 증례가 많지 않기 때문에 생존율을 얻기에는 미흡

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모자건강관리를 위한 위험요인별 감별평점분류기준 개발에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Risk Factors for Maternal and Child Health Care Program with Emphasis on Developing the Risk Score System)

  • 이광옥
    • 대한간호학회지
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    • 제13권1호
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    • pp.7-21
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    • 1983
  • For the flexible and rational distribution of limited existing health resources based on measurements of individual risk, the socalled Risk Approach is being proposed by the World Health Organization as a managerial tool in maternal and child health care program. This approach, in principle, puts us under the necessity of developing a technique by which we will be able to measure the degree of risk or to discriminate the future outcomes of pregnancy on the basis of prior information obtainable at prenatal care delivery settings. Numerous recent studies have focussed on the identification of relevant risk factors as the Prior infer mation and on defining the adverse outcomes of pregnancy to be dicriminated, and also have tried on how to develope scoring system of risk factors for the quantitative assessment of the factors as the determinant of pregnancy outcomes. Once the scoring system is established the technique of classifying the patients into with normal and with adverse outcomes will be easily de veloped. The scoring system should be developed to meet the following four basic requirements. 1) Easy to construct 2) Easy to use 3) To be theoretically sound 4) To be valid In searching for a feasible methodology which will meet these requirements, the author has attempted to apply the“Likelihood Method”, one of the well known principles in statistical analysis, to develop such scoring system according to the process as follows. Step 1. Classify the patients into four groups: Group $A_1$: With adverse outcomes on fetal (neonatal) side only. Group $A_2$: With adverse outcomes on maternal side only. Group $A_3$: With adverse outcome on both maternal and fetal (neonatal) sides. Group B: With normal outcomes. Step 2. Construct the marginal tabulation on the distribution of risk factors for each group. Step 3. For the calculation of risk score, take logarithmic transformation of relative proport-ions of the distribution and round them off to integers. Step 4. Test the validity of the score chart. h total of 2, 282 maternity records registered during the period of January 1, 1982-December 31, 1982 at Ewha Womans University Hospital were used for this study and the“Questionnaire for Maternity Record for Prenatal and Intrapartum High Risk Screening”developed by the Korean Institute for Population and Health was used to rearrange the information on the records into an easy analytic form. The findings of the study are summarized as follows. 1) The risk score chart constructed on the basis of“Likelihood Method”ispresented in Table 4 in the main text. 2) From the analysis of the risk score chart it was observed that a total of 24 risk factors could be identified as having significant predicting power for the discrimination of pregnancy outcomes into four groups as defined above. They are: (1) age (2) marital status (3) age at first pregnancy (4) medical insurance (5) number of pregnancies (6) history of Cesarean sections (7). number of living child (8) history of premature infants (9) history of over weighted new born (10) history of congenital anomalies (11) history of multiple pregnancies (12) history of abnormal presentation (13) history of obstetric abnormalities (14) past illness (15) hemoglobin level (16) blood pressure (17) heart status (18) general appearance (19) edema status (20) result of abdominal examination (21) cervix status (22) pelvis status (23) chief complaints (24) Reasons for examination 3) The validity of the score chart turned out to be as follows: a) Sensitivity: Group $A_1$: 0.75 Group $A_2$: 0.78 Group $A_3$: 0.92 All combined : 0.85 b) Specificity : 0.68 4) The diagnosabilities of the“score chart”for a set of hypothetical prevalence of adverse outcomes were calculated as follows (the sensitivity“for all combined”was used). Hypothetidal Prevalence : 5% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Diagnosability : 12% 23% 40% 53% 64% 75% 80%.

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한국산(韓國産) 고로쇠분류군(分類群)에 대한 재고(再考) (Reconsideration of Acer pictum complex in Korea)

  • 장진성
    • 식물분류학회지
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    • 제31권3호
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    • pp.283-309
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    • 2001
  • 분류학적으로 어려움이 있는 고로쇠 분류군(Acer pictum complex)은 한국, 중국, 일본의 고로쇠와 여러 변종 이외에 만주고로쇠, 우산고로쇠 등이 포함된다. 고로쇠 분류군의 주요 형질은 대부분 열매의 크기, 각도, 날개의 크기, 잎의 결각 등 정량형질로 인정되고 있어, 본 연구는 한중일(韓中日)의 125개체, 17개의 정량 형질, 5개의 형질간 비율 등 모두 22개의 형질로 다변량(PCA분석)과 단변량분석을 실시하였다. 다변량분석에 의하면 3개의 성분(PC) eigenvalues 누적비율이 0.59(ca. 59%)로서 매우 낮은 수치를 보였고 대부분 PCA상의 좌표 중앙에 몰리면서 종간 차이가 중첩되었다. 분포 영역의 동쪽에 분포하는 울릉도의 우산고로쇠는 열매와 잎의 형태에 있어 일본의 서쪽연안(일본해(日本海)=동해(東海))의 개체들과 중첩되었다. 한국의 경기도 서해안과 강원도 일대의 일부 개체중 중국 동북부에 분포하는 만주고로쇠형이 일부 관찰되었지만 한국의 고로쇠와 전형적인 만주고로쇠형(날개와 종자의 비=0.7이상)의 중간 형태를 확인하였다. 조사 형질중 날개의 길이, 날개/종자 길이의 비, 열매 각도는 우산고로쇠, 티벳고로쇠, 만주고로쇠 등을 구분하는 양상을 보였지만 한중일(韓中日)의 고로쇠 개체를 포함할 경우 모두 연속 변이로 확인되어 종간 식별이 불가능하였다. 따라서, 중국 내륙에서 일본까지 분포하는 고로쇠와 중국 동북부지역에서 황하강이북, 한국 북부, 중부지방의 경기도섬과 강원도지역에 분포하는 만주고로쇠, 울릉도의 우산고로쇠, 중국 남부에서 일본 Hokkaido이남에서 한국의 남부에 분포하는 털고로쇠는 모두 하나의 종으로 보는 것이 타당하다. 그러나, 조사된 정량적 형질이외에 종간 식별에 중요한 정성적 형질(털의 유무, 수피형태)과 지리적 분포를 고려하여 국내 분포하는 분류군을 고로쇠, 털고로쇠, 만주고로쇠 등 3 변종으로 정리하였다.

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치매노인의 거주형태 및 서비스유형에 따른 간호관리의 효과분석 (A Study on the Effectiveness of Care of Patients with Alzheimer s Disease According to Residence Arrangement and Types of Services)

  • 홍여신;박현애;조남옥
    • 대한간호학회지
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    • 제26권4호
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    • pp.768-781
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    • 1996
  • The problem of care of patients and families with Alzheimer's disease has become a conscious raising social policy issue in Korea. The government of the Republic of Korea has become cognizant of the situation and has begun searching for ways to remedy it. Thus, there is a need for a comprehensive under-standing of the situation in which patients and their families are struggling and the enormous problems of care. With a realization of the urgent need, this study was done to investigate the situation and the care needs of families with patients with Alzheimer's Disease, and to compare the effectiveness of services utilized by the families in terms of cost and effects on patient's conditions and on family live. The Subjects for the study were 29 families with hospitalized patients, 25 families utilizing hospital outpatient clinics, 14 families utilizing day care facilities, and 16 families with homebound patients. A total of 84 families were interviewed by four trained interviewers using structured and semistructured questionnaires. The data produced from these interviews included : the patient's stage of Alzheimer's disease, patient's bizarre behavior, hours spent on patient care per day, family burden and quality of life, direct and indirect costs encountered in the care of patients, and the families' evaluation of the effectiveness of the services received. The data were analyzed to determine the relationships between family charactersistics, patient's conditions and services utilization. The effectiveness of each of the service entities was assessed through families evaluation and hoped for service and comparisons were made between services in terms of the cost-effectiveness ratios. After initial comparison of cost-effectiveness ratios, further analysis was done to compare between groups for incremental effectiveness for each incremental unit of cost to determine the most cost-effective service entities. The findings of the study are as fellows : 1. The choice of living arrangement and the types of services are a function of the stage of Alzheimer's condition and the economic status of the family. 2. Comparision of the cost of care showed that most expenses were encountered in by families with hospitalization, families using outpatient services, and families using day care services in that order. The least expense was involved in the care of homebound patients. The economic burden felt by families was in the same order as expenses. 3. The average number of hours spent on daily patient care was 9.9 hours for the outpatient clinic users, 9.7 hours for homebound patients, and 5.4 hours for day care users. 4. There were significant differences in the patient's conditions (CDRL), bizarre behaviors and the families's burden by living arrangement and /or types of service. However, no significant difference was found between groups in the family's quality of life. 5. The families rated the services of day care center as most effective for the care of the patients and families, except for a few families who had experienced some improvement in the patient's conditions. The outpatient clinic users expressed psychological comforts mainly in that the patient was being taken care of. For those hospitalized patients, families expressed the comfort of being relieved of the burden of care and that the patient is being professionally cared for. Form the analysis of the costs, hours of patient care, patient's bizarre behaviors, family's quality of life and burdens, and family's evaluation of services, it is concluded that up to the mid stage of Alzheimer's condition, the utilization of day care center services is found to be the most cost-effective, and toward the end stage of the Alzheimer's disease, it is hoped that there will be a establishment of long term or short term in-patient facilities for the protection of patients and preservation of the integrity of families for less cost. Thus. it was concluded that the family centered system of care is the most effective for Korea with systematic support systems developed for the care of patients and their families according to the needs of families as the patient's condition deteriorates.

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단계별추출법에 의한 울산지역 토양 중의 중금속 Partitioning 특성연구 (The Partitioning Characteristics of Heavy Metals in Soils of Ulsan by Sequential Extraction Procedures)

  • 이병규;고일하;김행아
    • 대한환경공학회지
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    • 제27권1호
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    • pp.25-35
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    • 2005
  • 산업도시인 울산지역의 토양을 대상으로 단계별추출법을 통해 토양 내 축적된 중금속의 총 농도와 존재형태에 대해서 분석하였다. 울산지역을 오염배출원의 특성별로 6개(녹지, 주거지, 교통밀집, 기계 및 조선공단, 석유화학공단, 비철금속공단) 지역으로 구분하여 토양시료를 채취하였다. 연속추출법에 의하여 분석한 토양 중 중금속의 총 농도는 대체적으로 비철금속공단지역 >> 기계 및 조선공단지역 > 교통밀집지역 > 녹지 > 주거지의 순으로 나타났다. 거의 대부분의 지역에서 Cd, Cr 및 Ni은 50% 이상이 residual의 형태로 존재하였고 다음으로 Fe & Mn oxide 형태였다. 그러나 다른 지역보다 다소 높은 중금속 농도를 보였던 비철금속 공단지역에서는 residual의 존재비율이 낮았으며, 다른 지점에 비해 organic & sulfides의 비율이 높았다. Cu는 지역에 따라 다소 다른 존재형태를 보였다. Pb와 Zn은 Fe & Mn oxide가 가장 중요한 존재형태였고 Pb의 경우 그 다음으로 residual이 높은 존재형태를 보였다. 토양이나 빗물의 pH와 같은 환경 조건의 변화에 따라 쉽게 자연계로 유입될 수 있는 이동성을 가진 exchangeable 및 carbonates형태의 중금속이 차지하는 비율은 분석대상 전 지점에 걸쳐 대체적으로 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 비철금속 공단지역의 토양에서는 중금속의 총 농도가 심각하게 높게 나타났다. 그래서 토양 중 이동성 중금속의 상대적인 존재비율은 낮을지라도, 그 지역의 매우 높은 총 농도 때문에 많은 양의 중금속이 자연계에 유입될 가능성이 크다고 볼 수 있다. 따라서 배출원에서의 사전 오염방지 대책이나 중금속에 오염된 토양의 복원 등 긴급한 대책이 절실한 것으로 판단된다. 또한, 왕수추출법과 연속추출법에서 얻어진 중금속의 총 농도는 Cd를 제외하고 전 항목에 대해 높은 결정계수(0.7 < R2 < 0.9)를 보였다.