• 인터넷정보학회논문지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.9-20
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• 2020

본 연구는 넷플릭스-SK브로드밴드간 대가 분쟁에서 나타난 망의 연결행위와 그 대가에 대한 용어 혼란을 국내·외 법령을 통해 재정립해보고 있다. 양측 분쟁 당사자, 학계, 언론 등에서 망 이용 및 제공에 따른 금전적 반대급부를 "(상호)접속료" 또는 "망 이용대가" 등의 용어를 통일성 없이 사용하고 있고, 경우에 따라서는 전략적 목적에 따라 혼용하고 있다. 동일한 현상에 대해 서로 다른 용어를 사용하는 것(또는 그 반대도 동일)은 문제에 대한 통일된 접근, 생산적이고 합리적인 논의, 더 나아가 분쟁 해결을 어렵게 한다는 점에서 이 연구는 의의를 가진다. 이에 본 연구는 망 이용 및 연결과 관련된 용어 즉 "이용", "접근(Access)", "상호접속(Interconnection)"과 그에 따른 반대급부로서의 비용 관련 용어를 상호 비교/분석하여 (상호)접속료와 망 이용대가를 구분하여 사용할 것을 제언하고, 향후 ICT 부문 이슈 해결에 단초로서 기능할 수 있도록 하고 있다. 본 연구 결과 넷플릭스-SK브로드밴드간 망 연결/이용에 따라 수수하는 금전적 반대급부는 망 이용대가(Access fee) 또는 (소매)요금이며, 네트워크를 보유/운용하는 기간통신사업자 간(ISP)간 연결에서 발생하는 수수료에 한정하여 "상호접속료(Interconnection fee)"라는 용어로 통일하여 사용할 것을 제안하고 있다.

• 국제지역연구
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.47-80
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• 2018

보스니아는 '데이턴 평화안(Dayton Peace Agreement)'에 따라 '1국가 2체제(One State-Two Systems)'란 독특한 정치, 사회적 구조를 지니고 있다. 1995년 내전 종결 이후 보스니아내 민족 문제와 평화 정착은 단순히 발칸 반도란 지엽적 차원을 뛰어넘어 유럽 전체의 광역 개념을 지니며 관심을 받아온 게 사실이다. 보스니아는 통상 유럽에서 대표적인 '종교와 문화의 모자이크(A Mosaic of Religion and Culture)'지역이며, 유럽의 다양한 종교-문화적 특징이 한데 모인 수도 사라예보(Sarajevo)는 '유럽의 예루살렘(Jerusalem in Europe)'으로 불린다. 이런 이유로 중세 이후로 보스니아는 갈등과 충돌의 역사를 반복해 왔다. 하지만, 20세기말 민족 간 내전을 겪기 이전까지 이 지역은 '동 서양의 종교와 문화, 다양한 민족 간 조화와 화합'의 경험 또한 지녀왔던 게 사실이다. EU 등 국제 사회는 보스니아 재건과 평화 정착을 추진하면서 이 점에 주목하여 왔다. 그리고 오늘날 보스니아에서 그 조화와 화합의 역사를 다시 회복하기 위해 노력 중에 있다. 본 연구에서는 내전 종결 20주년을 맞이해 과거 갈등 사례에 초점을 맞추었던 기존 일반적 연구 틀을 벗어나 보스니아 평화 정착과 민족 간 화합에 필요한 다음과 같은 세 가지 요소들을 제시하고 그 실천적 사례들을 분석해 보고자 한다: 첫째, 국제 사회의 적극적 개입과 지속적 관심을 의미하는 '보스니아의 EU 가입 추진', 둘째, 2017년 12월 ICTY 임무 종료를 통한 '전범 문제 해결 및 과거사 청산', 셋째, 스레브레니짜 학살 사건 재조명을 통한 '국제 사회 반성과 세르비아의 역사 화해 추진'.

• 수산경영론집
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.87-114
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• 2008

The cultured tuna production which has suddenly expanded at the short time and the demand for it attract attention. Farming mode, distribution transactions, change of the market (domestic and international) and the price trend are reviewed from the Japan's position which is the biggest consuming country. This paper tries to describe the current status of the food system related to the cultured tuna. Japanese government began the development of the tuna culture technology in 1970. It was by the Fisheries Agency's project. Kinki University which is the large scale private university in Japan participated in the project. After that, 32 years have passed. Kinki University established the full farming of the bluefin tuna in August, 2002. On the other hand, in 1974, one Japanese private enterprise began its tuna farming business in Canada. Kinki University gave this company technical cooperation. Also, in the early stages of the 90s, as for the policy of the overseas fishery cooperation foundation, it supported the tuna farming business in Australia. It is very clear to understand that the long-term technological-development has supported the take-off scene of the tuna culture business not only in foreign countries but also in Japan. The total shipment scale of the cultured tuna expanded very much within about 10 recent years. However, the decrease of the wild tuna catch, the reinforcement of the fisheries regulation and the tuna body to dwarf are remarkable now. Under the condition as the mentioned above, Japan's tuna consumption, especially, in the market at the fatty meat of tuna of the cultured tuna is building up firm status. At present, the Mediterranean Sea coastal countries, Australia, Mexico and Japan have the tuna farming sites. Australia farms the southern bluefin tuna. The others do the bluefin tuna. About for 3 years, Japan farms the juvenile of the tuna. The global production areas are as follows. 8 coastal countries of the Mediterranean Sea; 18,000 tons (61 % of the cultured tuna quantity in foreign countries), Mexico; 4,500 ton (15%), Australia; 7,000 tons (24%). In 2003, Japan has 32 managements and 39 offices for tuna farming. In Japan, Kyushu and Okinawa district, the share shows itself as 80 % of the domestic production quantity. Especially, the share of Amami-oshima Island in Kagoshima Prefecture exceeds 60 %. Therefore, this island has the maximum production scale of Japan. The amount of supply of BT and SBT was 56,000 tons in 2004. In Abroad, the tuna farming business forms a fixed connection between the importer and the wholesaler which have their office in Japan. In the field of the capital composition, the payment in advance, transaction and the way of settlement, each maintains their fixed relation. The market conditions of the cultured tuna are supported by "the decline of price level" and "the expansion of the general public consumption segment". These lead a team merchandising, and it is supported by the fixed business connection of each. This makes the profit of each business which are on the cultured tuna distribution. However, they have competition on the power balance among them.

• Strategy21
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• 통권30호
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• pp.263-285
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• 2012

History, demonstrating convincingly that pirates have arisen continuously for a lengthy period of time throughout the world, is able to become a cooperative study of international law in terms of pirates matters ; Viking pirates. There are beneficial topics for the study of true nature of viking activities and the settlement of present pirates matters ; How were the pirates activities of Vikings, What sort of relations do they have between Vikings and other pirates which have arisen in world history, What are the differences compared to present concept of pirates. There were active pirates activities in the coast and waters of Scandinavia even before the period of the Migration Age because of geographical condition. With those experiences, Vikings began to ambush Britain Islands sailing across the North Sea since the late 8C, ages of migration in earnest. They ambushed all coasts of the European Continent expending boundary until the late of 11C. Pirate activities in a sort of guerrilla operations were operated when they encountered Islams in the Iberian Peninsula and the coast of North Africa. They showed twofold attitudes ; if the defence of the region and sea was weak, they plundered, or if strong, traded. In plundered europeans' position, Vikings were pirates with cruelty and barbarians. In vikings position, they were normal human beings who did a pirate activity to lead a better life. Viking pirates showed different characteristics in terms of three aspects ; area and aspect of action, activity after piracy. Meanwhile, Viking pirates showed several differences with pirates defined in terms of modern international law. Among the satisfying conditions of pirates, required by the international law of the sea, Vikings fulfilled animus furandi, desire for gain, activities for hatred and revenge, and private ends. Other conditions including attacking authority of the vessels, activities toward private ships, activities in the coast and the land, and illegal terroristic activities toward ships are found in viking pirates. However, Viking pirates do not show the activities in high seas and in the outside of a State's jurisdiction. In addition, it cannot be excluded that they pirated with vessels of regional leaders and the Sovereign, not private ships. Contrary to the definition of concept in terms of modern international law toward pirates, Viking invaded foreign waters, came on shore to foreign land and island, went up-stream the rivers to the back of interior, and attacked churches and abbeys. Strangely, they sometimes settled down in the places where they had pirated. Today, pirates appearing in history and defined in international law exist simultaneously and separately. It means, the historical nature and the nature under the international law are turning up differently. Historical cases of pirates should be reflected to modern international law. If so, it seems that the clue to solve pirate problems can be arranged. History is the immortal living thing, which not just existed as a past but reflects present.

• 한국엔터테인먼트산업학회논문지
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.27-35
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• 2020

2020년 들어 전대미문의 '코로나-19' 사태로 대중음악계가 위축되어 다양한 활로와 대안이 모색되는 가운데 뮤지션들이 비접촉 방식의 온라인 콘서트를 속속 실시하였다. 본 연구는 이런 점에 착안하여 2020년 6월에 실시된 방탄소년단(BTS)의 '방방콘 The Live'를 대상으로 비접촉 콘서트의 대안 포맷으로 적격한지에 대한 여부를 살펴보기 위해 음악전문가들이 참여한 온라인 콘서트 영상물의 내용분석과 이를 시청한 수용자들이 참여한 평가 수집 및 대안 제시형 설문조사를 실시하였다. 연구 결과 표본 공연 영상물은 오프라인 콘서트의 요소(현장성, 대면 교감성, 호응 행동성), 체감도, 비상시 대안 콘서트 포맷으로서의 만족도, 비상시 대안 콘서트 포맷으로서 편리성이 잘 반영된 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 팬들과의 교감성과 현장성의 반영은 매우 부족한 것으로 분석되었다. 따라서 이 연구는 BTS의 '방방콘 The Live'가 비상시 비접촉 온라인 콘서트의 대안 포맷으로 기능할만한 가능성은 엿보였으나 국내는 물론 세계 음악계에 정착하는 수준으로 인정받기 위해서는 디지털 소통체계 및 기술장치 보완 등의 조치가 강구되어야 함을 암시한다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.111-116
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• 2014

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to estimate the antioxidant activity of water extract of Cnidii Fructus (CF) and Torilis Fructus (TF) in Leydig cells. Methods : Free radical scavenging activity of CF and TF against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was determined spectrophotometrically. We investigated the effect of CF and TF in Leydig cells by MTT assay. The protective effects of CF and TF against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in Leydig cells. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase activity assays were performed in Leydig cells. Results : The results showed that CF scavenged DPPH radical in a dose-dependent manner by up to 81.2%, TF scavenged DPPH radical in a dose-dependent manner by up to 63.8%. CF showed cell viability as 121.0, 132.7, 126.6% in 5, 10, $100{\mu}g/ml$ concentrations. TF showed cell viability as 127.5, 111.8% in 5, $100{\mu}g/ml$ concentraions, respectively. The hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicity of Leydig cells were protected to 86.3% by CF at concentration of $10{\mu}g/ml$ and protected to 83.5% by TF at concentration of $100{\mu}g/ml$. Both CF and TF at all concentrations, SOD activity was not significantly changed. Catalase activity was significantly increased at 10, $100{\mu}g/ml$ concentrations of CF, respectively. TF's catalase activity showed no significant difference from that of the control. Conclusions : These results suggest that CF, as an antioxidant, protects Leydig cells in hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress. know that "Kwangjebikeup" played a role in settlement and spreading of foreign knowledge to civilians.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제68권
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• pp.1-21
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to propose a new mechanism for the global transmission of electronic trade documents and to promote them using it. Trade settlement methods are changed from L/C bases to non-L/C bases and in particular, the telegraphic transfer is dramatically increased since mid 1990. But the status of transmission of electronic trade documents still rely on the letter of credit and bill of lading. So it need to change the process of transmission of electronic trade documents utilizing non-negotiable sea waybill instead of bill of lading. In this study, I pointed out two problems as obstacle factors in global transmission of electronic trade documents. First is the system connection problem between domestic and foreign banks and second is the electronic right transfer problem in the bill of lading. Electronic bill of lading has already been made, but are not used and e-Nego has also not been activated under the above issues. Therefore, it should be solved previously the above problems for the global transmission of electronic trade documents under the letters of credit. However, in transactions of transfer, it does not need the inter-bank connection and also does not occur the electronic right transfer problem of bill of lading if using the non-negotiable seaway bill instead of bill of lading. In this paper, I recommend the global transmission strategies of e-trade documents using the non-negotiable sea waybill in transactions of transfer. Hopefully, I expect the activation of global transmission of e-trade documents through the utilization of electronic non-negotiable sea waybill as suggested by this study.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.513-536
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• 2012

본 논문은 역사적, 지리적으로 중국과의 교역이 활발한 인천지역 소재 한국 무역업체를 대상으로 기업 일반 현황, 중국과의 무역업무처리 현황, 중국과의 무역클레임 및 무역리스크 관리 현황 등 3가지 범주로 구성된 설문지를 작성, 배포하였다. 그리고 총 84개 유효 설문지를 바탕으로 실태분석하였다. 인천지역 무역업체들은 중국과의 무역거래에서 무역, 금융, 노동 및 투자 등과 관련한 중국정부의 정책 변화, 중국의 물류시스템 등에 대해 많은 우려를 하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 중국정부 및 중국의 경제구조와 관련한 리스크는 개별 무역업체 차원에서 대처하기가 어렵다는 점에서 정부와의 긴밀한 대응방안 모색이 요구된다. 또한 중국과의 무역거래 각 단계별로 리스크 발생 가능성이 높은 반면 그 관리는 미흡한 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 실태분석을 바탕으로 인천지역 무역업체들의 대중국 무역리스크 관리 수준을 향상시키기 위한 개선방안을 제시하였다.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.43-56
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• 1996

The world dairy industry has been driving their dairy policy on the basis of the self-supportihg principle. With progressing the GATT negotiation, the objective production amount has been reduced to maintain the optimum level, which decreasing the extra supply and over-stock before the U.R talks. The Oceania countries, where has the price competition capability, are continually increasing the milk production amount. Even through the USA is trying to increase their production amount with new export policy, the U.S.S.R collapse-down caused to decrease the milk production in world-wide basis. Because the U.S.S.R produced the highest amount of milk in the world. Moreover Europe Union countries, which recorded the half amount of dairy products in the world was decreasing their milk production. Therefore, about 4% of shortage is encountering at major dairy production countries in the standpoint of supply and demand. The drastic increasement of foreign dairy product import affects the domestic dairy industry with raw milk replacement and new dairy food demands creation since 1995, the initial period of free import system. Now, the domestic dairy industry are facing the inevitable problems such as the correction of producting and processing system. First of all, our dairy industry should resettle down the dairy production structure on the basis of self-supply of raw milk and offer the accurate dairy food informations. We still need to improve the raw milk quality. Also, more efforts are needed to have proper raw milk price policy. General domestic policies including the settlement of raw milk supply and demand, the reliability of inspection system in raw milk, ideal raw milk price system, centralization of raw milk collection, specially separated dairy organization should be improved legally in our dairy industry.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.164-173
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• 2013

This study starts from the genealogical analysis of the urban public spaces through local history of Seoul which is significantly different from western countries. The analysis targets the discourse on the urban street, the basic unit of urban tissue and the settlement condition in urban life, which defines urban space-structure among the urban public spaces. And this research classifies and categorizes the value recognition and policy value occurred each period. Based on these, this research defines the progress levels of urban public design policy in Seoul as follows. Results Firstly, 1890's and 1900's was the period of development in commerce and industry, which caused congested and crowded streets. The open port policy allowed the experience of the foreign circumstance, and thus the identity of the urban streets and the value of symbolism come to realize among the society. During the Japanese colonization, urban streets put on modernized images through the urban remodeling out of the context according to the colonization policy. The brand-new values such as publicness and amenity are injected as well as modern regulations by system and authority. From Liberation to 1950's, it performed only street restoration as a repair from war with Japanese colonial system because of the political confusion and administrative vacuum. Finally, each period can be defined as follows. 1890's and 1900's can be defined as 'spontaneous finding the modernization' because urban street was intentionally transformed by the empire. Period of the Japanese colonization can be defined as 'the formation of modernized urban street concept and the compulsion of modernized regulation.' And period of from Liberation to 1950's, can be called as 'the absence of value recognition and maintenance of colonial system.' methodology.