• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.444-450
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• 2004

In mobile communications environment, STBC-OFDM(Space Time Block Code-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) system with transmit diversity obtains the MRRC(Maximal Ratio Receiver Combining) diversity gain in time-invariant channel between two received symbols. But in time-variant channel, due to the interference between received symbols, MRRC diversity gain cant be obtained. So, when the mobile device with transmit diversity moves in high speed, the scheme to reduce the performance degradation due to the interference is needed. In this paper, we propose the receiver architecture with advanced transmit diversity, which improves the performance of STBC-OFDM system. The proposed architecture obtains the diversity gain without the change of transmit bandwidth at the receiver with the interference canceller using ZF(Zero Forcing) algorithm. Simulation results show performance improvement as doppler shift is increasing.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.31 no.11A
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• pp.1092-1100
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• 2006

In this paper, we propose a full rate quasi-orthogonal space-time-frequency block coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(QOSTF-OFDM) that can achieve full symbol rate with four transmit antennas. Sincr: the proposed QOSTF-OFDM can not achieve full diversity, we use diversity advantage collection with zero forcing (DAC-ZF) decoder to compensate the diversity loss at receive side. At the same frequency efficiency, compared with linear orthogonal space-time codes which can not achieve full rate with four transmit antennas over complex constellations, low level modulation can be employed by proposed scheme due to its full rate, i.e., modulation advantage can be achieved. Due to modulation advantage and collected diversify advantage, the proposed scheme exhibits better BER performance than other orthogonal schemes.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2000.04b
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• pp.497-501
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• 2000

Flow over a sphere is controlled experimentally at $Re=10^5$ using electro-magnetic actuators. The electro-magnetic actuator developed in this study is composed of the permanent magnet electro-magnet membrane and slot. Eight actuators are placed inside the sphere at equally spaced intervals on a latitudinal plane and the position of the control slot is 76 from the stagnation point. Each actuator generates a periodic blowing and suction through the slot at variable frequencies of $10{\sim}140Hz$ and variable amplitudes by controlling electric signals applied to the electro-magnet. Drag on the sphere measured using a load cell is significantly reduced with control at the forcing frequencies larger than the natural shedding frequency $({\approx}14Hz\;at\;Re=10^5)$, whereas drag is slightly increased at the forcing frequency of 10Hz. It is shown from pressure measurement that the static pressure in the rear surface of the sphere is significantly increased with control, indicating that the separation is delayed due to control. Flow visualizations also show that the detaching shear layer is more attracted to the sphere center with control, the separation bubble size is significantly reduced, and motion inside the bubble is very weak, as compared to the case of uncontrolled flow.

• Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.335-348
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• 2018

The structural dynamics (SD) behavior of Elastic Flapping Wings (EFWs) is investigated analytically as a novel approach in EFWs analysis. In this regard an analytical SD solution of EFW undergoing a prescribed rigid body motion is initially derived, where the governing equations are expressed in modal space. The inertial forces are also analytically computed utilizing the actuator induced acceleration effects on the wing structure, while due to importance of analytical solution the linearity assumption is also considered. The formulated initial-value problem is solved analytically to study the EFW structural responses, where the effect of structure-actuator frequency ratio, structure-flapping frequency ratio as well as the structure damping ratio on the EFW pick amplitude is analyzed. A case study is also simulated in which the wing is modeled as an elastic beam with shell elements undergoing a prescribed sinusoidal motion. The corresponding EFW transient and steady response in on-off servo behavior is investigated. This study provides a conceptual understanding for the overall EFW SD behavior in the presence of inertial forces plus the servo dynamics effects. In addition to the substantial analytical results, the study paves a new mathematical way to better understanding the complex role of SD in dynamic EFWs behavior. Specifically, similar mathematical formulations can be carried out to investigate the effect of aerodynamics and/or gravity.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.75-81
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• 2000

Vibration problems induced by an air cooled heat exchanger with axial flow fan were investigated during the operation of a petrochemical plant. Two different studies were done; one was experimental field test and the other was theoretical verification. To find main cause of the blade passing frequency of the fan after installing additional blockage board at the air inlet of the axial fan, the frequency spectrum was measured. The vibrations of the blade passing frequency became higher. The natural frequency of driving support of the heat exchanger was theoretically calculated. It was approximately equal to the blade passing frequency. During the normal operation of the plant, it was impossible to modify the structure of the driving support. Instead, the blade number was increased to reduce vibration level. It increased the ratio of the forcing frequency to the natural frequency of the driving support over the resonance region.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2008.10b
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• pp.109-110
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• 2008

본 논문은 MIMO(Multiple Input Multiple Output)- OFDM(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) 시스템에서 V-BLAST (Vertical-Ball Laboratories Layered Space Time) 수신기에 대하여 성능을 비교하고 평가한다. 신호는 각각 송신 안테나에서 독립적으로 전송되며 QPSK(Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) 방식을 이용하여 변조 되고, 송 수신단에 각각 2개의 안테나와 각각 4개의 안테나를 사용한다. V-BLAST 수신기로 ZF(zero-Forcing), MMSE(Minimum Mean Squared Error), ZF-OSIC(Zero Forcing - Ordered Successive Interference Cancellation), MMSE-OSIC(Minimum Mean Squared Error - Ordered Successive Interference Cancellation)를 사용한다. 모의실험 결과에서 MMSE 방식이 ZF 방식 보다 좋은 BER(Bit Error Rate)을 보이고, ZF-OSIC 방식은 ZF 방식과 MMSE 방식 보다 더 좋은 BER을 가지는 것을 확인 할 수 있으며, MMSE-OSIC 방식은 사용된 방식 중 가장 좋은 성능을 보인다.

• Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.27-41
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• 2014

An active flow control technique based on "smart-tabs" is proposed to delay flow separation on a circular cylinder. The actuators are retractable and orientable multilayer piezoelectric tabs which protrude perpendicularly from the model surface. They are mounted along the spanwise direction with constant spacing. The effectiveness of the control was tested in pre-critical and in post-critical regime by evaluating the effects of several control parameters of the tabs like frequency, amplitude, height, angular position and plate incidence with respect to the local flow. Measurements of the mean static pressure distribution around the cylinder were used to estimate the pressure drag coefficient. The maximum drag reduction achieved in the pre-critical regime was of the order of 30%, whereas in the post-critical regime was about 10%, 3% of which due to active forcing. Furthermore, pressure fluctuation measurements were performed and spectral analysis indicated an almost complete suppression of the vortex shedding in active forcing conditions.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.681-692
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• 2020

Conventional Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters (CPEH) have been extensively studied for maximizing their electrical output through material selection, geometric and structural optimization, and adoption of efficient interface circuits. In this paper, the performance of Stepped Piezoelectric Energy Harvester (SPEH) under harmonic base excitation is studied analytically, numerically and experimentally. The motivation is to compare the energy harvesting performance of CPEH and SPEHs with the same characteristics (resonant frequency). The results of this study challenge the notion of achieving higher voltage and power output through incorporation of geometric discontinuities such as step sections in the harvester beams. A CPEH consists of substrate material with a patch of piezoelectric material bonded over it and a tip mass at the free end to tune the resonant frequency. A SPEH is designed by introducing a step section near the root of substrate beam to induce higher dynamic strain for maximizing the electrical output. The incorporation of step section reduces the stiffness and consequently, a lower tip mass is used with SPEH to match the resonant frequency to that of CPEH. Moreover, the electromechanical coupling coefficient, forcing function and damping are significantly influenced because of the inclusion of step section, which consequently affects harvester's output. Three different configurations of SPEHs characterized by the same resonant frequency as that of CPEH are designed and analyzed using linear electromechanical model and their performances are compared. The variation of strain on the harvester beams is obtained using finite element analysis. The prototypes of CPEH and SPEHs are fabricated and experimentally tested. It is shown that the power output from SPEHs is lower than the CPEH. When the prototypes with resonant frequencies in the range of 56-56.5 Hz are tested at 1 m/s2, three SPEHs generate power output of 482 μW, 424 μW and 228 μW when compared with 674 μW from CPEH. It is concluded that the advantage of increasing dynamic strain using step section is negated by increase in damping and decrease in forcing function. However, SPEHs show slightly better performance in terms of specific power and thus making them suitable for practical scenarios where the ratio of power to system mass is critical.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.91-98
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• 2006

Islanding phenomenon of utility-connected photovoltaic power conditioning systems(PV PCS) can cause a variety of problems and must be prevented. If the real and reactive power supplied by PV PCS are closely matched to those of load, islanding detection by passive methods becomes difficult. The active frequency drift(AFD) method, called the frequency bias method, enables islanding detection by forcing the frequency of the voltage in the islanding to drift up or down. In this paper, non-detection zone(NDZ) of AFD is analyzed for the islanding detection method of utility-connected PV PCS by the simulation software tool PSIM.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 2004

The objectives of this study were to determine the natural frequency of a walking-type cultivator's handle using a modal analysis, to determine whether or not the handle resonates with forcing frequency induced by its engine, and to determine a method to reduce the handle vibration using a technique of the operational deflection shapes(ODS). Results of the study are as follows: The natural frequencies of the handle up to third harmonics were found to be 20.4, 22.5 and 92.1 Hz in the vertical direction and 14.9, 93, and 132 Hz in the horizontal direction. It was found that the handle does not resonate with the forcing frequency of the engine, which is 52 Hz. The operational deflection shape analysis revealed the deflected shapes of the handle in the vertical and horizontal directions and suggested that the handle vibration can be reduced by adding some mass to the place where the largest deflection occurs. Attaching of 1.1 kg mass adjacent to the largely deflected area resulted in reductions of vibration from 9.45 to 8.03 m/s$^2$ in x-axis direction from 3.89 to 3.16 m/s$^2$ in y-axis direction and from 7.89 to 3.09 m/s$^2$ in z-axis direction, which are respectively 15, 19 and 61% reductions. The total vibration level was reduced by 29%, indicating that mass-adding method by the ODS is very effective for reducing the handle vibrations of the cultivators.