• Plant Resources
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.31-35
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• 2001

Major characteristics of new Waesungri maize inbred line has multi-tiller and ears: five to six tillers and seven to eight ears per plant and flowering date of Waesungri was delayed about 18 and 24 days compared to Mo17 U.S line and IK$_4$ Korean local lines, respectively. Number of ears, fresh and dry weight per plant were significantly different among all tested hybrids including Waesungri/Sinkihong hybrid under different planting times and densities. Especially, both fresh and dry weight of IK$_1$/FR140//Waesungri F$_1$hybrid were significantly higher at high planting density. In kernel weight per unit area, Wnesungri/Sinkihong hybrid was high at high density and IK$_1$/FR140//Waesungri hybrid was high at low planting density. As results of analysis of variance, flowering date was shown a significantly different both planting times and varieties, while other characters including stem height were shown very variable in interactions with enviromental factors.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.271-276
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• 2017

Waterlogging strongly affects maize (Zea mays L.) growth. It is necessary to find the screening method of waterlogging tolerant maize lines. This study was to investigate the growth characters at V3 stage of maize, when is very sensitive to waterlogging. Six Korean maize inbred lines were subjected to waterlogging at V3 stage for 30 days. The 30 days waterlogging treatment significantly reduced plant height, number of expanded leaves, and SPAD value, compared with the control plants. SPAD values were significantly different among the six inbred lines, KS140 was the highest. The dry matter accumulation of aerial and root part were significantly decreased by 30 days waterlogging. KS140 was the weightiest among inbred lines. The dry matter of adventitious root showed same trend. Waterlogging treatment significantly reduced to ear length and thickness, grains filling length, grain number per ear, and maize grain. Plant height, SPAD value, and number of fully-expanded leave showed high correlation with maize grain yield, but number of senescent leaves, dry matter of adventitious root and TR ratio did not, suggesting that the former three traits may be good indicator for evaluating 30-day waterlogging tolerance of maize inbred lines. KS164 was the highest yield by increasing of grains filling length and grain number per ear of among waterlogging inbred lines. According to the results, evaluation of maize waterlogging should be consider both early growth characteristics and resilience in the later growth stages.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.843-851
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• 2003

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of pre-wilting Bana grass (Pennisetum purpureum x P. americanum) herbage under sunny conditions for 0, 6, 18, 24, 32 and 48 h and ensiling it with maize meal. Four levels of maize meal(viz., 0, 5, 10 and 15% on fresh weight (Fw) basis) were tested. The experiment had a split-plot design. Wilting increased the concentration of water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) significantly (p<0.001) on a Fw basis, although there were no significant changes on DM basis. Unwilted grass contained $36.1g{\cdot}WSC{\cdot}kg^{-1}{\cdot}Fw$ ($127.6g{\cdot}kg^{-1}{\cdot}DM$) and this increased to $64.1g{\cdot}WSC{\cdot}kg^{-1}{\cdot}Fw$ ($116.7g{\cdot}kg^{-1}{\cdot}DM$) after 48 h of pre-wilting. Wilting also increased the DM content of herbage significantly (p>0.001) from 250 to $620g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, between 0 and 48 h respectively. The concentration of fermentation end-products decreased (except butyric acid) and pH increased when the period of wilting increased, indicating that fermentation was restricted. In particular, lactic acid content declined from 50.8 to $26.2g{\cdot}kg^{-1}{\cdot}DM$ (p<0.01) and the residual WSC contents of silage increased from 2.7 with fresh herbage to $18.1g{\cdot}kg^{-1}{\cdot}DM$ with 48 h of wilting (p<0.001). Rapid wilting for 24 h, to a DM of $450g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ was optimum since important increases in pH, residual WSC and DMD occurred at this level of wilting. Acetic acid, butyric acid and ammoniacal-N contents were lowest with 24 h of wilting. There were no significant interactions between length of wilting and the incorporation of maize meal. Wilting had a greater influence on fermentation than the incorporation of maize meal. Addition of maize meal facilitated fermentation by increasing forage DM content and reducing effluent production. In addition, the maize meal increased DMD. It was concluded that maize meal should generally be incorporated at a level of 5% on fresh weight basis.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.249-256
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• 2006

The object of this experiment was to suggest the optimum autumn sown small forage crops as next forage crops harvested maize in Daejeon area. The field trials was conducted from 2002 to 2004 at Chungnam National University in order to evaluate the dry matter yield and qualities of the autumn sown small forage crops. The experiment was consisted of split plots (main plot : forage crops as rye, barley and wheat, and sub plot 4 harvest stages as boot, heading, milk and dough) design with three replications. The average DM yield for 2 years of rye was higher than that of other forage crops (p<0.01). As stages proceed, the DM yield tended to increase in all forage crops (p<0.01). In chemical composition, they had a difference on forage crops and stages. The crude protein (CP) was higher in barley (p<0.01), but fibrous contents such as NDF, ADF, cellulose and lignin were lower in wheat than in the other forage crops (p<0.01). In Daejeon area, although barley and wheat at milk and dough stages were observed with maximum yield and high quality as autumn sown forage crops, due to late harvesting periods, it is difficult to utilize them as previous forage crops seeded in maize. Based on the result mentioned above, it is concluded that rye harvested at boot to heading stages is the most suitable fur autumn sown small forage crops in Daejeon area. Meanwhile, in order to have the option of nutritional value in wheat and barley, they need to be supplied early maturing and high-yield variety of wheat and barley.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.180-186
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• 1985

Field and phytotron experiments were conducted to determine the effect of morphological growth stage and environmental temperature on Weender components and net energy lactation (NEL) in corn cv. Blizzard and sorghum cv. Pioneer 931 and Sioux at Munich Technical University from 1978 to 1981. Various growth stages of maize and sorghum were grown for 42 days at 4 temperature regimes (30/25, 25/20, 28/18 and 18/8 degree C) and mid-summer sunlight over 13 hour days. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Accumulation of crude protein in maize and sorghum plants was associated with leaf weight ratio and leaf area ratio ($P{\leq}0.1%$). Crude protein in the plants were shown to have a greate synthesis rates at early growth stages. The highest concentration of crude protein were found at 3-leaf stage with 31.4% and 33.9% for maize and sorghum, respectively. 2. Synthesis of crude fiber was increased after growing point differentiation markedly and were shown the highest concentration at heading stage with 28.4% and 31.5% for maize and sorghum, respectively. During the maturities, the crude fiber contents in maize were, however decreased and shown a value of 19.5% at physiological maturity, while that of sorghum were increased continuously. 3. NEL value in maize and sorghum plants were declined as morphological development and shown the lowest at growing point differentiation with 5.82 MJ (maize) and 5.46 MJ/kg (sorghum). During the late maturity, the NEL value of maize were increased markedly and shown a value of 6.70 MJ and 6.94 MJ/kg for milkstage and maturity stage, respectively, while NEL value in sorghum were not increased markedly. 4. Net energy lactation in maize and sorghum plants were associated with synthesis rate of non-structural carbohydrates, especially mono- and disaccharose while cell-wall constituents and crude fiber lowerd NEL contents ($P{\leq}0.1%$). 5. NEL accumulation and starch value were decreased under temperature. The NEL concentration of 4-leaf sorghum under different environmental temperatures of 30/25, 25/20, and 18/8 degree C were 4.87 MJ, 5.46 MJ and 5.81 MJ/kg, respectively.

• New & Renewable Energy
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.56-64
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• 2008

Anaerobic biodegradability (AB), which can be determined with the ultimate methane yield by the decomposition of organic materials, is one of the important parameters for the design and the operation of anaerobic digestion plant. In this study, Biochemical methane potential (BMP) test has been carried out to evaluate the methane yields of animal manures such as pig and cattle slurries, and different forage crops cultivated at the reclaimed tideland such as maize, sorghum, barley, rye, Italian ryegrass (IRG), rape, rush, and waste sludge produced from slaughterhouse wastewater treatment plant (SSWTP). In the ultimate methane yield and biodegradability of animal manure, those of pig slurry were 345 $mlCH_4/gVS_{fed}$ and 44.7% higher than 247 $mlCH_4/gVS_{fed}$ and 46.4% of cattle slurry (Cat. 2). The ultimate methane yield and biodegradability of spike-crop rye (Rye 1) were 442.36 $mlCH_4/gVS_{fed}$ and 86.5% the highest among different forage crops, those of the other forage crops ranged from 306.6 to 379 $mlCH_4/gVS_{fed}$ of methane yield with the AB having the range of about 60 to 77%. Therefore the forage crops could be used as a good substrate to increase the methane production and to improve the biodegradability in anaerobic co-digestion together with animal manure.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.316-323
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• 1994

In order to reduce the problems from the presence of rye crop residues in maize establishment and yield, and also to improve the growth, productivity and nutritive value of rye(Seca1e cereal L.). an experiment was canied out to determine the variety effect of rye on the forage production system and the eft'ect of seeding and harvesting dates on the production and quality of rye. 'This experiment was conducted at the forage testing field of S.N.U., Suweon, from September 1986 to May 1989. Heading date of an early maturing rye variety, Wintermore. was earlier 10 days than that of a late maturing rye variety, Kodiak. A 15-days delay in the seeding dates of early and late maturing varieties of rye tended to delay the heading dates of the rye varieties for 3 and 4 days, respectively. Dry matter and in vitro digestible dry matter yields were markedly increased with earlier seeding date. Before 20 April, the DM and IVDDM yeilds of an early maturing rye variety, Winterrnore. were higher than those of a late maturing rye variety, Kodiak. However, no such a trend was found between the early and late maturing varieties of rye after 27 April. Less than 35% of ADF was recorded until the harvesting dates of 13 and 27 p r i l for early and late maturing rye varieties, respectively, but less than 46% of NDF was maintained until the harvesting drtte of 13 April for botg varieties. Based on the results obtained from this experiment. it may be concluded that the most desirable forage production from corn-rye double cropping system is to advance the seeding time of rye toward the first 10 days of September as well as harvesting time toward the first heading stage with an early maturing rye variety.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.956-959
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• 2001

Three perennial grasses, Napier (Pennisetum purpureum), Andropogan (Andropogan gayanus) and Para (Brachiria mutica), were grown at different hill heights dividing the hill slope into three regions (top, middle and bottom). The first two grasses gave the highest biomass yields (29.9 and 37.6 tonnes/ha/harvest, respectively) followed by Para (20.5 t/ha). No significant (p>0.05) changes in biomass yields of the grasses were found due to differences in hill heights. The grasses were harvested three times in the first year of cultivation. Maize and cowpea as sole crops or their intercrops were cultivated in the plain land and the intercrop gave the highest biomass yield (46.7 t/ha, p<0.05). The biomass produced was successfully ensiled in the underground pits at the hill tops.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 1994.06a
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• pp.126-127
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• 1994

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.378-384
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• 2007

Three microorganisms and one chemical preservative were tested for their effects on the fermentation and aerobic stability of whole-crop wheat, sorghum and maize silages. Wheat at the early dough stage, sorghum at the late milk stage and maize at the one-third milk line stage were harvested and ensiled in 1.5-l anaerobic jars untreated or after the following treatments: control (no additives); Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) at $1.0{\times}10^6$ colony-forming units (CFU)/g of fresh forage; L. buchneri (LB) at $1.0{\times}10^6$ CFU/g; Propionibacterium acidipropionici (PA) at $1.0{\times}10^6$ CFU/g; and a formic acid-based preservative (FAP) at 3 ml/kg of fresh forage weight. Three jars per treatment were sampled on d 90 after ensiling, for chemical and microbiological analysis. At the end of the ensiling period, 90 d, the silages were subjected to an aerobic stability test lasting 5 d. In this test, $CO_2$ produced during aerobic exposure was measured along with chemical and microbiological parameters which serve as spoilage indicators. The silages inoculated with LP had higher concentration of lactic acid compared with the controls and the other treated silages (p<0.05). The controls and LP-inoculated silages spoiled upon aerobic exposure faster than LB, PA and FAP-treated silages. The controls and LP-inoculated silages spoiled upon aerobic exposure faster than LB, PA and FAP-treated silages due to more $CO_2$ production (p<0.05) in these two groups and development of yeasts unlike the other groups. In the experiment, the silages treated with LB, PA and FAP were stable under aerobic conditions. However, the numbers of yeasts was higher in the LP-inoculated wheat, sorghum and maize silages compared with the LB, PA and FAP-treated silages. The LB, PA and FAP improved the aerobic stability of the silages by causing more extensive heterolactic fermentation that resulted in the silages with high levels of acetic and propionic acid. The use of LB, PA and FAP as silage additives can improve the aerobic stability of whole-crop wheat, sorghum and maize silages by inhibition of yeast activity.