• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.234-239
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of forage level and oil supplement on selected strains of rumen bacteria believed to be involved in biohydrogenation (BH). A continuous culture system consisting of four fermenters was used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design with a factorial arrangement of treatments, with four 10 d consecutive periods. Treatment diets were: i) high forage diet (70:30 forage to concentrate (dry matter basis); HFC), ii) high forage plus oil supplement (HFO), iii) low forage diet (30:70 forage to concentrate; LFC), and iv) low forage plus oil supplement (LFO). The oil supplement was a blend of fish oil and soybean oil added at 1 and 2 g/100 g dry matter, respectively. Treatment diets were fed for 10 days and samples were collected from each fermenter on the last day of each period 3 h post morning feeding. The concentrations of vaccenic acid (t11C18:1; VA) and c9t11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) were greater with the high forage diet while the concentrations of t10 C18:1 and t10c12 CLA were greater with the low forage diet and addition of oil supplement increased their concentrations at both forage levels. The DNA abundance of Anaerovibrio lipolytica, and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens vaccenic acid subgroup (Butyrivibrio VA) were lower with the low forage diets but not affected by oil supplement. The DNA abundance of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens stearic acid producer subgroup (Butyrivibrio SA) was not affected by forage level or oil supplement. In conclusion, oil supplement had no effects on the tested rumen bacteria and forage level affected Anaerovibrio lipolytica and Butyrivibrio VA.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.137-142
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• 2005

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of cutting frequency and level of fertilizer application on the botanical composition and forage yield of alpine pasture. Field experiment was established at 600 m (a.s.1) altitude with two cutting frequency schedules (two and three times annually) and two levels of fertilizer application (lower level of fertilizer, 200-200-200 kg / ha and standard level of fertilizer, 280-200-240 kg / ha; N, $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$, respectively). Higher grass to clover ratio was observed in two cutting frequencies. The clover ratio was highest as $16\%$ in thee cutting frequencies with lower level of fertilizer application End the ratio of weed was low in all treatments ($3.7 {\~} 6.7\%$). No significant difference was observed in forage dry matter (DM) yield among treatments, however forage DM yield in three cutting frequencies tended to be greater in standard level of fertilizer application compared to lower level of fertilizer application. The forage quality was greater in three cutting frequencies, but not changed with different levels of fertilizer application. This result indicates that three cutting frequency and standard level of fertilizer application system are considered to be proper management methods at alpine grassland of 600 m altitude considering the botanical composition, forage DM yield md forage quality.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2017

This research was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding high and low forage diets with different forage sources on rumen fermentation characteristics and blood parameters of Holstein cows during the dry period. Eight Holstein cows were completely randomized assigned to two groups and repeated measurement was utilized in the analysis. Cows in two treatments were fed with diets with high (F:C = 70:30, 70F; forage source: mixed-sowing whole crop barley and Italian ryegrass silage, BIRG) and low (F:C = 55:45, 55F; forage source: tall fescue hay, TF) forage level. Rumen fluid pH was higher in 70F group. Levels of acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid showed a similar pattern: from the lowest value at 07:30 h to the highest at 10:30 h and then decreased in both groups. The ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in 55F group at 09:30 and 10:30 h. Rumen fluid $NH_3-N$ concentrations were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in 70F group at 09:30 and 10:30 h. Blood urea nitrogen was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in 70F group. It was concluded that BIRG based diet with a high forage level had no adverse effects on rumen fermentation, some blood chemical parameters, and immune system in dry Holstein cows and could be used as a forage source instead of imported TF.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.141-147
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of waterlogging duration on the growth characteristics and productivity of forage corn at different growth stages under paddy field conditions. Treatments consisted of waterlogging at two growth stages (V7 or V14) for four waterlogging durations (no waterlogging, 48 hours, 72 hours, and 96 hours, respectively). The V14 growth stage was more vulnerable to waterlogging than the V7 stage. Among the waterlogging durations, the lodging score increased at 48 hours. The stem height of forage corn decreased with the increase in waterlogging duration at the different growth stages (V7 and V14). Increase in waterlogging duration reduced the stem dry matter yield, ear dry matter yield, and total dry matter yield at both growing stages (V7 and V14). The waterlogging treatments at the V14 stage affected ear dry matter yield more than those at the V7 growing stage. Thus, the management of forage corn under paddy field conditions must be strengthened during early (V7) and grain fill stages (V14). When waterlogging occurs, surface and subsurface drainage should be implemented within 48 hours to control (no waterlogging) the groundwater level and, thus, minimize economic losses due to forage corn damage.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 1990

A series of experiments were carried out for two successive years to investigate the productivity of forage turnip in mid-northern area of Korea. Fresh matter and dry matter yields of 6 foreign cultivars (Purple Top Strap Leaved, Purple Top White Globed, Seven Top, Shogoin, White Egg and Amber Globe) seeded either in early spring or in autumn after harvesting forage corn were evaluated with different seeding date and harvesting date as well as with different level of fertilization. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The earlier the seeding date in spring (Mar. 29, Apr. 12, Apr. 16) was, the higher was the yield of fresh matter and dry matter as the plant growth ceased after mid June, when the temperature began to rise. 2. In spite of its high DM yield, the Japanese cultivar, Shogoin, showed poor forage quality for summer feeding due to its earlier bolting in harvesting season. 3. Of the 6 cultivars Purple Top White Globed showed highest DM yield (800 kg/ 10a) in mid area including SEOUL irrespective of planting season. 4. Although the turnips showed mostly positive yield responses to fertization, the differences were not great especially above the level of$N-P_2O_5-K_2O$: 5-3-4 kg/lOa. 5. IN TAEGWALLYONG, a northern area of Korea, the average fresh matter yield of the six cultivars tested amounted to 3,500 kg/lOa when drilled on June 30 and harvested on Aug. 30, although bulb formation during the summer was relatively poor. 6. Concluded, forage turnip is regarded to be a suitable catch-crop which has the potential to maintain and increase the total forage production in mid-northern area of Korea. The intercropping is recommendable especially for autumn planting well past the time forage corn has been harvested.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.85-90
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• 2000

Forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor x S. bicolor) was cultivated for knowing the effect of alum sludge application on its root growth in a mountainous site, Kumsan. And the results obtained are as follows: The available P205 content in the soil seemed to decrease with the advance of level of alum sludge application. And plant P content decreased with the advance of sludge application without phosphate fertilizer. With phosphate fertilizer, root number of the forage was greater than that without the fertilizer. The root growth of forage sorghum was the highest with NPK and the least in control and alum application, and it is not recommended to apply NPK and alum together for the growth of the forage root. (Key words : Root, Sorghum, Mineral, Sludge, Kumsan)

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.529-540
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• 2019

The present study investigated the effect of forage sources and their inclusion levels in diet on the rumen fermentation of Korea traditional goat. Timothy and alfalfa were used as forage sources. Forages were mixed with concentrate diet in different ratios. The ratios of forage to concentrate diets were varied to 1:9, 5:5 and 9:1. The rumen fluid of goat was gathered from slaughter house. Dry matter digestibility was decreased and methane production was increased as forage levels in diet was increased. When forage sources, timothy and alfalfa, were compared, groups with timothy showed greater methane production than the groups of alfalfa. Molar ratio of produced acetate and valerate were increased when forage level in diet was increased. In the case of propionate and butyrate, they were decreased as elevated forage levels in diet. The result of this study provided a basic information for rumen fermentation of Korean traditional goat and these information could be applied in the development of nutritional and feeding strategy.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.319-326
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• 2013

In the present study, we investigated the effects of high forage diets on the volume of udder, hormone level in blood, and lactation characteristics in the Holstein dairy cow. We divided into two groups; high forage diet [HF, concentrate: forage=4:6 n=41] and low forage diet [LF, 6:4 n=21]. Five cows were selected from each group based on their age for measuring the udder volume and the serum levels of estradiol and progesterone. Lactation characteristics were compared between HF and LF. The udder volume was 2.5 fold larger in HF at early gestation (p<0.01), but no difference was noted afterward. For the hormone levels, no significant difference was found between the groups. In HF, milk yield was significantly increased and maintained high longer, while somatic cell count was approximately 50% lower. Meanwhile, the milk fat content was significantly lower in HF during early lactating phase (p<0.001), but there was no difference thereafter. For milk protein and solid content, and MUN, no differences were found between the groups during lactation. Our results indicated that feeding high forage diets to dairy cows can increase milk yield and quality without notable changes in the udder volume and hormone level.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.165-168
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• 1988

This study was conducted at the rice field of Livestock Experiment station, Suweon to investigate the effects of harvesting time on forage production and quality of rye (Secale cereale L.) on paddies. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. Fresh matter yield was peaked at the 10 days (May 10) after heading, however, dry matter yield was increased in proportion to maturity. 2. Digestibility (in vitro) showed the 83-77% by heading stage (Apr. 25-30) but decreased to 66-58% after heading stage. 3. Digestible yield reached to maximum level, 619.2 kg/lOa at the 10 days after heading (May 10). 4. The content of crude protein and crude fat in forage rye was decreased with advancing the maturity. 5. The lactic acid content of rye silage ranged from 1.3% to 2.0%.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 1997

An experiment of alum sludge application was carried out on a mountainous site, to know its effect on the growth of forage sorghum hybrid, Pioneer 93 1 (Sorghum bicolor x S. bicolor). When alum sludge with 80% water content was applied at the level of 133 ton per ha, the effect of the application on the growth of Pioneer 931 was much smaller than that of chemical fertilizer. But Eresh yield of the forage, with the sludge application, was greater than that without fertilizer when the soil is not fertile. But when the soil was comparatively fertile, the sludge application gave an adverse affect on the growth of the forage plant. The content of exchangeable K in the soil has a very close positive relation with the Eresh yield and plant height of the plant, while that of exchangeable Ca has a close negative relation with those growing factors. There was a tendency of yield decrease of the forage plant, when alum or compost was applied with NPK to the comparatively infertile soil especially for alum sludge. As a result, when soil is not fertile more attention will be necessary for applying alum sludge with chemical fertilizers. But to soil with better fertility, it is recommended to use alum sludge with chemical fertilizer to obtain more yield of the forage plant.