References
- Alemu, A. W., J. Dijkstra, A. Bannink, J. France, and E. Kebreab. 2011. Rumen stoichiometric models and their contribution and challenges in predicting enteric methane production. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 166-167: 761-778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.054
- Bannink, A., J. Kogut, J. Dijkstra, J. France, E. Kebreab, A. M. Van Vuuren, and S. Tamminga. 2006. Estimation of the stoichiometry of volatile fatty acid production in the rumen of lactating cows. J. Theor. Biol. 238: 36-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2005.05.026
- Benchaar, C., C. Pomar, and J. Chiquette. 2001. Evaluation of dietary strategies to reduce methane production in ruminants: a modelling approach. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 81: 563-574. https://doi.org/10.4141/A00-119
- Chaney, A. L. and E. P. Marbach. 1962. Modified reagents for determination of urea and ammonia. Clin. Chem. 8: 130-132. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/8.2.130
-
Choi, Y. J., N. J. Choi, S. H. Park, J. Y. Song, J. S. Um, J. Y. Ko, and J. K. Ha. 2002. Effect of Passtein
$^{(R)}$ supplement on protein degradability ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestibility. J. Anim. Sci. Technol. 44(5): 549-560. https://doi.org/10.5187/JAST.2002.44.5.549 - Devendra, C. and M. Burns. 1983. Goat production in the tropics. Technical Communications. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, England VII.
- Erwin, E. S., G. J. Marco, and E. M. Emery. 1961. Volatile fatty acid analyses of blood and rumen fluid by gas chromatography. J. Dairy. Sci. 44: 1768-1771. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(61)89956-6
- Gihad, E. A., T. M. El-Bedawy, and A. Z. Mehrez. 1980. Fiber digestibility by goats and sheep. J. Dairy. Sci. 63: 1701-1706. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(80)83131-6
- Hwang, H. S. 2014a. Effects of medicinal herb extracts on rumen fermentation, microbial growth and methane emission. Ph.D. Thesis. Gyeongsang National University. Jinju.
- Hwang B. S. 2014b. Effects of the grazing and barn feeding system on growth performance and carcass characteristics in Korean black goats. J. Agri. Life Sci. 48(2): 123-131. https://doi.org/10.14397/jals.2014.48.2.123
- IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2006. IPCC Guidelines for national green house gas inventories. Chapter 10: Emission from live stock and manure management.
- Islam, M., H. Abe, Y. Hayashi, and F. Terada. 2000. Effects of feeding Italian ryegrass with corn on rumen environment, nutrient digestibility, methane emission, and energy and nitrogen utilization at two intake levels by goats. Small. Ruminant. Res. 38: 165-174 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4488(00)00148-6
- Jeong, C. H., K. I. Seo, and K. H. Shin. 2006. Effects of fermented grape feeds on pyhsicochemical properties of Korean goat meat. J. Korean. Soc. Food. Sci. Nutr. 35: 145-149. https://doi.org/10.3746/JKFN.2006.35.2.145
- Kim, S. W., S. H. Yoon, J. H. Kim, Y. G. Ko, D. H. Kim, G. H. Kang, Y. S. Kim, S. M. Lee, and S. W. Suh. 2012. Effects of feeding levels of concentrate on the growth, carcass characteristics and economic evaluation in feeds based on rice-straw of Korean black goats. J. Kor. Grassl. Forage. Sci. 32: 429-436. https://doi.org/10.5333/KGFS.2012.32.4.429
- Lee, A. L., H. R. Park, M. S. Kim, S. Cho, and N. J. Choi. 2014. A comparative study between microbial fermentation and non-fermentation on biological activities of medicinal plants with emphasis on enteric methane reduction. Korean. J. Org. Agric. 22: 801-813. https://doi.org/10.11625/KJOA.2014.22.4.801
- Moore, J. 1970. Procedures for the two-stage in vitro digestion of forages. Nutrition Research Techniques for Domestic and Wild animals 1: 5001-5003.
- Na, Y., S. Hwang, Y. Choi, G. Park, and S. Lee. 2018. Nutrient digestibility and green house gas emission in castrated goats (Capra hircus) fed various roughage sources. J. Kor. Grassl. Forage. Sci. 38: 39-43. https://doi.org/10.5333/KGFS.2018.38.1.39
- Ok, J. U., Y. C. Baek, K. H. Kim, S. C. Lee, Y. J. Seol, K. Y. Lee, C. W. Choi, C. O. Jeon, S. S. Lee, S. S. Lee, and Y. K. Oh. 2011. Effects of saponin contained plant extracts on ruminal fermentation characteristics and methane production. J. Anim. Sci. Technol. 53: 147-154. https://doi.org/10.5187/JAST.2011.53.2.147
- Ok, J. U., D. U. Ha, S. J. Lee, E. T. Kim, S. S. Lee, Y. K. Oh, K. H. Kim, and S. S. Lee. 2012. Effects of organic acids on in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics and methane emission. J. Life Sci. 22: 1324-1329. https://doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2012.22.10.1324
- Plaizier, J. C., D. O. Krause, G. N. Gozho, and B. W. McBride. 2009. Subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cows: The physiological causes, incidence and consequences. Vet. J. 176: 21-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.12.016
- R core Team. 2013. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL http://www.R-project.org/.
- Tilley, J. M. A. and R. A. Terry. 1963. A two-stage technique for the in vitro digestion of forage crops. J. Br. Grassl. Soc. 18: 104-111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1963.tb00335.x
- Troelsen, J. E. and D. J. Hanel. 1966. Ruminant digestion in vitro as affected by inoculum donor, collection day, and fermentation time. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 46: 149-156. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjas66-022
- Varga, G. A., H. F. Tyrrell, D. R. Waldo, G. B. Huntington, and B. P. Glenn. 1985. Effect of alfalfa or orchard grass silage on energy and nitrogen utilization for gorwth by Holstein steers.: P. W. Mue, H. F. Tyrell, P. J. Reynolds (eds). Energy Metabolism of Farm Animals. Ronman and Littlefield, USA. pp. 86-89.
- Zhong, R., Y. Fang, H. Sun, M. Wang, and D. Zhou. 2016. Rumen methane output and fermentation characteristics of gramineous forage and leguminous forage at differing harvest dates determined using an in vitro gas production technique. J. Integr. Agric. 15: 414-423. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2095-3119(15)61036-x