• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.59 no.10
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• pp.395-401
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• 2016

Since the outbreak of the enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection in Malaysia in 1997, large epidemics of EV71 have occurred in the Asia-Pacific region. Many children and infants have died from serious neurological complications during these epidemics, and EV71 infection has become a serious public health problem in these areas. EV71 infection causes hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in children, and usually resolves spontaneously. However, EV71 occasionally involves the central nervous system (CNS), and induces diverse neurological complications such as brainstem encephalitis, aseptic meningitis, and acute flaccid paralysis. Among those complications, brainstem encephalitis is the most critical neurological manifestation because it can cause neurogenic pulmonary hemorrhage/edema leading to death. The characteristic clinical symptoms such as myoclonus and ataxia, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis, and brainstem lesions on magnetic resonance imaging, in conjunction with the skin rash of HFMD and the isolation of EV71 from a stool, throat-swab, or CSF sample are typical findings indicating CNS involvement of EV71 infection. Treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin and milrinone are recommended in cases with severe neurological complications from EV71 infection, such as brainstem encephalitis. Despite the recent discovery of receptors for EV71 in human cells, such as the scavenger receptor B2 and P-selection glycoprotein ligand 1, it is not known why EV71 infection predominantly involves the brainstem. Recently, 3 companies in China have completed phase III clinical trials of EV71 vaccines. However, the promotion and approval of these vaccines in various countries are problems yet to be resolved.

• 대한상한금궤의학회지
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.183-196
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• 2023

Objective : This study reports a case of chronic Bartholin's cyst treated with Sosiho-tang and suggests a modifying method. Methods : We reviewed a 41-year-old female patient with fatigue accompanied by chronic Bartholin's cyst. Symptomatic changes were checked on every visit using SF-12 (Short-form-12 health survey) and VAS (Visual analogue scale). The 104^th provision in Shanghanlun was compared with diagnosis and process analysis. Results : The modified Sosiho-tang removed Scutellariae Radix and used Phlomidis Radix of the same weight. The exacerbation factors were characterized with excessive activity (大), Edema and swelling of the foot (滿), Feeling tired in morning (朝) in 104th provision. After 45 days modified Sosiho-tang and 15 days Sosiho-tang, SF-12 and VAS ameliorated. No adverse effects was observed to the last follow-up visit. Conclusions : Modified sisiho-tang and Sosiho-tang were effective to the patient. Clinical application of 104^th provision of Shanghanlun can consider excessive activity, edema, and morning fatigue.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.139-146
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• 2009

This study was designed to examine the effect of aroma massage therapy on lower extremity edema of terminal cancer patients. Methods: A total of thirty-six terminal cancer patients with lower extremity edema were divided into two groups: the aroma massage group received massage with blending oil which was applied from toes to 10 cm above the knee of the subject for 15 to 20 minutes in each turn, while the control group received sham aroma massage (applied with carrier oil only). The circumferences of the fore-foot, ankle and calf were measured before massage and 30 minutes, 2 hours, and 12 hours after massage. The blood pressure, pulse and body temperature were also measured to find the change of subject's physiologic conditions. Results: There were no significant differences in blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature and lower extremity circumferences between two groups. However, edema at each site was slightly improved in the treatment group after the aroma massage therapy, compared to baseline data (P<0.05). In addition, the reduction of lower extremity circumference was maximal at 2 hours in foot, 30 min in right ankle and 12 hours in right calf after aroma massage therapy (P<0.05). Conclusion: Our results suggest that aroma massage therapy is not effective on the lower extremity edema of terminal cancer patients.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.89-93
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• 2022

Earthing, caused by direct skin contact with the Earth's surface, is used to reduce the symptoms of inflammation (fever, fever, swelling and pain). However, there is little evidence to support the anti-inflammatory effects of earthing mattresses. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate whether anti-inflammatory effect of earthing mattress using an in vivo animal model. The anti - inflammatory effect was evaluated by measuring ear thickness and foot volume in 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13 acetate (TPA) - induced ear edema and carrageenan - induced paw edema model, respectively. Balb/c mouse in carrageenan paw edema model showed significant anti - inflammatory effect in the group treated with earthing mattress for 4 hours or 24 hours for 3 days. For females, the anti-inflammatory effect was greater when the earthing mattress was added to the mattress than the mattress alone treatment. From the above results, it was found that the female responds more to the effect of the earthing as well as the mattress effect. In addition, when the male and female Balb/c mice were exposed to mattresses and earthing mattresses for 24 h for 3 days, respectively, the mattress and earthing mattresses showed significant inhibition of IL (Interleukin)-1β levels compared to the control. In the TPA ear edema model, Balb/c mouse showed significant anti - inflammatory effect in the group treated with the earthing mattress for 4 hours or 24 hours for 3 days. Both males and females showed more anti-inflammatory effects when they were exposed to earthing mattresses with mattresses added to the mattresses. From the above results, it was found that both male and female respond to the effect of earthing as well as the mattress effect in the TPA ear edema model. In conclusion, in this study, we have verified that earthing mattress shows inhibitory effects on TPA and carrageenan-induced inflammation. From these results, it is suggested that the anti-inflammatory effect can be expected by applying the earthing mattress to patients suffering from inflammatory diseases. However, there is a need to pinpoint exactly how the earthing mattress relieves inflammation, and further research is needed to investigate the mechanism.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.45-56
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• 2008

This study was conducted to find out biological responses of bivalves exposed to organotin compound.The results of the study confirmed that tribultyltin chloride (TBTCl) induce reduction of survival rate andburrowing activity, and histopathological feature in the foot structure of the equilateral venus, Gomphinaveneriformis. The experimental period was 36 weeks. The experimental groups consisted of a control and 3TBTCl exposure groups (0.4, 0.6, 0.8 ym TBTCl L'). The survival rate and burrowing activity were record-ed daily. For histological analysis, foot tissues were fixed in Bouin' s fluid and then stained H-E stain, AB-PAS (PH 2.5) reaction and Masson's trichrome stain after having serially sectioned the tissue by paraffinmethod at thickness of 4-6 ym. The survival rate was not significantly different between the control andexposure groups for 20 weeks, but in 0.8 Um TBTCl L', it was on the decreased ever since the exposure. Theburrowing activity was not significantly different in the exposure group compared to the control up to 12weeks, but in 0.6 and 0.8 ym TBTCl L', it measured the lowest level after 20 weeks. The foot is composedof the epidermal layer, connective tissue, and muscular layer. The epidermal layer is composed of simplecolumnar, cuboidal epithelia and mucous cells. The cilia were well developed on the apical surface ofepithelium, Circular, longitudinal and transverse muscle bundle were well developed in the muscular layer.The majority mucous cells showed blue color (542c) when it subjected to AB-PAS (PH 2.5) reaction. Nohistopathological alterations in the foot were observed up to 12 weeks. After 20 weeks of exposure to 0.8 (anTBTCl L'', the foot samples of exposed G. veneriformis showed disappearance of cilia and striated borderpartially and extension of hemolymph sinus. The mucous cell increased in the marginal of foot. At 28-weekof exposure to 0.4 ym TBTCl L', it observed weekly acid (564c), neutral (264c) and mixed mucous cell. At36-week of exposure to 0.6 ym TBTCl L', it showed fragmentation of the muscle and collagen fiber bundle,and also diappearance of cilia on epithelia and edema of epithelium in 0.8 ym TBTCl L''.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.100-100
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• 1979

For eighteen months from May, 1977, to November, 1978, I found out the following conclusion with the references when the author had the test of Lymphangiography for malignant lymphoma and cervix cancer of uterus who had the suspicion of nodal metastasis who amounted 56 patients. 1. According to the test 40 patients among 56 were succesful, almost 71% of t-them, injecting needles at both pedis, and it showed some technical difficulties in Lymphangioraphy comparing with other diagnostic measure. 2. As the result of Lymphangiography of 56 patients, they complained pains, edema of foot. In the course of finding out lymphatic vessel there was exudation due to high pressure at the insected part. At the process and at that test there have been frequent complains by the patients about some sort of pains and some times severe pains.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.7-21
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• 2019

Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a common chronic glomerular disease in children characterized by significant proteinuria with resulting hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. Renal biopsy findings of diffuse foot processes effacement on electron microscopy and minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), or diffuse mesangial proliferation on light microscopy. It has been speculated that circulating permeability factors would be implicated in the pathogenesis of NS because they have been reportedly detected in the sera of patients and in experimental models of induced proteinuria. Moreover, a substantial portion of the patients with primary FSGS recurrence shortly after transplantation. This report reviews the current knowledge regarding the role of circulating permeability factors in the pathogenesis of proteinuria in NS and suggests future targeted therapeutic approaches for NS.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.73-84
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to collect and analyze the KCD codes applied to the treatment of 27 postpartum women who had been treated with Korean traditional medicine in a Korean medicine hospital, so that this study may be used as a basic data for setting the direction of postpartum Korean medical treatment research. Methods: It was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$ University medical center (IRB approval number : WSOH IRB H1708-02-01). Twenty-seven postpartum women who had been treated at ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$ University medical center were received outpatient treatment for two weeks (from September 27, 2017 to January 5, 2018), and the KCD codes applied to the mothers were collected after obtaining the consent. On the day of registration of the study, the fertility, obstetric history and high-risk pregnancies were identified through an interview. Results: 1. The mean age of the 27 subjects was $33.33{\pm}3.99\;years$ old. Among the subjects, 17 mothers (63.0%) were high-risk pregnancy and 10 mothers (37.0%) were normal. 2. Among the 22 major disease categories, 8 categories were used. M code (musculoskeletal system) was used 243 times (70.85%), followed by R code (unclassified symptom) of 51 times (14.87%) and U code (special purpose code) of 23 times (6.71%). 3. The most commonly used code among the ten frequently used codes was M25.57 (joint pain, ankle and foot), a total of 47 times. Of the remaining nine codes, except for R60.1 (systemic edema) and U68.4 (The deficiency of yang in Bi), all codes were M codes (musculoskeletal system). 4. The M code (musculoskeletal system) was the most used major disease category in high-risk group, a total of 159 times. But in specific categories, the most commonly used code was R60.1 (systemic edema), a total of 28 times. 5. In normal group, the M code (musculoskeletal system) was the most used major disease category, a total of 84 times. Also, in specific categories, the most commonly used code was M25.57 (joint pain, ankle and foot), total 29 times. 6. The U code, corresponding to 'the diagnosis of childbirth and other obstetrical medical use', was used 23 times (6.71%), O code three times (0.87%) and Z code two times (0.58%), which was less than 10% of the total number of codes used. Conclusion: When analyzing KCD codes related to Korean medicine treatment for postpartum diseases, it is important to select the KCD codes that reflect the actual clinical state.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.55-68
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• 2013

Objectives This study was to investigate the effects of Yuhyangjeongtong-san on the carrageenin-induced acute inflammation and adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. Methods Acute inflammation was induced by injection of 2% carrageenin 0.15 ml into right hind foot of rats. Control group was carrageenin injected and taken distilled water, treated group was carrageenin injected and taken Yuhyangjeongtong-san by orally once. 2 hours after injection, plantar temperature and paw volume were measured. 3 hours after, counts of white blood cell (WBC) were performed. Arthritis was induced by injection of complete freund's adjuvant (CFA) into base of tail. Control group was CFA injected and taken distilled water, treated group was CFA injected and taken Yuhyangjeongtong-san by orally for 10 days. 0,5,10 day, body weight, thickness of ankle joint and paw edema were measured. 10 day, counts of WBC, $interleukin-1{\beta}$ ($IL-1{\beta}$) and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) level were analysed. Histochemical study of NADPH-d and immunohistochemical study of c-fos were performed. Results In the carrageenin-induced acute inflammation, neutrophils of treated group were significantly decreased compared with control group. In the adjuvant-induced arthritis, paw edema, total counts of WBC and TNF-${\alpha}$ level in paw exudates were significantly decreased compared with control group, and the number of c-fos positive neurons of treated group was significantly decreased compared with control group. Conclusions On the basis of these results, we concluded that Yuhyangjeongtong-san have anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory effects.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.61-74
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• 2009

Objectives: The warm needling technique is a method which combines the effects of acupuncture with those of moxibustion. The purpose of this study was to find the stimulus effects of a high frequency warm needling device when stimulating acupoint $LI_4$ on the carrageenan-induced arthritis. Methods: This study was to observe the effects to edema reaction, WBF(weight bearing force), NO concentration, nNOS expression after the electro high frequency stimulus of high frequency warm needling device on LI4 with insulated acupuncture needle. Results: The effect of the high frequency warm needling device is to rise up the temperature in proportion to the current intensity. After stimulating on the acupoint $LI_4$ of the carrageenan-induced arthritis in rats with the high frequency warm needling device, it significantly reduced edema in the rat's foot. In addition, WBF, NO concentration of spinal cord (nmol/mg), and nNOS relative expression were reduced. Conclusions: The above results support the idea that stimulus by the high frequency warm needling device on $LI_4$ produces a potent analgesic effect in the arthritis pain model of the rat. Moreover, stimulus by the high frequency warm needling device modulates endogenous NO through the suppression of nNOS protein expression.