• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.280-286
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• 1999

Lichen-forming (LFF) or lichenicolous fungi (LCF) were isolated from the lichens collected at‘Backwoon’mountain area,‘Chiri’mountain area and‘Sorok’island in the southern regions of Korea and were screened for antagonistic efficacy against several phyto-pathogenic fungi. Symbiotic algae-free LFF and LCF were isolated by the following methods: I) discharged spores (ascospores), II) macerated thallus suspension and III) direct use of thallus fragments. Among 58 isolates obtained from 34 lichens, 8 isolates showed antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani. Antifungal activities of the strongest antagonistic isolate (LB9810) originated from the thallus of Parmelia quercina lichen were evaluated against 15 phyto-pathogenic fungi. When crude methanol extract of mycelia of the LB8910 isolate was employed at the rate of 0.5% (v/w), fungal growth of Magnaporthe grisea and Rhizoctonia solani was severly and Rhizoctonia solani was severly inhibited as much as approximately 60% compared to control. Growth of various food-borne same extract. The extract was successively partitioned with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. n-Hexane fraction displayed the strongest antifungal activities against R. solani. The LB9810 isolate was finally identified as Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Sacc., which has not been reported as LFF or LCF yet. Therefore, it is very likely that F. equiseti isolated it the study was originated from the contaminants associated with thallus fragments rather than from LFF or LCF.

• BMB Reports
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• 제49권11호
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• pp.590-597
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• 2016

Parasitic diseases remain an unarguable public health problem worldwide. Liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis is a high risk pathogenic parasitic helminth which is endemic predominantly in Asian countries, including Korea, China, Taiwan, Vietnam, and the far eastern parts of Russia, and is still actively transmitted. According to the earlier $8^{th}$ National Survey on the Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections in 2012, C. sinensis was revealed as the parasite with highest prevalence of 1.86% in general population among all parasite species surveyed in Korea. This fluke is now classified under one of the definite Group 1 human biological agents (carcinogens) by International Agency of Research on Cancer (IARC) along with two other parasites, Opisthorchis viverrini and Schistosoma haematobium. C. sinensis infestation is mainly linked to liver and biliary disorders, especially cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). For the purposes of this mini-review, we will only focus on C. sinensis and review pathogenesis and carcinogenesis of clonorchiasis, disease condition by C. sinensis infestation, and association between C. sinensis infestation and CCA. In this presentation, we briefly consider the current scientific status for progression of CCA by heavy C. sinensis infestation from the food-borne trematode and development of CCA.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.23-30
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• 2005

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the important pathogenic agents, which are related to the hygienic condition. This study performed for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus and screening staphylococcal enterotoxin a, b, c genes in strains isolated from the environment for production of non-pasteurized strawberry juice. A total of 44 samples were collected from utensils, machinery, employees, raw materials, and strawberry juices in 3 strawberry juice shops in Jinju, western Gyeongnam. The isolation rate of Staphylococcus aureus was 26%. Specially Staphylococcus aureus was frequently isolated from employee's hands, strawberry and strawberry juices. The sea, seb, and sec genes were also investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). One hundred and 55% of each isolate had found sea gene and seb gene, respectively. However, sec gene was not detected anywhere. To prevent food-borne disease associated with juice, the accomplishment of HACCP to be more efficient and systematic is necessary.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.224-230
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• 2021

This study assessed the contamination levels of total aerobic bacteria, fungi, coliforms, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, and qualitative analysis of Bacillus cereus, Salmonella spp., Listeria spp., and Vibrio spp. in four frozen-raw sliced fishes (cuttlefish, flatfish, salmon, and shrimp) for sushi production. The total aerobic bacteria, fungi, and coliforms were 2.95-3.38, 1.96-2.88, and 0.92-1.29 log CFU/g, respectively. In particular, shrimp was highly contaminated with total aerobic bacteria (3.38 log CFU/g) and fungi (2.88 log CFU/g). Over 3 log CFU/g of total aerobic bacteria was also detected in cuttlefish, flatfish, and salmon. Less than 1-2 log CFU/g of E. coli was detected in all frozen samples. S. aureus was detected at 2.25-3.13 log CFU/g in most samples. B. cereus was qualitatively detected at 25% in most samples, except for salmon (0%). Salmonella spp., L. monocytogenes, and Vibrio spp. were qualitatively detected at 25-50% of all four samples. The microbial contamination levels determined in the current study may be potentially used as basic data to perform microbial risk assessments of frozen-raw sliced fishes.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.162-170
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• 2018

Non-typhoidal Salmonella is one of the main pathogens causing food-borne illness in humans, with up to 20% of cases resulting from consumption of pork products. Over the gastroenteritis signs, multidrug resistant Salmonella has arisen. In this study, pan-susceptible phenotypic strains of Salmonella enterica serotype Weltevreden recovered from pig production chain in Chiang Mai, Thailand during 2012-2014 were chosen for analysis. The aim of this study was to use whole genome sequencing (WGS) data with an emphasis on antimicrobial resistance gene investigation to assess their pathogenic potential and genetic diversity determination based on whole genome Multilocus Sequence Typing (wgMLST) to expand epidemiological knowledge and to provide additional guidance for disease control. Analyis using ResFinder 3.0 for WGS database tracing found that one of pan-susceptible phenotypic strain carried five classes of resistance genes: aminoglycoside, beta-lactam, phenicol, sulfonamide, and tetracycline associated genes. Twenty four and 36 loci differences were detected by core genome Multilocus Sequence Typing (cgMLST) and pan genome Multilocus Sequence Typing (pgMLST), respectively, in two matching strains (44/13 vs A543057 and A543056 vs 204/13) initially assigned by conventional MLST and Pulsed-field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). One hundread percent discriminant ability can be achieved using the wgMLST technique. WGS is currently the ultimate molecular technique for various in-depth studies. As the findings stated above, a new of "gold standard typing method era" for routine works in genome study is being set.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.763-768
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• 2012

This study has been performed to measure the prevalence and microbial flora on chicken slaughtering as well as the processing process from the months of October to November. Whole-chicken rinsing technique was used in order to analyze the incidence of microorganisms on chicken carcass at the stage before chilling (after evisceration), after chilling and after cutting. The swab technique was used on processing the processed samples, such as working plates and cutting knives. Brine and cooling water from four cooling tubs were taken from each processing processes and were used as samples. Furthermore, the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI MS) for whole cell fingerprinting in combination with a dedicated bioinformatic software tool was used to identify the isolated microorganisms. Of the tested samples and processes, brine ($4.50{\pm}0.64$ Log CFU/mL) and chicken carcass before chilling ($4.15{\pm}0.46$ Log CFU/mL) showed the highest population of microorganisms; the predominant microbial flora of them were Moellerella wisconsensis (54.84%), a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family, and Escherichia coli (60.36%), respectively. However, the predominant microbial flora of cut carcass was changed to Staphylococcus aureus (27.32%), which is a kind of pathogenic microorganism that can cause a food-borne illness. Therefore, the slaughtering and processing procedure of chicken are needed to be controlled more hygienically.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.50-57
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• 2018

Salmonella는 전세계적으로 식중독을 유발하는 주요 원인 균으로서, 식중독을 유발하는 Salmonella를 신속하게 검출하는 방법은 식품 안전을 위한 중요한 도구이다. Real-time PCR은 식중독균을 검출하기 위한 신속검사법으로 널리 사용되어 왔다. 최근에는 NBS LabChip real-time PCR이라는 새로운 시스템이 칩타입으로 조작이 간편하며 초고속의 real-time PCR 시스템이라는 보고가 있었다. 본 연구에서는 살모넬라의 신속한 검출을 위하여 NBS LabChip real-time PCR에 기반하여 real-time PCR 반응 시간이 20분 이내인 검출법을 확인하고자 하였다. 프라이머와 프로브 설계를 위해 두 개의 타겟 유전자(invA, stn)가 선택되었으며, 특이도와 민감도(검출한계)를 평가함으로 개발된 검출법을 검증하고자 하였다. 본 연구에서는 특이도 검증을 위해 Salmonella 균주 42주와 Non-Salmonella 균주 21주를 포함하였으며, 본 방법으로 Salmonella 42주에 대해서만 정확하게 검출이 가능하였다. 검출한계는 살모넬라 genome DNA 기준으로 $10^1copies/{\mu}L$으며, 소시지에서는 4시간 증균 이후 접종균수로서 $10^1CFU/g$에서 $10^2CFU/g$까지 검출이 가능하였다. 본 연구에서 개발된 검출법은 신속한 식중독 원인조사에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.29-34
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• 2003

매실 착즙액에 의한 식중독 현상을 일으키는 세균 5종(Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus)에 대한 항균력을 검토하였다. 매실 착즙액의 항균성을 paper disc agar diffusion법으로 생육 저해환의 생성 유무로 관찰한 결과 매실 착즙액은 시험 균주 모두에 대해 항균 효과를 나타내었는데, 가장 뚜렷한 생육 저해환을 형성한 매실 착즙액의 농도는 Sal. enteritidis(15.0mm)는 1%, Lis. monocytogenes(14.7mm)는 3%, Bac. cereus(14.75mm), Esc. coli(13.45mm)와 Sta. aureus(11.9mm)는 5%이었다. 매실 착즙액에 의한 식중독 유발균의 생육 억제 효과는 매실 착즙액 3%와 4%첨가에 의해 Sal. enteritidis는 각각 24시간과 6시간에서 성장이 완전히 억제되어 매실 착즙액에 의한 가장 강력한 항균력을 보였으며, Bac. cereus 경우에는 3%와 4% 첨가에 의해 모두 12시간, 그리고 2% 첨가구에서는 24시간에 완전히 생육을 정지시는 뚜렷한 생육 억제 효과를 나타내었다. 매실 착즙액 3%와 4%를 함유한 배지 상에서 Sta. aureus의 성장은 배양 후 24시간에 모두 저해되었고, Lis. monocytogenes의 경우는 각각 48시간과 24시간에, Esc. coli의 경우는 모두 36시간에 균 증식 억제 효과가 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 보면 매실 착즙액의 식중독 유발균에 대한 생육 억제 효과는 Sal. enteritidis, Bac. cereus, Sta. aureus, Lis. monocytogenes, Esc. coli순으로 강하게 나타났다. 매실 과육에 함유된 유기산은 citric acid, malic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, $\alpha$-ketoglutaric acid 등으로 구성되어 있으며$^{6~9,23,24)}$) 매실의 유기산 함량은 다른 과실보다 다소 높게 함유되어 있고 가장 많이 들어있는 유기산은 citric acid로 이는 레몬이나 감귤에 비해 훨씬 많은 양이 들어있었다$^{23}$. 본 실험에서 사용된 매실 착즙액 3%와 4% 첨가구에서의 pH는 각각 3.47과 3.34를 나타내었다. 따라서 본 실험의 매실 착즙액이 각종 실험 균주에 대해 항균력을 가지는 것은 낮은 pH와 더불어 citric acid가 영향을 미쳤을 것으로 생각되었다. 이상의 결과를 볼 때 매실 착즙액이 식중독 유발균에 대해 강한 항균 활성을 가지고 있으므로 인공 합성 보존료를 대체할 수 있는 천연 보존료로서 식품에의 이용이 가능하다고 사료되었다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.160-169
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• 2000

This study was conducted to understand the inhibitory garlic and ginger against the growth of food born pathogenic bacteria. Juice was prepared from the raw spices by using an electric homogenizer and membrane filter. Dry-powdered spices were treated with double distilled water and 70% ethanol to extract the antibacterial substances, respectively. Growth inhibitory effects of juice and extracts of the spices were monitored by using bacterial strains such as B. subtilis, L. moncytogenes, S. aureus,E. coli O157 : H7, P. aeruginosa, and S. typhimurium. On a solid medium where E. coli and S. aureus cells were grown, ginger juice formed inhibitory zone at the concentrations of 2-10% by paper disc test. The Bone formed by ginger juice was wider and more transparent than that formed by garlic juice on the same concentration.1. monocytogenes and B. subtilis were more sensitive to garlic juice than others, and stopped growing at 2% garlic juice. Ginger juice showed the growth inhibition by 30-50% at 1.0% concentration. On the contrast, P. aeruginosa which resisted to the garlic juice was the most sensitive to ginger juice. Water extract of garlic was not effective to inhibit the bacterial growth, while 2% ginger extract completely inhibited the growth of E. coli and S. aureus. Alcohol extract of ginger inhibited the growth of bacteria at the concentration of 0.3%. This growth inhibition is almost 10 times lower than that of the garlic extract. It was clear that ginger had more potential than garlic as an inhibitor to control the growth of the indicator organisms.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.531-536
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• 1995

Salmonella species are the most prevalent etiologic agents of food-borne acute gastroenteritis. Direct isolation of bacteria from the contaminated food, stool and animal tissues has been used for the diagnosis of salmonellosis routinely. However, isolation of bacteria is time consuming work and not so highly sensitive. In recent years, improved methods of polymerization chain reaction(PCR) and probe hybridization technique have led to the developement of diagnostic assays which employ to detect various human and animal pathogenic bacteria. In this study, we have performed the polymerization chain reaction to detect Salmonella pullorum from tissues and stool samples of chickens with two specific primers, ST5 and ST8C. The target DNA fragment of PhoE gene was successfully amplified from liver, spleen, pancreas, heart, lung, ovary, oviduct and feces samples. The amplified DNA fragments were hybridized with Salmonella typhymurium TA3000 PhoE probe by Southern hybridization. The PCR to amplify the PhoE gene was highly rapid and sensitive method to detect Salmonella pullorum from tissues and stool samples.