• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.280-286
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• 1999

Lichen-forming (LFF) or lichenicolous fungi (LCF) were isolated from the lichens collected at‘Backwoon’mountain area,‘Chiri’mountain area and‘Sorok’island in the southern regions of Korea and were screened for antagonistic efficacy against several phyto-pathogenic fungi. Symbiotic algae-free LFF and LCF were isolated by the following methods: I) discharged spores (ascospores), II) macerated thallus suspension and III) direct use of thallus fragments. Among 58 isolates obtained from 34 lichens, 8 isolates showed antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani. Antifungal activities of the strongest antagonistic isolate (LB9810) originated from the thallus of Parmelia quercina lichen were evaluated against 15 phyto-pathogenic fungi. When crude methanol extract of mycelia of the LB8910 isolate was employed at the rate of 0.5% (v/w), fungal growth of Magnaporthe grisea and Rhizoctonia solani was severly and Rhizoctonia solani was severly inhibited as much as approximately 60% compared to control. Growth of various food-borne same extract. The extract was successively partitioned with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. n-Hexane fraction displayed the strongest antifungal activities against R. solani. The LB9810 isolate was finally identified as Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Sacc., which has not been reported as LFF or LCF yet. Therefore, it is very likely that F. equiseti isolated it the study was originated from the contaminants associated with thallus fragments rather than from LFF or LCF.

• BMB Reports
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• v.49 no.11
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• pp.590-597
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• 2016

Parasitic diseases remain an unarguable public health problem worldwide. Liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis is a high risk pathogenic parasitic helminth which is endemic predominantly in Asian countries, including Korea, China, Taiwan, Vietnam, and the far eastern parts of Russia, and is still actively transmitted. According to the earlier $8^{th}$ National Survey on the Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections in 2012, C. sinensis was revealed as the parasite with highest prevalence of 1.86% in general population among all parasite species surveyed in Korea. This fluke is now classified under one of the definite Group 1 human biological agents (carcinogens) by International Agency of Research on Cancer (IARC) along with two other parasites, Opisthorchis viverrini and Schistosoma haematobium. C. sinensis infestation is mainly linked to liver and biliary disorders, especially cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). For the purposes of this mini-review, we will only focus on C. sinensis and review pathogenesis and carcinogenesis of clonorchiasis, disease condition by C. sinensis infestation, and association between C. sinensis infestation and CCA. In this presentation, we briefly consider the current scientific status for progression of CCA by heavy C. sinensis infestation from the food-borne trematode and development of CCA.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 2005

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the important pathogenic agents, which are related to the hygienic condition. This study performed for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus and screening staphylococcal enterotoxin a, b, c genes in strains isolated from the environment for production of non-pasteurized strawberry juice. A total of 44 samples were collected from utensils, machinery, employees, raw materials, and strawberry juices in 3 strawberry juice shops in Jinju, western Gyeongnam. The isolation rate of Staphylococcus aureus was 26%. Specially Staphylococcus aureus was frequently isolated from employee's hands, strawberry and strawberry juices. The sea, seb, and sec genes were also investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). One hundred and 55% of each isolate had found sea gene and seb gene, respectively. However, sec gene was not detected anywhere. To prevent food-borne disease associated with juice, the accomplishment of HACCP to be more efficient and systematic is necessary.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.224-230
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• 2021

This study assessed the contamination levels of total aerobic bacteria, fungi, coliforms, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, and qualitative analysis of Bacillus cereus, Salmonella spp., Listeria spp., and Vibrio spp. in four frozen-raw sliced fishes (cuttlefish, flatfish, salmon, and shrimp) for sushi production. The total aerobic bacteria, fungi, and coliforms were 2.95-3.38, 1.96-2.88, and 0.92-1.29 log CFU/g, respectively. In particular, shrimp was highly contaminated with total aerobic bacteria (3.38 log CFU/g) and fungi (2.88 log CFU/g). Over 3 log CFU/g of total aerobic bacteria was also detected in cuttlefish, flatfish, and salmon. Less than 1-2 log CFU/g of E. coli was detected in all frozen samples. S. aureus was detected at 2.25-3.13 log CFU/g in most samples. B. cereus was qualitatively detected at 25% in most samples, except for salmon (0%). Salmonella spp., L. monocytogenes, and Vibrio spp. were qualitatively detected at 25-50% of all four samples. The microbial contamination levels determined in the current study may be potentially used as basic data to perform microbial risk assessments of frozen-raw sliced fishes.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.162-170
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• 2018

Non-typhoidal Salmonella is one of the main pathogens causing food-borne illness in humans, with up to 20% of cases resulting from consumption of pork products. Over the gastroenteritis signs, multidrug resistant Salmonella has arisen. In this study, pan-susceptible phenotypic strains of Salmonella enterica serotype Weltevreden recovered from pig production chain in Chiang Mai, Thailand during 2012-2014 were chosen for analysis. The aim of this study was to use whole genome sequencing (WGS) data with an emphasis on antimicrobial resistance gene investigation to assess their pathogenic potential and genetic diversity determination based on whole genome Multilocus Sequence Typing (wgMLST) to expand epidemiological knowledge and to provide additional guidance for disease control. Analyis using ResFinder 3.0 for WGS database tracing found that one of pan-susceptible phenotypic strain carried five classes of resistance genes: aminoglycoside, beta-lactam, phenicol, sulfonamide, and tetracycline associated genes. Twenty four and 36 loci differences were detected by core genome Multilocus Sequence Typing (cgMLST) and pan genome Multilocus Sequence Typing (pgMLST), respectively, in two matching strains (44/13 vs A543057 and A543056 vs 204/13) initially assigned by conventional MLST and Pulsed-field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). One hundread percent discriminant ability can be achieved using the wgMLST technique. WGS is currently the ultimate molecular technique for various in-depth studies. As the findings stated above, a new of "gold standard typing method era" for routine works in genome study is being set.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.763-768
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• 2012

This study has been performed to measure the prevalence and microbial flora on chicken slaughtering as well as the processing process from the months of October to November. Whole-chicken rinsing technique was used in order to analyze the incidence of microorganisms on chicken carcass at the stage before chilling (after evisceration), after chilling and after cutting. The swab technique was used on processing the processed samples, such as working plates and cutting knives. Brine and cooling water from four cooling tubs were taken from each processing processes and were used as samples. Furthermore, the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI MS) for whole cell fingerprinting in combination with a dedicated bioinformatic software tool was used to identify the isolated microorganisms. Of the tested samples and processes, brine ($4.50{\pm}0.64$ Log CFU/mL) and chicken carcass before chilling ($4.15{\pm}0.46$ Log CFU/mL) showed the highest population of microorganisms; the predominant microbial flora of them were Moellerella wisconsensis (54.84%), a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family, and Escherichia coli (60.36%), respectively. However, the predominant microbial flora of cut carcass was changed to Staphylococcus aureus (27.32%), which is a kind of pathogenic microorganism that can cause a food-borne illness. Therefore, the slaughtering and processing procedure of chicken are needed to be controlled more hygienically.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.50-57
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• 2018

Salmonella continue to be a major cause of food poisoning worldwide. The rapid detection method of food-borne Salmonella is an important food safety tool. A real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been used as a rapid method for the detection of pathogens. It has been recently reported that NBS LabChip real-time PCR is a novel, ultrafast, and chip-type-convenient real-time PCR system. We developed the assay method based on NBS LabChip real-time PCR for the rapid detection of Salmonella, which its reaction time was within 20 minutes. Two target genes (invA and stn) were selected to design target specific primers and probes. The new method was validated by checking specificity and sensitivity (limit of detection). This study included forty-two target and twenty-one non-target strains to assess the specificity. This assay was able to identify the 42 Salmonella strains correctly. The limit of detection (LOD) was $10^1copies/{\mu}L$ in Salmonella genomes DNA, while LOD incubated for 4 hr in the inoculated sausage sample ranged from $10^1CFU/g$ to $10^2CFU/g$ as an inoculated cell count. The assay developed in this study could be applied for the investigation of food poisoning pathogens.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 2003

Prunus mume has been used for the folk medicine by many old civilizations to treat food-borne diseases or enteric disorders. This study was carried out to examine the antimicrobial effect of juice from Prunus mume against pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes and Bacillus cereus. The juice of Prunus mume had the strongest antimicrobial activity to Sal. enteritidis. The concentrations of Prunus mume juice for the formation of clear zone were 1% for Sai. enteritidis(15.0mm), 3% for Lis. monocytogenes(14.7mm), and 5% for Bac. cereus(14.75mm), Esc. coli(13.45mm) and Sta. aureux(11.9mm). The growth of all tested microorganisms was inhibited apparently in tryptic soy broth containing 3% and 4% Prunus mume juice. And it was found that the Prunus mume juice showed the highest antimicrobial properties, followed by Sal. enteritidis, Bac. cereus, Sta. aureus, Lis. monocytogenes, Esc. coli.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.160-169
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• 2000

This study was conducted to understand the inhibitory garlic and ginger against the growth of food born pathogenic bacteria. Juice was prepared from the raw spices by using an electric homogenizer and membrane filter. Dry-powdered spices were treated with double distilled water and 70% ethanol to extract the antibacterial substances, respectively. Growth inhibitory effects of juice and extracts of the spices were monitored by using bacterial strains such as B. subtilis, L. moncytogenes, S. aureus,E. coli O157 : H7, P. aeruginosa, and S. typhimurium. On a solid medium where E. coli and S. aureus cells were grown, ginger juice formed inhibitory zone at the concentrations of 2-10% by paper disc test. The Bone formed by ginger juice was wider and more transparent than that formed by garlic juice on the same concentration.1. monocytogenes and B. subtilis were more sensitive to garlic juice than others, and stopped growing at 2% garlic juice. Ginger juice showed the growth inhibition by 30-50% at 1.0% concentration. On the contrast, P. aeruginosa which resisted to the garlic juice was the most sensitive to ginger juice. Water extract of garlic was not effective to inhibit the bacterial growth, while 2% ginger extract completely inhibited the growth of E. coli and S. aureus. Alcohol extract of ginger inhibited the growth of bacteria at the concentration of 0.3%. This growth inhibition is almost 10 times lower than that of the garlic extract. It was clear that ginger had more potential than garlic as an inhibitor to control the growth of the indicator organisms.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.531-536
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• 1995

Salmonella species are the most prevalent etiologic agents of food-borne acute gastroenteritis. Direct isolation of bacteria from the contaminated food, stool and animal tissues has been used for the diagnosis of salmonellosis routinely. However, isolation of bacteria is time consuming work and not so highly sensitive. In recent years, improved methods of polymerization chain reaction(PCR) and probe hybridization technique have led to the developement of diagnostic assays which employ to detect various human and animal pathogenic bacteria. In this study, we have performed the polymerization chain reaction to detect Salmonella pullorum from tissues and stool samples of chickens with two specific primers, ST5 and ST8C. The target DNA fragment of PhoE gene was successfully amplified from liver, spleen, pancreas, heart, lung, ovary, oviduct and feces samples. The amplified DNA fragments were hybridized with Salmonella typhymurium TA3000 PhoE probe by Southern hybridization. The PCR to amplify the PhoE gene was highly rapid and sensitive method to detect Salmonella pullorum from tissues and stool samples.