• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.84-93
• /
• 2015

Relationship between lipid intake and obesity has been well-addressed but recent findings indicated that the type of lipid or composition of lipid in the diet also contributes to body fat accumulation and consequential health outcome. The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of nutrition intake including fatty acids, lipids and lipid soluble nutrients between the obese and lean college students and to analyze the relationship between the intake of certain fatty acids and body fat accumulation. Anthropometric elements including body weight, height, body fat and composition were measured, and dietary recall was conducted on a total of 114 college students. Data showed that total calorie intake and total lipid intake were not significantly different between the obese and lean subjects, in both male and female students. However, male obese subjects ate more amount of plant lipids and palmitic acids (C16:0) from their diet (p<0.05), while female obese subjects consumed more linoleic acids (18:2) and linolenic acids (C18:3) compared to normal subjects (p<0.01). Correlation analysis revealed that the consumption of palmitoleic acid (C16:1) and lipid soluble vitamin D were negatively (p<0.05) correlated with body fat accumulation in all subjects and these findings were supported by simple linear regression analyses for those variables. These results implicate that rather than only considering the amount of lipids, suggesting a proper type of lipids or lipid metabolites can be considered in nutrition counseling or education.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.53 no.3
• /
• pp.344-347
• /
• 2021

In this study, the hepatotoxic mechanism of chaparral (Larrea tridentata) was investigated through in vitro experiments that measured cell death, inflammatory cytokine secretion, and intracellular fat accumulation by treating HepG2 hepatocytes with a 70% ethanol extract of chaparral at concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 100 ㎍/mL. Cell death was observed after treatment with chaparral extract at concentrations of 1-100 ㎍/mL (p<0.05). The secretion of the inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-8 and macrophage-colony stimulating factor, and fat accumulation were significantly increased even at a concentration of 0.1 ㎍/mL, which was 10 times lower than the observed concentration resulting in cell death (p<0.05). Hepatitis caused by inflammatory cytokine secretion and fat accumulation was shown to be a form of hepatotoxicity induced by chaparral extract. Hepatitis was expressed at a concentration lower than that causing serious toxicity such as cell death, suggesting that hepatotoxicity, including hepatitis, may be caused by ingestion of low concentrations of chaparral.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.26 no.6
• /
• pp.745-749
• /
• 1994

Animal experiments were conducted to confirm the suppressive effect of green tea on the intestinal absorption and tissue accumulation of toxic heavy metals in rats. When drinking water contaminated with 500 and 5000 times level of water quality standard for lead or cadmium was administrated to rats for 3 weeks, feed intake and body weight gain were not significantly differrent among all groups except for high cadmium group. In the relative weights of target organs, kidney and femur showed a significant difference by heavy metal administration and green tea did not influence on the weights. Green tea showed a suppressing effect on the accumulation of heavy metals in target organs, in which the reducing effect in femur was $25{\sim}45%$ for lead, and 42% for cadmium. As calcium content of femur decreased by heavy metal administration was increased in green tea group, it was concluded that heavy metal accumulation in femur was interrupted by tea beverage.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.29-37
• /
• 2015

Most of the wheat germ in cereal grains is removed during the milling process. Various physiological effects have been reported for bioactive substances in wheat germ such as phenolic acids and flavonoids. In this study, the antioxidant and anti-adipogenic effects of ethanol extracts from wheat germ (WGE) and wheat germ fermented with Aspergillus oryzae (F-WGE) were investigated in HepG2 and 3T3-L1 cells. The anti-oxidant activity of F-WGE was demonstrated by a dose-dependent increase in the enhanced scavenging capacity of hydroxyl radicals and $Cu^{2+}$-chelating activity compared to WGE. WGE and F-WGE treatment at doses between 10 and $400{\mu}g/mL$ did not affect the viability of HepG2 and 3T3-L1 cells. Intracellular ROS levels from $Cu^{2+}$-induced oxidative stress were significantly decreased by F-WGE treatment in HepG2 cells compared to WGE. Lipid accumulation was increased in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by $100{\mu}M$ $Fe^{2+}$ treatment, but the accumulation was strongly inhibited by $100{\mu}g/mL$ of WGE and F-WGE treatment. These results suggest that changes in bioactive substances during the fermentation of wheat germ can potentiate scavenging activities against transition metal-induced oxidative stress and lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Therefore, we propose that F-WGE is a novel food materials and provided scientific evidences for its efficacy in the development of functional foods.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.455-461
• /
• 2012

Obesity, a strong risk factor for the development of chronic diseases, is characterized by an increase in the number and size of adipocytes differentiated from precursor cells, preadipocytes. Recent research suggests that increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in 3T3-L1 adipocyte facilitates adipocyte differentiation and fat accumulation. This study was to investigate whether reduced ROS production by Sargassum micracanthum extract (SME) could protect the development of obesity through inhibition of adipogenesis. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were treated SME for up to 8 days following standard induction of differentiation. The extent of differentiation reflected by amount of lipid accumulation and ROS production was determined by Oil red O staining and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) assay. Treatment of SME significantly inhibited ROS production and adipocyte differentiation that is depend on down regulation of NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), a major ROS generator, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ($PPAR{\gamma}$) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha ($C/EBP{\alpha}$), a key adipogenic transcription factor. These results indicate that SME can inhibit adipogenesis through a reduced ROS level that involves down-regulation of NOX4 expression or via modulation of adipogenic transcription factor.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.76-84
• /
• 1996

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of Ganoderma lueuidum (GL) water extract on fat accumulation in the fatted rats Induced by the oral high fat administration for six weeks. Total cholesterol, neutral fat and epididymal fat pad of GL groups were lower than the control group. On the other hand, high density lipoprotein(HDL) -cholesterol was somewhat higher in GL than In the control group. In addition, the same result as the above case was obtained when examining adipose for liver and epididymal fat components. During the feeding experiment, level of low density lipoprotein(LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) increased while HDL was decreased in the control group as compared with normal group. The decree of LDL and VLDL was decreased, but HDL was increased in GL group as compared with the control group. Experiment group showed the Increased excretion as compared with the control group, in the excretion. Based on the above results, It was shown that it is possible to improve fat accumulation induced by high fat dietary through using the oral administration of Ganoderma lueidum boiling extract solutions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
• /
• v.37 no.3
• /
• pp.248-255
• /
• 2022

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), a green leafy vegetable, is well known as a functional food due to its biological activities. Vascular calcification is associated with several disease conditions including atherosclerosis, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease (CKD), and is known to raise the risk of cardiovascular diseases related morbidity and mortality. However, there are no previous studies that have investigated the effects of fermented spinach exract (FSE) against aortic and its underlying mechanisms. Therefore, this study investigated the effects and action of possible mechanisms of FSE on inorganic phosphate (PI)-induced vascular calcification in ex vivo mouse aortic rings. PI increased vascular calcification through calcium deposition in ex vivo aortic rings. FSE inhibited calcium accumulation and osteogenic key marker, runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), and bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 (BMP-2) protein expression in ex vivo aortic rings. And, FSE inhibited PI-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 phosphorylation in ex vivo aortic rings. These results show that FSE can prevent vascular calcification which may be a crucial way for the prevention and treatment of vascular disease association with vascular calcification.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.25 no.5
• /
• pp.718-723
• /
• 2002

CKD-602 (7-[2-(N-isopropylamino)ethyl]-(20S)-camptothecin) is a recently-developed synthetic camptothecin analogue and currently under clinical development by Chong Kun Dang Pharm (Seoul, Korea). CKD-602 showed potent topoisomerase inhibitory activity in vitro and broad antitumor activity against various human tumor cells in vitro and in vivo in animal models. This study describes the pharmacodynamics of the immediate and delayed cytotoxicity induced by CKD-602 in a human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line, HT-29, and its intracellular drug accumulation by HPLC. The present study was designed to address whether the higher activity of CKD-602 with prolonged exposure is due to delayed exhibition of cytotoxicity and/or an accumulation of anti proliferative effect on continuous drug exposure. The drug uptake study was performed to determine whether the delayed cytotoxicity is due to a slow drug accumulation in cells. CKD-602 produced a cytotoxicity that was exhibited immediately after treatment (immediate effect) and after treatment had been terminated (delayed effect). Both the immediate and delayed effects of CKD-602 showed a time dependent decrease in 4IC_{50}$ values. Drug uptake was biphasic and the second equilibrium level was obtained as early as at 24hr, indicating that the cumulative and delayed antitumor effects of CKD-602 were not due to slow drug uptake. On the other hand, CKD-602 treatment was sufficient to induce delayed cytotoxicity after 4hr, however, longer treatment (＞24hr) enhanced its cytotoxicity due to the intracellular accumulation of the drug, which requires 24hr to reach maximum equilibrium concentration. In addition, $C^n$$\times$T=h analysis (n=0.481) indicated that increased exposure times may contribute more to the overall antitumor activity of CKD-602 than drug concentration. Additional studies to determine the details of the intracellular uptake kinetics (e.g., concentration dependency and retention studies) are needed in order to identify the optimal treatment schedules for the successful clinical development of CKD-602.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.41 no.7
• /
• pp.895-900
• /
• 2012

The effects of three fractions, hexane (BHHH), chloroform (BHHC), and ethyl acetate (BHHE), from water extract of Benincasa hispida on the underlying mechanisms of adipogenesis were investigated in 3T3-L1 cells. Intracellular lipid droplets were stained with Oil Red O dye and quantified. Compared to control, lipid accumulation significantly decreased by 11% and 13% upon treatment with BHHC and BHHE, respectively at a concentration of 50 ${\mu}g/mL$. Intracellular triglyceride (TG) levels were also reduced by 21% and 16%, respectively, at the same concentration. To determine the mechanism behind the reductions in TG content and lipid accumulation, glycerol release and expression levels of adipogenic marker genes were measured. The levels of free glycerol released into culture medium increased by 13% and 17% upon treatment with BHHC and BHHE, respectively. In subsequent measurements using real-time polymerization chain reaction, the mRNA levels of $PPAR{\gamma}$, C/$EBP{\alpha}$, and leptin significantly decreased upon treatment with BHHE (45%, 67%, and 35%) in comparison with non-treated control. These results suggest that BHHE inhibits adipocyte differentiation by blocking $PPAR{\gamma}$, C/$EBP{\alpha}$, and leptin gene expression in 3T3-L1 cells, resulting in reduced lipid accumulation, increased glycerol release, and intracellular triglycerides.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.32 no.6
• /
• pp.1414-1417
• /
• 2000

This study was to investigate effects of the supplementation of the different lactic acid bacteria[Streptococcus thermophilus KCTC 2185 culture group(ST), autoclaved Streptococcus thermophilus KCTC 2185 culture(STS), Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 culture group(LA) and autoclaved Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356(LAS)] on suppression of aluminum accumulation in organs of rats fed with the diet containing $250\;{\mu}g/g$ aluminum sulfate for 4 weeks. Amount of aluminum accumulation in the control rat was in order of bone>lung>heart>large intestine>kidney>liver>brain>small intestine. Effects of reduction of aluminum accumulation by feeding of the four difference fermented milk were in order of LA group>LAS group>ST group>STS group. ST and LA both were more effective than STS and LAS. Ultimately fermented milk was useful in reduction of toxication by accumulating of aluminum in vivo.