• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.405-417
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study examined the changes in food behaviors of dietary fatty acids over 2007-2018 among Korean adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This study used data from the 4th (2007-2009), 5th (2010-2012), 6th (2013-2015), and 7th (2016-2018) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. A total of 46,307 adults aged 19-64 yrs were selected and dietary data were obtained from a single 24-h recall. In the 4th and 7th data, the major food sources for each fatty acid based on the contributing percentage of the food item were compared. The consumption trends in the major food sources were presented as grams per day over 2007-2018 and compared across the survey periods using the multiple regression model. RESULTS: From 2007 to 2018, for total fat, saturated fatty acid (SFA), and monounsaturated fatty acid, the contribution of animal food sources, including beef, chicken, and eggs increased but plant food sources (e.g., tofu, soybean, and plant oil) decreased. As polyunsaturated fatty acid sources, mayonnaise, eggs, and bread showed higher contributions, whereas soybean and tofu showed lower contributions in the 7th data compared to the 4th data. For n-3 fatty acids, the contribution of fish decreased between the 4th and 7th data. Over 12 yrs, the significant increases in the absolute amount of consumption from animal sources were observed. In contrast, decreases in the consumption from plant sources and fish were seen across the survey periods. CONCLUSIONS: In Korean adults, increases in the intake of dietary fatty acids along with changes in the food behaviors during 2007-2018 have evoked great concern for SFA intake, which is a cardiovascular disease risk factor. Healthy food sources of dietary fatty acids should be emphasized in this population.

• 생태와환경
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.311-323
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• 2020

국내 담수 어류 12과, 28속, 45종의 먹이원을 문헌 조사한 결과, 동물류 먹이원은 16문, 24강, 54목, 126과, 212속으로 조사되었으며 식물류 먹이원은 10문, 18강, 42목, 63과, 82속으로 나타났다. 동물류 먹이원 중 가장 많은 어류가 섭식한 먹이원은 분류군에 따라 절지동물문, 곤충강, 파리목, 깔따구과로 조사되었으며, 식물류 먹이원은 돌말문, 윷돌말강, 반달돌말목, 반달돌말과로 조사되었다. SOM을 이용하여 45종 어류의 유형화 결과, 어류를 주로 포식하는 어류와 저서무척추동물을 포식하는 어류, 동물플랑크톤을 섭식하는 어류, 식물플랑크톤을 섭식하는 어류, 잡식성 어류 5가지 유형으로 나타났다. 네트워크 분석의 허브 점수가 높은 상위 5종의 어류는 블루길, 몰개, 수수미꾸리, 남방종개, 새코미꾸리 순으로 나타났으며 먹이원 중 허브 점수가 높은 상위 5 종류의 먹이원은 파리목, 하루살이목, 이지목, 김발돌말목, 쪽배돌말목 순으로 조사되었다.

• 생태와환경
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.130-141
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• 2021

국내 멸종위기 어류 25종의 먹이원을 문헌 조사한 결과, 먹이원은 20문, 31강, 58목, 116과, 154속으로 나타났다. 먹이원 중 가장 많은 어류가 섭식한 먹이원은 분류군에 따라 절지동물문, 곤충강, 파리목, 깔따구과로 조사되었으며, 식물류 먹이원은 돌말문, 윷돌말강, 반달돌말목, 반달돌말과로 조사되었다. 계층적 군집분석과 NMDS를 이용하여 멸종위기 어류 20종의 먹이원 유형화 결과, 어류를 주로 포식하는 충식성 어류와 식물플랑크톤을 섭식하는 어류 2가지 유형으로 나타났다. 네트워크 분석의 허브 점수가 높은 먹이원은 파리목, 하루살이목, 날도래목, 강도래목, 딱정벌래목으로 나타났으며 식물류 먹이원 중 허브 점수가 높은 쪽배돌말목과 반달돌말목, 김발돌말목으로 조사되었다. 먹이원 폭이 큰 어류는 연준모치(PP)와 열목어, 좀수수치, 가는돌고기, 꼬치동자개, 퉁사리, 묵잡자루, 미호종개로 Bi 지수 값이 0.3 이상으로 조사되어 다양한 먹이를 먹는 것으로 조사되었다. 반면, 금강모치, 부안종개, 감돌고기, 흰수마자, 다묵장어, 돌상어, 얼룩새코미꾸리, 북방종개는 Bi 지수 값이 0.1 이하로 조사되어 먹이원 다양성이 낮게 조사되었다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2000

An experiment was conducted to determine the nutritional values and variations of food wastes according to seasons and sources. Food wastes were sampled monthly from Feb. to Aug. at gathering sites from home kitchens, school restaurants and Korean food restaurants. chemical analyses revealed that crude fiber and NaCl contents were in the range of 5.41∼10.36 and 3.67∼5.40%, respectively, and the variations were especially high in summer. Ash content was highest in spring. With regard to the sources, the wastes from Korean food restaurants was highest in ash, calcium and phosphorus. On the other hand, crude fiber and fat were highest in the waste from house kitchens and NaCl in those from school restaurants.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.85-91
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• 2004

Dietary intakes and sources of vitamin B$_{6}$ in 72 healthy Korean elderly subjects (29 men,43 women, $\geq$57 years of age) living in the Seoul area were estimated using a modified Korean vitamin B$_{6}$ database. The dietary vitamin B$_{6}$ intake and food sources were estimated by the three day recall method with the help of a trained interviewer. Food portion sizes were estimated using standard household measures and published average portion sizes. The average daily vitamin B$_{6}$ intake was 2.06$\pm$0.46 mg/d in elderly men, and 1.94$\pm$ 0.47 mg/d in elderly women. Less than 5% of elderly men and 15% of elderly women consumed less than the Korean Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of vitamin B$_{6}$. The average ratios of vitamin Be intake to daily protein intake were 0.03 $\pm$ 0.01 mg/g in both elderly men and women. The intake of vitamin B$_{6}$ was significantly (p <0.01 ∼ p<0.001) and positively correlated to intakes of all other nutrients in elderly women, but was not significantly correlated to intakes of several nutrients in elderly men. Foods from animal and plant sources provided 24% and 76%, respectively, of the total vitamin B$_{6}$. Major dietary sources of vitamin B$_{6}$ in Korean elderly were rice, soybean sprout, kimchi, pork, beef, potatoes, garlic, onion, anchovy and kochujang. The major sources accounted for most of the vitamin B$_{6}$ intake with the top 20 foods providing nearly 75∼76% of the total vitamin B$_{6}$ in Korean elderly./ in Korean elderly.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.431-438
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• 1996

The dietary intake of nutritional elements by Koreans as determined by the Ministry of Health and Welfare's National Nutrition Survey have been reported for $1969{\sim}1993$. But these data were based on not dish but food. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare dish sources of energy and macronutrients (carbohydrate, fat, protein) in the diets of three area (large city, small city and rural). Dish sources were evaluated from two-day record obtained in the secondary analysis of the 1993 Korean National Nutrition Survey. The result, large city and small city had higher fat and protein intake than did rural. Otherwise, carbohydrate intake among rural was higher than those among large and small city (p<0.05). The primary dish source of energy and macronutrients was cooked rice for all area. The percentage of cooked rice in daily carbohydrate intake was 52.64% for nationwide, 48.40% for large city, 50.52% for small city, 61.79% for rural. The cumulative percent of top 10 dish sources to carbohydrate for large city, small city, rural were 78.02%, 81.16%, 85.69%, respectively. These was higher than cumulative percent of other macronutrients. The milk as good protein source ranked 3 for large city, 6 for small city, 22 for rural. The major dish sources to fat were cooked rice and pork that prepared by various cooking way. These results show that the major dish sources of energy and macronutrients were cooked rice based of Korea traditional consumption pattern. The most of nutrient intake consumed some dishes for all area. The dish consumption pattern was generally similar between large and small city. But rural was different from other area. Threfore, nutrition educations and interventions should be targeted to each area and should be attended with studies that comparision of dish sources to nutritional elements by specific age-sex groups.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.52-59
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• 2002

Pilot-scale PSSBR(Phase Separated Sequencing Batch Reactor) was operated to evaluate requirement of external carbon sources(${\Delta}gCOD/{\Delta}gNO_3^{-}-N$) in denitrification. Methanol and fermented food waste were used as external carbon sources. Methanol and fermented food waste were fed to the anoxic state of first reactor and concentration were 50 and 40 mgCOD/L on the basis of concentration in reactor, respectively. In case that external carbon source was not used, average $NO_3^{-}-N$ concentration in effluent was 22.49 mg/L. When methanol and fermented food waste were fed, average $NO_3^{-}-N$ concentration in effluent were 10.13 mg/L and 6.3 mg/L, respectively and requirement of external carbon sources were 4.04 and 2.5 ${\Delta}gCOD/{\Delta}gNO_3^{-}-N$, respectively. Fermented food waste was better than methanol in denitrification efficiency. Therefore fermented food waste could be one of the excellent external carbon sources for nitrogen removal in biological nutrient removal process.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.91-99
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• 1997

We have studied the major food sources of minerals and vitamin based on the data from the National Nutrition Survey in 1993. The most important food sources was anchovy for calcium, spinach for vitamin A, and kimchi for vitamin C. The primary source of iron, thiamin, riboflavin and niacin was rice. Number of foods providing 90% of individual nutrient intake were 54 items for calcium, 40 items for iron, 20 items for vitamin A, 25 items for thiamin, 29 items for riboflavin, 39 items for niacin and 18 items for vitamin C. Among regions, amount of nutrients from same foods(10 more important food source) didn't show any significant differences (p>0.05) in minerals and vitamins studied. Over all rice was found to be the most important sources of minerals and vitamins.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제34권7호
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• pp.809-820
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• 2001

The purpose of the study was to find out the rich sources of vitamin B-complexes in Korea. Thirty kinds of vitamin B-complex (thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin) rich foods were selected based on vitamin content in 100g edible portion, single serving size, 100kcal energy content, and 1999 national annual food supply data. The results were summarized as follows: \circled1 Most of the thiamin rich foods selected were fishes: half of the foods selected was fishes when based on the contents in single serving size. On the other hand, about half of the foods selected were vegetables when based on the thiamin contents in 100kcal energy content. A relatively large number of food groups were included such as fishes, vegetables, beans, grains, meats, etc. when based on the contents in 100g edible portion, and national food supply data. \circled2 Most of the riboflavin rich foods selected were fishes and shellfishes, and vegetables: half of the foods selected were fishes and shellfishes when based on the content in 100g edible portion; two-thirds of the foods selected were vegetables when based on the content in single serving size; half of the foods selected were vegetables when based on the content in 100kcal. \circled3 The most important niacin sources are fishes: Most than 60% of the foods selected were fishes when based o the 100g edible portion, single serving size, and 100kcal energy content. Laver is very important source of all 3 vitamin B-complexes in Korea when based on the content in 100g edible portion, 100kcal energy content, and national annual food supply but not in single serving size. On the other hand, rice is rice is sources of all 3 vitamin B-complexes when based on the national annual food supply, but not in single serving size. On the other hand, rice sources of all 3 vitamin B-complexes when based on the national annual food supply, but is not included in 30 rich foods selected based on the content in 100g edible portion, single serving size, and 100kcal energy content. Mushrooms are also very important food sources of thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin when based on the vitamin content in 100g edible portion, single serving size, and 100kcal energy content but not included in 10 rich food selected based on the national food supply data.

• 한국가정과교육학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.47-64
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to search the calcium and iron rich foods in Korean people. The food sources presented in the current home economics textbooks of middle and high school were investigated. And 40 kinds of calcium and iron rich foods were selected by the quantity in 100g edible portion. one serving size and according to 1997 food supply data. Also 3 major food groups of calcium and iron supply in Korean were identified, and 10 rich foods for each food groups were selected. The results were summarized as follows. 1. The food sources of calcium 1) The food sources of calcium presented in the home economics textbooks of middle and high school are milk and dairy products. small fishes such as anchovy icefish and dried strip and green vegetables etc. 2) The calcium rich foods by 100g edible portion were in order of skim milk powder river snail sesame sea mustard. whole milk powder. snapping turtle loach sea tangle(dried) opossum shrimp and sea lettuce(dried). And the calcium rich foods by the calcium content in one serving were in order of river snail snapping turtle opossum shrimp loach spiny lobster skate skim milk powder small alaska pollack freshwater crab condensed milk whole milk powder skate ray and milk. 3) The 3 major calcium supply food groups in Korean were vegetables fish and shellfishes and milk and dairy products. 4) The calcium supply foods according to the quantity of food supply in 1997 was in order of sea mustard, milk anchovy chinese cabbage soybean skin milk powder laver shrimp welsh onion and maize. The vegetables were the important sources of calcium in Korean. 2. The food sources of iron 1) The food sources of iron which are commonly presented in the textbooks of middle and high school were meat liver egg(egg yolk) and green vegetables etc 2) The iron rich foods on the basis of the iron content in 100g edible portion were in order of surf clam marsh clam laver(dried)( sea lettuce(dried), crayfish pelilla seed little neck clam orient hard clam, venus clam, and freshwater carab. And the iron rich foods by the iron content in one serving were in order of surf clam marsh clam crayfish little neck clam orient hard clam freshwater crab venus clam hen cockle green confertii(fresh) pen shell and spiny lobster. 3) The 3 major iron supply food groups in Korean were cereals an cereal products fishes and shellfishes and vegetables. 4) The iron supply food according to the quantity of food supply in 1997 was in order of soybean sea mustard maize rice meat edible viscera laver wheat flour, pook, red pepper, egg and bovine meat.