• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.31-37
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• 2011

The feasibility study of soil flushing was investigated to remediate lubricant oil and zinc contaminated railway soil. In this study, mixed washing agents of surfactant and inorganic acid/base were used for the simultaneous removal. The mixed washing agent of non-ionic surfactant and HCl removed 15% of the lubricant oil and 40% of zinc, respectively. Alkaline-enhanced soil washing process increased the removal of lubricant oil up to 40%. This is because alkaline solution reduced the interfacial tension between water phase and lubricant oil phase due to the soap formation reaction. To simulate in-situ soil flushing for the remediation of railroad-related contamination, two dimensional soil flushing was carried out based on the results of batch soil washing. In the soil flushing, the removal efficiencies of lubricant oil and zinc were 34% and 16%, respectively. Even though the removal efficiency was low, the mixed washing agent can remove metal and lubricant oil simultaneously.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.75-87
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• 2003

The water balance calculation in the IRL shows that fresh groundwater discharge is the primary factor, with surface runoff from gaged and ungaged areas as the second freshwater contributor. Precipitation and evaporation are almost in balance fer the entire IRL. Due to high freshwater discharge from ground-water, the annual net flow is outward from the IRL to the continental shelf of the Atlantic Ocean resulting in a relatively short flushing time, denoted as $T_{0.5}$ (50% flushing time) and $T_{0.99}$ (99% flushing time). $T_{0.5}$, and. $T_{0.99}$ without a tidal effect in the Northern IRL are 17 and 114 days, respectively, during the dry season. During the wet season, they are 10 and 65 days, respectively. Tidal flushing effects are considered in central IRL due to the proximity to Sebastian Inlet. In the Northern Central zone during dry season, $T_{0.5}$, and. $T_{0.99}$ are 6 and 43 days, respectively and during the wet season 5 and 33 days. In the Southern Central zone they are 2 and 16 days for the dry season,2 and 15 days for the wet season. High groundwater seepage into the IRL is considered to be a positive effect in maintaining relatively good water quality condition even with few narrow inlets.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.371-380
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• 2015

Particulate matters in a water distribution system are main causes of turbidity and discoloration of tap water. They could be removed by conventional or uni-directional flushing in a water distribution system. The behaviors and required flow velocity of particles are not well known for their flushing. A model water main and hydrant were made from transparent acrylic pipe of 30mm and 16mm in diameter, respectively. We analyzed the effect of flushing velocity, particle density, and particle diameter. We found that the existence of break-though velocities at which particles begin to be removed, and which are affected by their physical properties. The removal efficiencies seemed to be influenced by resuspension capabilities related to their upward movement from the bottom. Heavy particles like scale were hard to remove through upflow hydrant because the falling velocity, calculated using Stokes' law, was higher. Particle removal efficiencies of upward hydrant and downward drain showed minor differences. Additionally, the length between hydrant and control valve affected flushing efficiency because the particulate matters were trapped in this space by inertia and recirculating flow.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.433-440
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• 2018

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the pathogenicity of microorganisms by quantitative and qualitative analysis of microorganisms before and after flushing of dental unit water. Methods: This study was conducted on the supply of high-speed handpieces, ultrasonic scalers, and air-water syringes, which sterilized from 10 dental unit chairs at a dental clinic in South Gyeongsang Province. The number of bacterial communities was calculated by collection before and after flushing (2, 4, and 6 minutes). Results: The mean number of bacteria in the handpiece water before flushing was $27,208CFU/m{\ell}$; 2 minutes after flushing, $2,180CFU/m{\ell}$; 4 minutes after flushing, $900CFU/m{\ell}$; and 6 minutes after flushing, $412CFU/m{\ell}$. Conclusions: To minimize the risk of cross-infection and intra-clinic infection in dental clinics, education and water quality monitoring may be needed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.797-805
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• 2019

An important problem of offshore plant process piping is equipment accidents due to the removal of fine metal debris and foreign substances in the pipes that deliver fluids such as hydraulic oil, lubricating oil and thermal oil. Temporary flushing equipment to remove debris uses fluid equipment of centrifugal pump and gear pump to prevent equipment accident of offshore platform. The equipment manufacturer requires the shipyard to have a cleanliness rating inside the pipe to meet the international standards ISO4406 and NAS1638 quality levels to prevent damage to the equipment sold. The quality of the internal flushing of pipes conforms to the regulations suggested by the equipment manufacturer. In this paper, three types of electric heater capacity, which is a method of evaporating and removing water inside a pipe during an oil flushing process, were compared. In addition, the study was conducted to remove the flushing oil in the pipe and to improve oil quality.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.381-395
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• 2016

Objectives The aim of this study was to report improvements on the symptoms of Flushing for three soyangin female patients after using sasang constitutional medicines. Methods The patients were diagnosed with Soyangin Symptomatology and treated with Soyangin sasang constitutional medicines. The patient's subjective symptoms of flushing and discomfort in sleeping were observed using the Visual Analogue Scale(VAS) respectively during the treatment period. And the patient's subjective symptoms of the pain were observed using Numerical Rating Scale(NRS). The period of the patient's defecation interval were also observed. Results and Concluions The symptoms of flushing, discomfort in sleeping and the pain improved remarkedly in all respects. In conclusion, this study shows that Sasang Constitutional Medicine can be an effective treatment for Soyangin patient with Flushing.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.321-326
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• 2018

In this study, two epididymal spermatozoa recovery methods in relation to sperm number, motility, viability and acrosome reaction were examined. Seven bulls were castrated and 7 testicles with epididymides were transferred to the laboratoy. Epididymis in each bull was randomly used for flushing and mincing methods with semen extender (Optixcell, IMV, France). The recovered spermatozoa with adjusted sperm concentration to $40{\times}10^6cells/mL$ was diluted with optixcell and cryopreserved. In experiment 1, the difference in the total number of spermatozoa using flushing and mincing methods was insignificant (2570.0 and $2505.2{\times}10^6cells/mL$, respectively). For experiment 2, the percentage of motile spermatozoa and motility parameters between flushing and mincing methods were studied through the use of sperm class analyzer after frozen-thawing. The percentage of total motile sperm between flushing and mincing methods was almost the same with $89.5{\pm}12.8$ and $91.4{\pm}7.9%$, respectively. The same is the case with experiment 3 wherein the viability and acrosomal integrity of frozen-thawed epididymal spermatozoa by flushing and mincing was insignificantly different. The results from the study showed that both flushing and mincing methods can be used for epididymal spermatozoa recovery in bull.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.121-127
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• 2022

This study presents the development of an integrated oil purification system consisting of moisture removal, oil flushing, and oil filtering devices. In this system, the oil flushing device is combined with a micro-bubble generator. Oil purification is necessary for ensuring the high performance of the lubricant through the efficient removal of contaminants and thus enables good maintenance of mechanical systems. The developed purification system removes moisture, varnish, and solid particles. Moreover, during oil purification, the oil flushing device separates foreign materials and contaminants remaining in the lubricating oil piping or mechanical systems. The microbubble generator, which is combined with the oil flushing device, can separate harmful contaminants, such as sludge, wear particles, and rust, from piping or lubrication systems through the cavitation effect. Moisture is removed using a double high-vacuum chamber, while sludge and varnish are removed via electro-absorption using a high-voltage generator. Additionally, the total maintenance cost of the system is reduced through the use of domestically fabricated cartridge filters composed of glass fiber and cellulose. The heater, which maintains the temperature of the lubricant at 60℃, can process 41,000 L of lubricant simultaneously. Multiple tests confirmed that the proposed integrated purification system exhibits good performance in oil flushing and removal of water and varnish.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.50 no.7
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• pp.467-473
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• 2017

Recently as algae phenomenon has been intensified, the need for additional dam flushing has been raised. To establish the more rational policies concerning the dam flushing, it is necessary to evaluate the dam flushing. This paper attempts to examine households' willingness to pay (WTP) for dam flushing by using a contingent valuation (CV). Especially, unlike other CV studies which used maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), this study employed Bayesian approach. This study surveyed a randomly selected sample of 1,000 households nation-widely, and asked respondents questions in person-to-person interviews about how they would be willing to pay for the additional dam flushing. Respondents overall accepted the contingent market and were willing to contribute a significant amount (1,909.4 won), on average, per household per year. The aggregate value amounts to approximately 35.7 billion won per year.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.251-257
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• 2014

Purpose: Little is known about appropriate interval periods between the heparin flushing of implanted ports after completion of chemotherapy. The purpose of this study was to describe the current status of interval of heparin flushing for maintenance of an implanted port in solid tumor patients. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of all patients who had undergone implanted port removal in 2012 at the Seoul St. Mary's Hospital. The subjects were 90 patients who, after completion of chemotherapy, retained their ports for extended periods of time. Results: The mean number of flushes of heparin was 4. Compliance with visits for implanted port maintenance varied with the individual, and the mean accession times were in the range between 13 days and 243 days. The overall mean time between flushes was 66 days. One patient showed resistance during flushing. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that extending the flushing interval to a maximum of 8 weeks remains medically safe. Less frequent heparin flushing of an implanted port decreases medical expenditure and the workload of medical professionals; it also improves the patient's satisfaction.