• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral Health
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.199-203
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• 2018

Objectives: The market for bottled water is increasing steadily in South Korea. Bottled water contains several naturally occuring minerals, such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, and fluoride. Fluoride is proven to be effective in preventing dental caries. In South Korea, the maximum permissible concentration of fluoride is 2 ppm for bottled water and 1.5 ppm for tap water. The aim of this study was to investigate the fluoride content of different commercially available brands of bottled water in South Korea, and compare the measured fluoride concentration to the concentration written on the label of each brand of bottled water. Methods: Twenty-seven of the 59 different brands of bottled water produced in South Korea were investigated in this study. Three bottles of each brand were purchased from supermarkets, marts, and convenience stores in each region of Korea in August 2016. For each bottled water brand, the fluoride content was measured three times using a fluoride-ion selective electrode (Orion ionplus Fluoride Electrode 9609, Orion Research, USA). The calibration curve was generated using 0.2 and 2 ppm standard solutions, and confirmed using a 1 ppm standard solution. Results: The mean fluoride content of the 27 brands of bottled water was $0.374{\pm}0.332mg/L$ (range=0.040 to 1.172 mg/L). The fluoride content was labeled by the manufacturer, on each of the tested brands of bottled water. In eight brands, the labeled fluoride content differed from the experimental data. The minimum to maximum fluoride content measured from 10 brands showed a variation of 0.3 mg/L or more when compared to the labeled fluoride content. Conclusions: This study investigated the fluoride content of various brands of bottled water produced in South Korea and compared the measured fluoride levels with fluoride information on the bottle labels. To ensure that consumers are suitably informed regarding their exposure to fluoride, correct labelling of fluoride content in bottled water is important.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.9-17
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• 1974

The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between dental caries status, and the content of fluoride in drinking water, and the content of fluoride in enamel of deciduous teeth of Korean children. The specific areas selected in this study were Asan-Kun and Seouchon-Kun (Chung Cheoung Nam-Do) where the fluoride content in the deep well water were 0.9 ppm and 0.4 ppm respectively. The dental caries status of 720 children aged 6 to 11 who have been lived since birth was detected. The following results were obtained upon this study: 1. The def person rate, deft rate and def index of the Asan-Kun children were revealed 46.11%, 14.41% and 1. 69 respectively. The fluoride content in the outer layer of enamel was 430 ppm. 2. The def person rate, deft rate and def index of the Seouchon-Kun children were revealed 59.17%, 20.97% and 2.40 respectively. The fluoride content in the outer layer of enamel was 391 ppm. 3. The def person rate, deft rate and def index of the Asan-Kun children were showed lower value than the Seouchon-Kun children. The fluoride content of the outer layer of enamel of the Asna-Kun children were showed higher value than the Seouchon-Kun children.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.36-43
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to compare the microhardness and the fluoride content of enamel and dentin around fluoride- or non fluoride-containing restorations. Forty extracted human teeth were used and prepared cervical cavities on proximal surface. Experimental teeth were divided into five groups . Group 1 : Prime & Bond NT and Z100, Group 2 Prime & Bond NT and F2000, Group 3 : Scotchbond Multi-purpose and Z100, Group 4 : Scothcbond Multi-purpose and F2000, Group 5 : Fuji II LC. The cavities were filled with dentin adhesives and restorative materials. After each tooth was bisected, one half was tested microharaness and the other half was analyzed the fluoride at the enamel and dentin by an EPMA-WDX device. The results were as follows; 1. There was no statistical difference among the microhardness of enamel surface in all group. 2. The microhardness at dentin of $100{\;}\mu\textrm{m}$ point in Group 2 and $20{\;}\mu\textrm{m}$ point in Grocup 4 was lower than that of normal dentin (p>0.05). 3. There was no statistical difference among the fluoride content of enamel surface in all group. 4. The fluoride content at the dentin of $30{\;}\mu\textrm{m}$ point in Group 2 and 5 were higher than those at $100{\;}\mu\textrm{m}{\;}and{\;}200{\;}\mu\textrm{m}$ point in Group 2 and normal dentin (p<0.05). 5. At the dentin of $30{\;}\mu\textrm{m}$ point, Group 2 showed higher fluoride content than Group 1 and 3, and Group 5 showed higher fluoride content than other groups.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.19-22
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• 1988

생 크릴근육 및 자비한 크릴근육에 이온화되어 있는 불소는 각각 총 불소함량이 70%, 49%이었으며 자비한 크릴근육의 총 불소함량이 생크릴근육에서 보다 높은 것으로 나타났다. 크릴근육의 가용성 단백질에 결합된 불소함량은 생크릴과 자비한 크릴 모두 pH4-6범위에서 높은 수준을 보였고 pH10 부근에서 가장 낮은 값을 보였다. 생 크릴근육의 가용성 단백질에 결합된 불소의 함량은 1가이온인 Na 염의 이온강도가 0.05, pH11일 때 약 8 ppm으로 감소되어 불소함량에 효과적인 조건인 것으로 조사되었다.

• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.139-143
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• 1998

This study was carried out to collect basic dates on fluoride intake from drinking water, and the apperance of mottled teeth after taking samples form 5 selected waterways from Iksan region's reservoir to the filtration plant for examination of the fluoride content. The results are as follows. 1. It indicatied that from Hoojung reservoir $2.17{\pm}0.95ppm$, Bulsan reservoir $1.93{\pm}0.23ppm$ and Yoolso reservoir $2.19{\pm}0.10ppm$. 2. Significances were found between Shinhung reservoir $2.57{\pm}1.22ppm$ and Uhwoo reservoir $0.80{\pm}0.55ppm$. 3. Except for the Uhwoo reservoir, the remaining 4 reservoir exceeded the standard fluoride content of 0.50-1.00ppm. For the residents in the region where they use natural water with fluoride content exceeding the standard 1.00ppm as their drinking water and the apperance of mottled teeth should be carried out.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.377-398
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• 1999

불소도포시 주로 형성되는 calcium fluoride는 구강내 환경에서 pH에 의해 조절되는 불소의 저장고 역할을 하여 치아우식 예방에 있어서 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 불소도포의 우식예방 효과는 calcium fluoride를 얼마나 많이 형성시켜 오래 지속시키는 가에 달려 있다. 이에 치아 내산성 증가에 효과 있다고 알려진 Nd:YAG 레이저 조사가 calcium fluoride형성 및 치아 내산성에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보기 위해서 실험을 시행하였다. 소의 영구전치에서 276개의 시편을 제작하여 아무런 처치를 하지 않은 군을 대조군으로 하고 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) 5분, 30분 도포 및 Nd:YAG 레이저 조사에너지 밀도 $20J/cm^2,\;40J/cm^2$의 조건에 따라 불소 도포군, 레이저 조사군, 불소 도포후 레이저 조사군, 레이저 조사후 불소 도포군으로 분류하였다. 불소도포를 시행한 경우 이를 다시 KOH 처리 여부에 따라 나누어 23개의 실험조건을 만들었다. 각 실험조건에 12개의 시편을 배정하고 이중 10개의 시편은 불소 및 무기인 측정에, 나머지 2개의 시편은 표면 관찰에 사용하였다. KOH 비처치군에서 0.1 N HClO4로 enamel biopsy를 시행하여 탈회 법랑질의 불소농도 및 탈회깊이를 측정하였으며 KOH 처치군에서는 1 M KOH로 24시간 처리하여 calcium fluoride를 정량 후 enamel biopsy를 시행하였다. 실험결과 얻어진 자료 및 주사 전자현미경 관찰 소견을 비교하여 다음의 결과를 얻었다. 1. KOH 비처치군에서 탈회된 법랑질의 불소농도는 레이저조사 후 불소도포시 레이저 에너지 밀도 증가에 따라 증가되는 경향을 보였다. 2. KOH 비처치군에서 법랑질 탈회깊이는 불소를 5분 도포후 레이저 $20J/cm^2$를 조사한 경우를 제외하고는 레이저와 불소를 병행하여 처치시 각각을 단독으로 처치시보다 탈회깊이가 작았다 (p<0.05). 3. Calcium fluoride의 양은 레이저의 조사에 의해 유의 있게 증가하지 않았다 (p>0.05). 4. Calcium fluoride 입자는 불소만 도포한 경우에 비해 레이저 조사후 불소도포시 입자크기가 증가되었으며, 불소도포후 레이저 조사시 입자크기의 증가와 함께 일부 융합된 양상을 보였다. 5. KOH 처치군에서 법랑질의 불소농도는 불소를 30분 도포후 레이저를 조사한 경우를 제외하고는 대조군의 불소농도와 유의한 차이가 없었다(p>0.05). 6. KOH 처치군에서 불소와 레이저를 병행한 경우, 불소만 도포한 경우보다 탈회된 법랑질의 깊이가 작았다 (p<0.05). 7. KOH 비처치군에서 탈회된 법랑질의 불소농도와 탈회깊이의 상관관계(Spearman correlation coefficient: -0.6281)는 KOH 처치군(Spearman correlation coefficient: -0.3792)에 비해 높은 음의 상관 관계를 보였고, 동일한 조건으로 불소도포 및 레이저 조사를 시행한 경우에 있어서 KOH 처리 여부에 따른 탈회법랑질 깊이의 유의차가 있는 경우 calcium fluoride의 형성량이 많았다. 이상의 실험결과로 미루어 보아 레이저 조사가 calcium fluoride의 형성량에 영향을 미치지 않았으나 레이저 조사의 영향으로 calcium fluoride의 용해가 감소하는 것으로 판단된다. 또한 불소도포 및 레이저 조사의 병행은 각각을 단독으로 처치한 경우에 비하여 치아 내산성 증가면에서 유리하므로 임상에서 불소도포주기 연장과 같은 유용한 결과를 얻을 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.916-921
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• 2009

This study was aimed to both enhance the fluoride removal and to reduce the phosphorus removal in treating semiconductor wastewater using $Ca(OH)_2$ at low pH so as to facilitate struvite crystallization reaction. The struvite crystallization could be introduced after fluoride removal by retaining the phosphorus source. As the results, the method applied in this study achieved high fluoride removal efficiency (about 91%) with retardation of phosphorus removal at pH 4, compared to conventional methods where the removal of fluoride and phosphorus were done at pH 11. Therefore, the fluoride removal at low pH would contribute to the enhancement of nitrogen and phosphorus removals in a consecutive struvite crystallization reactor. Treatment of semiconductor wastewater at low pH using $Ca(OH)_2$ also had lower (about 20%) water content of precipitated sludge compared to conventional method. As the molar ratio of Ca to F increased the removal efficiencies of fluoride and phosphorus increased. Although the amount of seed dosage didn't affect the removal of fluoride and phosphorus, its increase reduced the water content of precipitated matter. Finally, considering consecutive struvite reaction, the optimum condition for the removal of fluoride and phosphorus was as follow: pH: 4, the molar ratio of Ca:F: 1:1.

• 대한치과재료학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.81-89
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the experimental and commercial fluoride varnishes on the Vickers hardness of bovine teeth. The experimental fluoride varnishes with 5 wt.% NaF were fabricated using Bis-GMA or rosin as the resin base. The components were mixed with over-head stirrer under warming up in a double boiler for 30 minutes. Four commercial fluoride varnishes (V-varnish, Flor-opal, Cavity shield, Fluor protector) were compared with the experimental fluoride varnishes. Vickers hardness was measured on the labial surface of bovine anterior teeth after applying fluoride varnish on 5th and 30th day. The surface of bovine teeth was observed with a scanning electron microscope before and after applying fluoride varnish and the change of the components on the bovine teeth surface was measured with EDX. In terms of hardness, the experimental rosin-based fluoride varnish showed significantly higher hardness on the 5th and 30th day than the control (bovine teeth without fluoride treatment)(p<0.05). EDX results showed that the fluoride content on the surface of bovine teeth treated with the experimental rosin-based fluoride varnish was highest on the 1st and 10th day. The higher hardness and fluoride content of experimental rosin-based fluoride varnish can be considered to be used as an effective fluoride varnish to prevent dental caries.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.125-138
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• 1997

Along with recent economic prosperity, the consumption of commercially available beverages has increased dramatically. Beverages on the market are replacing tap water and constituting an increasing large proportion of the total daily fluoride intake. If such changes in the source of fluid intake are not taken into consideration, effective fluoride intake would become difficult in the fluoridated area while there would be confusion as to the basis for proper fluoride supplement prescription in the nonfluoridated area. So, dietary consultation is recommended for every pediatric patient. This study was conducted to provide the reference for dietary consultations on the subject of fluoride supplement using 72 beverages on the market. The fluoride content was measured and the fluoride intake from each age groups was calculated using fluoride ion specific electrode and HMDS-microdiffusion technique. 1. The average fluoride concentration of the 72 beverages was $0.23{\pm}0.10ppm$, from 0.0106ppm to 2.2050ppm. 2. Natural fruit juices, diluted fruit juices, carbonated beverages and mixed beverages showed average fluoride concentration of $0.15{\pm}0.66ppm$, $0.09{\pm}0.11ppm$, $0.15{\pm}0.23ppm$, $0.50{\pm}0.66ppm$, respectively. There were significant differrence between diluted friut juice drinks and mixed beverage, and between the carbonated beverages and mixed beverges(p<0.05). 3. Using available data on the daily total consumption of beverages and the relative consumption of beverages on the market according to age, daily fluoride intake for various age groups was calculated. According to the results, 2 to 3 year-old children need 0.13mgF/day, those between 4 and 6 year-old need 0.15mgF/day, and those between 7 and 10 year-old need 0.17mgF/day.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제32권9호
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• pp.3517-3520
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• 2011