• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.279-285
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• 2012

The Mume Fructus (MF) has been used for relieves cough, arrests arrest chronic diarrhea, treat fluid depletion, and treat ascariasis in Korea. In this study, a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was established for simultaneous determination of six main components of MF. Additionally, we were investigated the anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects of MF extract on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$/interferon (IFN)-${\gamma}$-treated HaCaT cells. The analytical column for separation was used a Gemini $C_{18}$ column maintained at $40^{\circ}C$. The mobile phase consisted of 1.0% (v/v) acetic acid in water (A) and 1.0% (v/v) acetic acid in acetonitrile (B). The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min and the detector was a photodiode array (PDA) set at 280 nm and 320 nm. We evaluated the inhibitory effect of MF extract on the production of inflammatory markers, nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC/CCL17) in TNF-${\alpha}$/IFN-${\gamma}$-treated HaCaT cells, respectively. We confirmed the genes expression related with TARC, macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC/CCL22) and regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES/CCL5) in HaCaT keratinocyte cells by MF extract. The contents of the five compounds in MF were 0.22-1.01 mg/g. Also, the MF extract show inhibition of about 78% and 75% on NO and $PGE_2$ production at the concentration 1000 mg/mL in RAW264.7 cells. MF extract suppressed the hTARC level and genes expression such as TARC, MDC, and RANTES on TNF-${\alpha}$/IFN-${\gamma}$-treated HaCaT cells.

• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.82-82
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• 2009

Although leakage at a low carbon steel pipe made by electrical resistance welding(ERW) was reported due to grooving corrosion, the cause for the corrosion has not yet been cleared. So lots of researches were carried out already about grooving corrosion mechanism of ERW carbon steel pipe but there is seldom study for water hammer happened by fluid phenomenon and corrosion rate by flow velocity. In this study, the corrosion test carried out using the ERW carbon steel pipe by changed the water speed and heat input in a month. The level of dissolved oxygen is maintained 5~5.5mg/l(amount of dissolved oxygen in tap water). The water speed for corrosion test is 1m/s, 2m/s, 3m/s. As the results, grooving corrosion rate is increased cause by water speed in the pipe. In the case of the ERW pipe with more heat input, grooving corrosion rate is decreased. It is therefore that welding heat input should be controlled based on the carbon content of the pipe in order to improve the corrosion reistance of the ERW pipe.

• Proceedings of the Korean Radioactive Waste Society Conference
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• 2009.06a
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• pp.187-187
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• 2009

Opening of fractures induced by shear dilation or normal deformation can be a significant source of fracture permeability change in fractured rock, which is important for the performance assessment of geological repositories for spent nuclear fuel. As the repository generates heat and later cools the fluid-carrying ability of the rocks becomes a dynamic variable during the lifespan of the repository. Heating causes expansion of the rock close to the repository and, at the same time, contraction close to the surface. During the cooling phase of the repository, the opposite takes place. Heating and cooling together with the, virgin stress can induce shear dilation of fractures and deformation zones and change the flow field around the repository. The objectives of this work are to examine the contribution of thermal stress to the shear slip of fracture in mid- and far-field around a KBS-3 type of repository and to investigate the effect of evolution of stress on the rock mass permeability. In the first part of this study, zones of fracture shear slip were examined by conducting a three-dimensional, thermo-mechanical analysis of a spent fuel repository model in the size of 2 km $\times$ 2 km $\times$ 800 m. Stress evolutions of importance for fracture shear slip are: (1) comparatively high horizontal compressive thermal stress at the repository level, (2) generation of vertical tensile thermal stress right above the repository, (3) horizontal tensile stress near the surface, which can induce tensile failure, and generation of shear stresses at the comers of the repository. In the second part of the study, fracture data from Forsmark, Sweden is used to establish fracture network models (DFN). Stress paths obtained from the thermo-mechanical analysis were used as boundary conditions in DFN-DEM (Discrete Element Method) analysis of six DFN models at the repository level. Increases of permeability up to a factor of four were observed during thermal loading history and shear dilation of fractures was not recovered after cooling of the repository. An understanding of the stress path and potential areas of slip induced shear dilation and related permeability changes during the lifetime of a repository for spent nuclear fuel is of utmost importance for analysing long-term safety. The result of this study will assist in identifying critical areas around a repository where fracture shear slip is likely to develop. The presentation also includes a brief introduction to the ongoing site investigation on two candidate sites for geological repository in Sweden.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.14 no.4 s.42
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• pp.195-211
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• 2005

The Kusandong Tuff, known as a representative key bed in the Cretaceous Gyeongsang Basin, is a crystal-rich tuff of pyroclastic flow and surge origin. It is 1-4 m thick and laterally extends for more than 200 km intercalated in the upper part of the Hayang Croup. Observations and analyses of the feldspar crystals in the tuff, using polarizing microscopes, EPMA, and BSE images, reveal that the plagioclase crystals in the tuff were completely albitized (>$97\%$ Ab) whereas those in the southernmost localities where the tuff is rich in fine ash matrix are unaltered or partly albitized. K-feldspars are partly albitized at all localities, irrespective of the matrix content of the tuff, Perthitic textures, chessboard twinning, albitization along micro-fractures and cleavages, and the relationship between matrix content and the degree of albitization suggest that feldspars in the Kusandong Tuff were albitized by Na-rich fluid after burial. Albitization is interpreted to start preferentially along micro-fractures and cleavages and be hampered in matrix-rich tuffs with a low permeability. Original composition of the plagioclases in the Kusandong Tuff is also interpreted to have ranged between oligoclase and andesine ($Ab_{62.5}-Ab_{83.3}$) before the albitization.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.31-44
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• 1993

Through the early 1900's, the evolution of the surface condenser was closely tied to the development of steam engine and the turbine. As the chemical and petroleum industries evolved in the 1900's, the use of surface condensers in many different processes. Today, industry uses condensers in many shapes and sizes. The actual condensation process occurs on the outside surface of tubes. The nature of this surface geometry affects the condenser's heat transfer performance. The first condensers were built with plain tubes. As tube manufacturing techniques advanced, manufacturers started making tubes with integral fins. In the 1940's, fin densities were limited to about 600 to 700 fins per meter(fpm) because of manufacturing procedure. Today new manufacturing techniques allow production of tubes with fin densities ranging from 750 to 1600 fpm. The integral-fin tubes investigated in this paper are nominally 19 mm diameter. Eight tubes have been used with trapezodially shaped integral-fins having fin density from 748 to 1654 fpm and 10, 30 grooves. For comparison, tests are made using a plain tube having the same inside diameter and an outside diameter equal to that at the root of the fins for the finned tubes. Betty and Katz's theoretical modelis is used to predict the R-11 condensation coefficient on horizontal integral-fin tubes having 748, 1024 and 1299 fpm. Experiments are carried out using R-11 as working fluid. The refrigerant condensates at a saturation state of $30^{\circ}C$ on the outside tube surface cooled by coolant. The amount of noncondensable gases present in the test loop is reduced to a negligible value by repeated purging. For a given heat input to the boiler and given cooling water flow rate, all test data are taken at steady state. The observed heat transfer enhancement for the finned and grooved tubes significantly exceeded that to be expected on grounds of increased area. For the eight fin tubes and one plain tube tested, the best performance has been obtained with a tube having a fin density of 1299 fpm, and a fin bight of 1.2mm and 30 grooves.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.66-78
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• 2013

In order to develop of 80 kW RF plasma torch system, we achieved three-dimensional simulations for the extraction of more information as temperature in torch and fluid behavior analysis, etc. The position of powder injection tube, the plasma discharge characteristics with various input current and various length of ceramic tube, and the plasma temperature characteristics with process gas flow rate such those was simulated. RF thermal plasma torch designed by simulation was manufactured that was measured to the maximum of 89.3 kW power. The mass production using developed 80 kW RF thermal plasma torch system were investigated by characteristics manufactured of Si nano powder. The mass-production level of Si nano-powder was average of 539 g/hr and high yield rate of 71.6%, respectively. The particle size distribution $D_{99}/D_{50}$ of manufacturing nano-powder was investigated to 1.98 as a good uniform.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.121-133
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• 2014

If the spent fuels or the high-level radioactive wastes can be disposed of in the depth of 3~5 km and more stable rock formation, it has several advantages. For example, (1)significant fluid flow through basement rock is prevented, in part, by low permeability, poorly connected transport pathways, and (2)overburden self-sealing. (3)Deep fluids also resist vertical movement because they are density stratified and reducing conditions will sharply limit solubility of most dose-critical radionuclides at the depth. Finally, (4) high ionic strengths of deep fluids will prevent colloidal transport. Therefore, as an alternative disposal concept to the deep geological disposal concept(DGD), very deep borehole disposal(DBD) technology is under consideration in number of countries in terms of its outstanding safety and cost effectiveness. In this paper, for the preliminary applicability analyses of the DBD system for the spent fuels or high level wastes, the DBD concepts which have been developed by some countries according to the rapid advance in the development of drilling technology were reviewed. To do this, the general concept of DBD system was checked and the study cases of foreign countries were described and analyzed. These results will be used as an input for the analyses of applicability for DBD in Korea.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.483-494
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• 2007

The properties of fracture system on road-cut slopes along the Busan-Ulsan express way under construction are investigated and analyzed. Fracture spacing distributions show log-normal form with extension fractures and negative exponential form with shear fractures. Straight line segments in log-log plots of cumulative fracture length indicate a power-law scaling with exponents of -1.13 in site 1, -1.01 in site 2 and -1.52 in site 3. It is likely that the stability and strength of rock mass are the lowest in site 1 as judged from the analyses of spacing, density and inter-section of fractures in three sites. In contrast, the highest efficiency of the fracture network for conducting fluid flow is seen in site 3 where the largest cluster occupies 73% through the window map. Based on the field survey data, this study modified weighting values of the RMR system using a multiple regression analysis method. The analysis result suggests a modified weighting values of the RMR parameters as follows; 18 for the intact strength of rock; 61 for RQD; 2 for spacing of discontinuities; 2 for the condition of discontinuities; and 17 for ground water.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.852-857
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• 1990

The rheological properties and food functionality of the novel sugar derivatives, fructo-oligosaccharide, high maltose syrup(HMS), maltitol and sorbitol were examined and compared to those of sucrose. All samples tested showed Newtonian fluid property at the concentration range of 10% to the original concentrated products containing $69{\sim}81%w/w$ solid. HMS showed the highest viscosity. The viscosity increased(r=0.8038) as the average molecular weight of sugar derivatives were increased. The viscosity increased exponentially as the concentration increased, and sugar alcohols had lower value of the exponent compared to HMS and fructo-oligosaccharide. The viscosity of sugar derivatives solutions decreased by the increasing temperature following the Arrhenius equation. The flow activation energies of sorbitol and HMS were higer than that of sucrose. Substitution of sucrose with fructo-oligosaccharide in apple jam processing did not change the textural characteristics, but in redbean jelly(yanggaeng) it reduced the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness and cohesiveness. When sucrose was 100% replaced by HMS, the texture of apple jam and redbean jelly was not changed, but by mixing sucrose and HMS 1 : 1 ratio, the hardness decreased substantially The sugar alcohols reduced the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness of apple jam and redbean jelly significantly. Addition of fructo-oligosaccharide and HMS to sucrose did not influence the solidifying rate of candy, but sorbitol, even at 10% addition, retarded the candy moulding.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.705-710
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• 2015

The fabrication process of thin boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond (B-NCD) microelectrodes on fused silica single mode optical fiber cladding has been investigated. The B-NCD films were deposited on the fibers using Microwave Plasma Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition (MW PA CVD) at glass substrate temperature of 475 ℃. We have obtained homogenous, continuous and polycrystalline surface morphology with high sp³ content in B-NCD films and mean grain size in the range of 100-250 nm. The films deposited on the glass reference samples exhibit high refractive index (n=2.05 at λ=550 nm) and low extinction coefficient. Furthermore, cyclic voltammograms (CV) were recorded to determine the electrochemical window and reaction reversibility at the B-NCD fiber-based electrode. CV measurements in aqueous media consisting of 5 mM K₃[Fe(CN)₆] in 0.5 M Na₂SO₄ demonstrated a width of the electrochemical window up to 1.03 V and relatively fast kinetics expressed by a redox peak splitting below 500 mV. Moreover, thanks to high-n B-NCD overlay, the coated fibers can be also used for enhancing the sensitivity of long-period gratings (LPGs) induced in the fiber. The LPG is capable of measuring variations in refractive index of the surrounding liquid by tracing the shift in resonance appearing in the transmitted spectrum. Possible combined CV and LPG-based measurements are discussed in this work.