• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-19
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• 2019

Artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the main driving forces leading the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The technologies associated with AI have already shown superior abilities that are equal to or better than people in many fields including image and speech recognition. Particularly, many efforts have been actively given to identify the current technology trends and analyze development directions of it, because AI technologies can be utilized in a wide range of fields including medical, financial, manufacturing, service, and education fields. Major platforms that can develop complex AI algorithms for learning, reasoning, and recognition have been open to the public as open source projects. As a result, technologies and services that utilize them have increased rapidly. It has been confirmed as one of the major reasons for the fast development of AI technologies. Additionally, the spread of the technology is greatly in debt to open source software, developed by major global companies, supporting natural language recognition, speech recognition, and image recognition. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the practical trend of AI technology development by analyzing OSS projects associated with AI, which have been developed by the online collaboration of many parties. This study searched and collected a list of major projects related to AI, which were generated from 2000 to July 2018 on Github. This study confirmed the development trends of major technologies in detail by applying text mining technique targeting topic information, which indicates the characteristics of the collected projects and technical fields. The results of the analysis showed that the number of software development projects by year was less than 100 projects per year until 2013. However, it increased to 229 projects in 2014 and 597 projects in 2015. Particularly, the number of open source projects related to AI increased rapidly in 2016 (2,559 OSS projects). It was confirmed that the number of projects initiated in 2017 was 14,213, which is almost four-folds of the number of total projects generated from 2009 to 2016 (3,555 projects). The number of projects initiated from Jan to Jul 2018 was 8,737. The development trend of AI-related technologies was evaluated by dividing the study period into three phases. The appearance frequency of topics indicate the technology trends of AI-related OSS projects. The results showed that the natural language processing technology has continued to be at the top in all years. It implied that OSS had been developed continuously. Until 2015, Python, C ++, and Java, programming languages, were listed as the top ten frequently appeared topics. However, after 2016, programming languages other than Python disappeared from the top ten topics. Instead of them, platforms supporting the development of AI algorithms, such as TensorFlow and Keras, are showing high appearance frequency. Additionally, reinforcement learning algorithms and convolutional neural networks, which have been used in various fields, were frequently appeared topics. The results of topic network analysis showed that the most important topics of degree centrality were similar to those of appearance frequency. The main difference was that visualization and medical imaging topics were found at the top of the list, although they were not in the top of the list from 2009 to 2012. The results indicated that OSS was developed in the medical field in order to utilize the AI technology. Moreover, although the computer vision was in the top 10 of the appearance frequency list from 2013 to 2015, they were not in the top 10 of the degree centrality. The topics at the top of the degree centrality list were similar to those at the top of the appearance frequency list. It was found that the ranks of the composite neural network and reinforcement learning were changed slightly. The trend of technology development was examined using the appearance frequency of topics and degree centrality. The results showed that machine learning revealed the highest frequency and the highest degree centrality in all years. Moreover, it is noteworthy that, although the deep learning topic showed a low frequency and a low degree centrality between 2009 and 2012, their ranks abruptly increased between 2013 and 2015. It was confirmed that in recent years both technologies had high appearance frequency and degree centrality. TensorFlow first appeared during the phase of 2013-2015, and the appearance frequency and degree centrality of it soared between 2016 and 2018 to be at the top of the lists after deep learning, python. Computer vision and reinforcement learning did not show an abrupt increase or decrease, and they had relatively low appearance frequency and degree centrality compared with the above-mentioned topics. Based on these analysis results, it is possible to identify the fields in which AI technologies are actively developed. The results of this study can be used as a baseline dataset for more empirical analysis on future technology trends that can be converged.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.40
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• pp.33-53
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• 2015

The movement of characters is one of the crucial elements to deliver their emotion flowing inside. Though it is the same movement, it may appear or be expressed differently according to the character's personality or emotion or the particular situation. The purpose of this study is to analyze not only the movement found superficially in an animation but also a character's internal emotion and attitude with Laban's movement analysis system, particularly effort, one of its analysis categories, and examine how effectively Laban's movement analysis often employed at the circles of dance can analyze movement in an animation. is about a monster that constantly makes efforts to realize its dream to be a scarer. Functional movement forms the most part, but expressive movement to show how a character thinks or feels also appears harmoniously. Characters' externally shown movement can express their internal emotion properly sometimes, but they also often move expressing their feelings in moderation. Therefore, this study analyzes the movement of characters found in the four scenes of with LMA's effort. According to the findings, at the scene where Michael enters the door leading to the human world following the scarer, the emotional state of Michael envious of the scarer is expressed with the Vision Drive giving the strong feel of dreaming. At the scene of the second game to choose the best scare team, it shows us the Spell Drive with its careful and light movement having clear intention to survive at the game. At the scene where there is a party held for the teams that have survived, it shows the Passion Drive of being eagerly expressing happy and delightful feelings without considering what is around. At the scene where Michael and Sullivan are pursued by people, the Action Drive was used to express movement that was heavy and strong and was getting faster gradually by focusing the feelings of the characters in haste into one place.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.365-371
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• 2013

Purpose: In this study, we evaluated the physical and thermal properties of the compositions made by blending glass fiber (GF) of different contents into glass fiber polyamide-66, and investigated if the compositions applying to the glasses frame to replace the TR-90, which is polyamide-12 resin used as an injection-type spectacle frame material. Methods: To investigate the characteristics change of polyamide-66 (PA-66) compositions with the change of the content of glass fibers, we produced a composition of the content by using a twin-screw extruder. The mechanical strength of the composition production was measured and coating properties as well as cutting processability were evaluated. We evaluated the applicability of the glasses frame by comparison the results of new compositions with characterizations of traditional TR. Results: For the results of the characterization of Polyamide-66/GF composition, we found that the higher increase of content of the glass fiber, the less mold shrinkage rate, and the mechanical strength was increased. Tensile strength increased from $498kg/cm^2$ for 0 wt% of the content of the glass fibers to $849kg/cm^2$ for 30 wt% of the content of the glass fibers. As a result of a coating evaluation, the strength of coating was 4B in the GF 5wt% and 5B, which was extremely good coating characteristics, in the over than GF 5 wt%. Conclusions: In case that 30 wt% of the glass fiber was blended, the mechanical strength was greatly improved, the hardness was increased, injection temperature increased due to increase of the viscosity, and the flow mark of the product may occur. The paint coating of PA-66 blended with glass fiber was all excellent. With general evaluating physical properties and workability properties it was determined that around 10 wt% of the content of the glass fibers was possible to apply a spectacle frame.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.37
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• pp.329-355
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• 2021

The objective of this paper is to reveal that the formation of Deleuze's system is a result of a back flow of the 'ideal of pure reason' in Kant's system. I will try to seize upon the keyword in his main book, Difference and Repetition, and examine the aspect of mutual transformation between Deleuze's transcendental empiricism and Kant's transcendentalism. When analyzing Deleuze's system, most researchers tend to focus on anti-Hegelianism, but it is proper that Kant be adopted as the start when tracing the way of deployment directly. Fundamentally, Deleuze is different from Hegel in his approach to observing entire ground of thought. Even if Deleuze surely has the capability of becoming in the dialectical context, his systemic environment wherein dialectics is applied is different even at the onset. While Hegel follows the way of origin and copy or a system that begins from a preceding point of origin, Deleuze follows a way of copy and recopy or a system that begins without a point of origin. This characteristic of Deleuze's system originates directly from idealistic play. In fact, we can anticipate and identify in his book that he refers to Kant who accepted the tradition of empiricism. Therefore, the main contents of this paper is to present an overview of Kant's influence on Deleuze's system. While tracing ideas back to Kant's system, the cohabitation of empiricism and rationalism, which Kant felicitously revoiced, there emerges a definitude of world recognition. This occurs through cohabitation, and this is both deconstructed and integrated by Deleuze, and therein definitude is turned into a vision of prosperity. To the vision of prosperity that spans definitude to recognition, a philosopher has the right to select a philosophical system because selection methodology in philosophy is not a problem of legitimacy so much as the needs of the times. Deleuze's choice resulted in the opening of pandora's box in an abyss and secret contents have in turn risen sharply.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.241-249
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• 1977

Atrial septal defect is one of the most frequently encountered congenital heart disease. Up to December 31, 1976, 1682 cardiac patients received cardiac catheterization in the cardiac department of Yonsei university medical college. Out of the 1682 cardiac patients 723 cases had congenital heart disease and only 116 cases had congetial atrial septal defect. This amounted to 16.04% of all those with congenital heart disease. 58 cases of congenital atrial septal defect operated in the chest surgery department were presented. Of these 58 cases of atrial septal defect, 27 cases were male and 31 cases were female. Their ages ranged from 5 years to 54 years. The systolic pressure of the main pulmonary artery of 40 out of the 58 cases of atrial septal defect was below 40% of that of the systemic blood pressure: in 6 cases, the range of the systolic pressure of the main pulmonary artery was 50-90mmHg; in 12 cases, the range of the systolic pressure of the main pulmonary artery was 40-50mmHg. Average age of these was 30. 1 years. This study tends to show that Korean patients with atrial septal defect even though younger have a slight higher systolic pressure of the main pulmonary artery than Western patients have. The pulmonary blood is 1.5-2.5 times of systemic blood flow in 52 cases out of 58 cases of atrial septal defect.In only one of the 58 cases of atrial septal defect, the Rp was found to be as high as 45% of Rs. All other cases were below this level.51 cases had ostium secundum defect, 4 out of these cases had ostium secundum defect combined with mitral incompetence and 6 out of them had double ostium secundum defect. The remaining 7 cases had ostium primum defect. Their atrial defects were repaired under direct vision utilizing extracorporeal circulation, by hemodilution technic combined with moderate hypothermia. 44 cases [2nd atrial septal defect] were repaired by direct sutures while 14 cases, including the 7 cases ostium primum defects needed patches [1 pericardium and 13 teflon patch]. In 4 cases there were single defects while showed two defects. However the associated septal defect was so small that it could be closed by direct sutures. The size of the defect ranged between 6.0cm2and 10.0cm2 in 19 cases[33.7%]: the smallest being 0. 5cm2 and the largest 24cm2. The surgical mortality was 2 cases [3.4%]. These one case with ostium primum defect, could not be resuscitated on operation table. The cause of death in this case was myocardial failure and MI. The other, a case of ostium primum defect had a second operation on the first operative day due to massive bleeding from LV vent-line insertion site.The patient died on 26th post-operative day due to sepsis.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.230-240
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• 1977

Atrial septal defect is one of the most frequently encountered congenital heart disease. Up to December 31, 1976, 1682 cardiac patients received cardiac catheterization in the cardiac department of Yonsei university medical college. Out of the 1682 cardiac patients 723 cases had congenital heart disease and only 116 cases had congetial atrial septal defect. This amounted to 16.04% of all those with congenital heart disease. 58 cases of congenital atrial septal defect operated in the chest surgery department were presented. Of these 58 cases of atrial septal defect, 27 cases were male and 31 cases were female. Their ages ranged from 5 years to 54 years. The systolic pressure of the main pulmonary artery of 40 out of the 58 cases of atrial septal defect was below 40% of that of the systemic blood pressure: in 6 cases, the range of the systolic pressure of the main pulmonary artery was 50-90mmHg; in 12 cases, the range of the systolic pressure of the main pulmonary artery was 40-50mmHg. Average age of these was 30. 1 years. This study tends to show that Korean patients with atrial septal defect even though younger have a slight higher systolic pressure of the main pulmonary artery than Western patients have. The pulmonary blood is 1.5-2.5 times of systemic blood flow in 52 cases out of 58 cases of atrial septal defect.In only one of the 58 cases of atrial septal defect, the Rp was found to be as high as 45% of Rs. All other cases were below this level.51 cases had ostium secundum defect, 4 out of these cases had ostium secundum defect combined with mitral incompetence and 6 out of them had double ostium secundum defect. The remaining 7 cases had ostium primum defect. Their atrial defects were repaired under direct vision utilizing extracorporeal circulation, by hemodilution technic combined with moderate hypothermia. 44 cases [2nd atrial septal defect] were repaired by direct sutures while 14 cases, including the 7 cases ostium primum defects needed patches [1 pericardium and 13 teflon patch]. In 4 cases there were single defects while showed two defects. However the associated septal defect was so small that it could be closed by direct sutures. The size of the defect ranged between 6.0cm2and 10.0cm2 in 19 cases[33.7%]: the smallest being 0. 5cm2 and the largest 24cm2. The surgical mortality was 2 cases [3.4%]. These one case with ostium primum defect, could not be resuscitated on operation table. The cause of death in this case was myocardial failure and MI. The other, a case of ostium primum defect had a second operation on the first operative day due to massive bleeding from LV vent-line insertion site.The patient died on 26th post-operative day due to sepsis.

• Archives of design research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.243-254
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• 2003

The aim of this study is to analyze the skylights and roof structures designed by Marie Botta from the viewpoint of the space, the form and the light source, and thus to find out their characteristics. For this purpose, his 13 major works were selected and analyzed according to the principle of design, which could explain the characteristics of skylight and roof structures sufficiently. Trough this study, the followings are realized. 1) The skylights are the main light source in the interiors of his buildings that are comparatively dark, being enclosed by thick materials such as bricks. The roof structures have been precisely designed to disperse the light effectively 2) The skylight and roof structures play the role of form-creating elements in his buildings. They create the unique images for the exteriors and endow form to the interiors. 3) The skylight also serves as a window to communicate with nature outside. Through the skylight, people in his buildings are able to perceive the flow of time and enjoy the scenery of the sky. 4) The light that showers through the skylight and adjusted by roof structures produces special atmosphere in his projects. In his interiors, people can experience a somewhat miraculous and sacred feeling with the light from above. 5) The skylight has meaning as a symbol. It symbolize the relationship between the earth and the sky. Also, in religious projects, a skylight provides a symbolic vision of Heaven for Christians. Comparing with recent works presented in our country, which emphasize simple interiors using artificial light, Botta's works suggest another form of design differentiated from the works of our designers in that Botta's works not only take advantage of natural light by using skylights and roof structures but also utilize them as form-creating elements.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.38 no.10
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• pp.1217-1224
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• 2014

This paper provides a practical scaling method to solve an old problem for scaling and developing the speed and resistance of a model to full-scale submarine in fully submerged underwater test. In every experimental test in towing tank, water tunnel and wind tunnel, in the first step, the speed of a model should be scaled to the full-scale vessel (ship or submarine). In the second step, the obtained resistance of the model should be developed. For submarine, there are two modes of movement: surface and submerged mode. There is no matter in surface mode because, according to Froude's law, the ratio of speed of the model to the full-scale vessel is proportional to the square root of lengths (length of the model on the length of the vessel). This leads to a reasonable speed and is not so much for the model that is applicable in the laboratory. The main problem is in submerged mode (fully submerged) that there isn't surface wave effect and therefore, Froude's law couldn't be used. Reynold's similarity is actually impossible to implement because it leads to very high speeds of the model that is impossible in a laboratory and inside the water. According to Reynold's similarity, the ratio of speed of the model to the full-scale vessel is proportional to the ratio of the full-scale length to the model length that leads to a too high speed. This paper proves that there is no need for exact Reynold's similarity because after a special Reynolds, resistance coefficient remains constant. Therefore, there is not compulsion for high speeds of the model. For proving this finding, three groups of results are presented: two cases are based on CFD method, and one case is based on the model test in towing tank. All these three results are presented for three different shapes that can show; this finding is independent of the shapes and geometries. For CFD method, Flow Vision software has been used.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.33-37
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• 2009

Purpose: Liver transplantation is considered as the treatment of choice in many acute and chronic liver diseases, and it is becoming more common. Since successful microscopic anastomosis of hepatic artery is a crucial requirement of successful liver transplantation, we studied and analyzed the result of hepatic artery anastomosis of liver transplantation in our liver transplantation center. Methods: 145 liver transplantations were performed between February 2005 and May 2008. Male to female ratio of the liver transplantation recipients was 3.4 : 1. Anastomosis of portal vein, hepatic vein and biliary tract was performed by the general surgeon, and anastomosis of hepatic artery was performed by the plastic surgeon under the loupe or microscopic vision. After the hepatic artery was reconstructed, anastomosed site status and flow were checked with Doppler ultrasonography intraoperatively and with contrast enhanced CT or angiography postoperatively if necessary. Results: Out of 145 liver transplantations, cadaveric liver donor was used 37 cases and living donor liver transplantation was performed 108 cases including the 2 dual donor liver transplantations. As for the baseline diseases that resulted in the liver transplantation, there were 57 cases of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma due to hepatitis B, taking up the greatest proportion. Single donor hepatic artery was used in 114 cases, and mean artery diameter was 2.92 mm and mean artery length was 24.25 mm. Hepatic artery was used as the recipient artery in every case except the 8 cases in which gastroepiploic artery was used as alternative. Out of 145 cases of hepatic artery anastomosis, 3 cases resulted in the thrombosis of the hepatic artery, requiring thrombectomy and re - anastomosis. In all 3 cases, thrombosis was found in left hepatic artery and there was no past history of hepatic artery chemoembolization. Conclusion: Incidence of hepatic artery thrombosis after the anastomosis of hepatic artery during liver transplantation was 2.1%, which is considered sufficiently low.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.39 no.10 s.267
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• pp.775-778
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• 2006

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is characterized by inappropriate hypertrophy of the myocardium and is associated with various clinical presentations ranging from complete absence of symptoms to sudden, unexpected death. These are caused by dynamic obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract and surgical approaches were initiated. But, the complete resection of hypertrophied midventricular septum is impossible by standard, transaortic approach, because of narrow vision and limited approach. And it leads to inadequate excision, will leave residual left ventricular out-flow tract obstruction or systolic anterior motion of mitral leaflet, and limit symptomatic improvement and patient's survival. We report a case of extended septal myectomy for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy of mid-septum in a child. The extended septal myectomy was performed by aortotomy and left ventricular apical incision, and made possible the complete resection of mid-ventricular septum, abnormal papillary muscles and chordae. The patient's symptom was improved and the postoperative course was uneventful.