• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.395-406
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• 2007

The twenty seven wrap-up vegetables (13 Compositae, 14 Brassicaceae) and seven herbs (6 Labiatae, 1 Umbelliferae) were cultivated with a deep flow technique (DFT) hydroponic beds and treated with 3 levels of nutrient solution concentrations of 1.2, 2.4, and $3.6dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ in summer and autumn season. The pH and electrical conductivity (EC) change of nutrient solution, fresh weight, and mineral contents of plants were investigated. The pH was maintained lower in high electrical conductivity (EC) treatment and in summer than autumn. EC of nutrient solution in EC $3.6dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ treatment increased up to $4.8dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ during the growing period in summer season. The growth of tested plants showed high variations by plant species and nutrient solution concentrations. The coefficient variation (CV) of the shoot fresh weight of plants was higher in summer than autumn. The growth of Compostiae and herbs was better at EC $1.2dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, and 14 Brassicaceae was better at EC $2.4dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ in summer. In autumn, the growth was better at EC $2.4dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ in all plants except kale 'TBC F1' and red rape 'honchaetae'. In mineral contents, total nitrogen and potassium were higher in autumn than summer. Total nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium were higher in Brassicaceae than others. Iron and manganese, however, were higher in Compositae. As the results, this study suggests that mixed planting of 27 wrap-up vegetables and 7 herbs in DFT hydroponics in two seasons was possible and EC $1.2dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ in summer and EC $2.4dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ in autumn be recommended as for the nutrient solution concentration to produce them safely year round.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.41-59
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• 2012

ERP is a new technique of process innovation. It indicates enterprise resource planning whose purpose is an integrated total management of enterprise resources. ERP can be also seen as one of the latest management systems that organically connects by using computers all business processes including marketing, production and delivery and control those processes on a real-time basis. Currently, however, it's not easy for local enterprises to have operators who will be in charge of ERP programs, even if they want to introduce the resource management system. This suggests that it's urgently needed to train such operators through ERP education at school. But in the field of education, actually, the lack of professional ERP instructors and less effective learning programs for industrial applications of ERP are obstacles to bringing up ERP workers who are competent as much as required by enterprises. In ERP, accounting is more important than any others. Accountants are assuming more and more roles in ERP. Thus, there's a rapidly increasing demand for experts in ERP accounting. This study examined previous researches and literature concerning ERP education, identified problems with current ERP education at college and proposed how to solve the problems. This study proposed the ways of improving ERP education at college as follows. First, a prerequisite learning of ERP, that is, educating the principle of accounting should be intensified to make students get a basic theoretical knowledge of ERP enough. Second, lots of different scenarios designed to try ERP programs in business should be created. In association, students should be educated to get a better understanding of incidents or events taken place in those scenarios and apply it to trying ERP for themselves. Third, as mentioned earlier, ERP is a system that integrates all enterprise resources such as marketing, procurement, personnel management, remuneration and production under the framework of accounting. It should be noted that under ERP, business activities are organically connected with accounting modules. More importantly, those modules should be recognized not individually, but as parts comprising a whole flow of accounting. This study has a limitation because it is a literature research that heavily relied on previous studies, publications and reports. This suggests the need to compare the efficiency of ERP education between before and after applying what this study proposed to improve that education. Also, it's needed to determine students' and professors' perceived effectiveness of current ERP education and compare and analyze the difference in that perception between the two groups.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.674-678
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• 1998

The conventional surgical treatment of isolated critical stenosis of the left main coronary artery restores a less physiologic perfusion of the myocardium, leads to occlusion of the left coronary ostium, and consumes an appreciable length of bypass material. From June 1994 to February 1996, eleven patients, three male and eight female, underwent patch angioplasty and additional bypass graft to left anterior descending artery (10 internal mammary artery, 1 saphenous vein) in isolated critical left main coronary artery stenosis. Their ages ranged from 34 to 62 years, mean 44 years. All had 60% to 90% stenosis of the left main coronary artery and Class III angina. The angiogram showed nine osteal lesion and three main stem stenosis. The operation was performed with conventional cardiopulmonary bypass and cold blood cardioplegia. We approached anteriorly and used bovine pericardium as onlay patch in all patients. There were one leg wound dehiscence, but no operative deaths and infarctions. All patients are free of symptoms after a mean follow-up of 15.5 months. Angiographic restudy at an average 14.4 months was obtained in five patients and showed widely patent left main coronary artery with excellent runoff. But additional graft to left anterior descending coronary artery were stenosed in two patients and showed diminutive flow in others. Our preliminary results suggest that angioplasty of the left main coronary artery can be carried out with low operative risks. But additional bypass graft to left anterior descending coronary artery may be unnecessary. The technique appears to be a promising alternative to conventional coronary artery bypass grafting in isolated left main coronary artery stenosis.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.39 no.6 s.263
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• pp.434-439
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• 2006

Background: Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest during repair of aortic arch anomalies may induce neurological complications or myocardial injury. So we surveyed if the regional cerebral and myocardial perfusion might eliminate those potential side effects. Material and Method: From March 2000 to December 2004, 62 neonates or infants with aortic arch anomaly underwent one stage biventricular repair using the regional perfusion technique by single surgeon. Preoperative diagnosis of the arch anomaly consisted of coarctation (n=46), interruption of the aorta (n=12), hypoplastic left heart syndrome (n=2) and truncus areteriosus (n=2). Combined anomalies were ventricular septal defect (n=51), TAPVR (n=1), PAPVR (n=1) and atrioventricular septal defect (n=2). Arterial cannula was inserted at the innominate artery. Result: The mean regional perfusion time of brain was $28{\pm}10min$. Operative mortality rates was 0 (0/62). Late death was 1 (1/62) during $11{\pm}7$ months of follow-up. Neurologic complications consisted of transient chorea in 1 case. There was no reoperation associated with arch anolamy. Pulmonary complication associated with arch repair occurred in f case which was managed by aortopexy. Conclusion: One-tage rch repair using the regional profusion is safe and effective in minimizing the neurologic and myocardial complications.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.464-472
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• 2020

We suggest a hydroponic cultivation system combined with a plasma generator to investigate the changes in the growth and functional substance content of lettuces during the cultivation period. Lettuce seedlings of uniform size were planted in semi-DFT after seeding for 3 weeks, and the plasma-activated water was intermittently operated for 1 hour at an 8 hours cycle for 4 weeks. Lettuces grew with or without plasma-activated water with the nutrient solution in hydroponics culture systems. Among the reactive oxygen species generated during plasma-activated water treatment, brown spots and necrosis appeared in the individuals closer to the plasma generating device due to O₃, and there was no significant difference in the growth parameters. While the rutin and total phenolic content of the lettuce shoot grown in the nutrient solution were higher than that of the plasma-activated water, epicatechin contents in plasma-activated water were significantly greater than the nutrient solution. However, in the roots, all kinds of secondary metabolites measured in this work, rutin, epicatechin, quercetin, and total phenolic contents, were significantly higher in the plasma-activated water than the control. These results were indicated that the growth of lettuce was decreased due to the reactive oxygen species such as ozone in the plasma-activated water, but the secondary metabolites in the root zone increased significantly. It has needed to use this technology for the cultivation of root vegetables with the modified plasma-activated water systems to increase secondary metabolite in the roots.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.213-220
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• 1994

Gastrodia (G) Rhizoma has been used clinically as an oriental herbal medicine with sedative, anticonvulsive, and depressor effects. The present study tested effects of G. Rhizoma extracts on the coronary circulation and myocardial oxygen consumption in perfused rat hearts. Sprague Dawley rats (SD) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were employed as experimental animals and nonworking Langendorff heart perfusion technique introduced for heart experiments. G. Rhizoma extracts were prepared from grinding G. Rhizoma into powder, extracting in water and 50% ethanol for 4 or 16 hr and diluting with Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate perfusion buffer to be 70%. Hearts were perfused with bicarbonate buffer oxygenated with 95% $O_{2}:$ 5% $CO_{2}$ at constant coronary perfusion pressure of $90cmH_{2}O$. The diluted extracts were infused into coronary arteries in a concentration of $1{\sim}5\;{\mu}M$ for $7{\sim}8 min. While in SD water- or ethanol-extracts of G. Rhizoma extracted for 16 hr increased coronary perfusate flow (CPF) and decreased coronary vascular resistance (CVR), ethanol-extracts in SHR produced coronary vasoconstriction associated with enhanced CVR. G. Rhizoma extracts-induced increase in CPF reduced myocardial oxygen extraction, and thus myocardial oxygen consumption ($MVO_{2}$) remained at that observed prior to infusion of extracts. In SD and SHR 16 hr-water-extracts markedly altered coronary venous effluent pH and $Pco_{2}$ and evoked metabolic acidosis, which could be a coronary vasodilator mechanism decreasing CVR. In this study, the extracts decreasing CVR in SD and SHR did not augment the lactate production. Therefore, although the effects of the extracts on cardiac function and coronary circulation depended on solvents and duration for extraction, the 16hr-water-extracts, at least, exhibited coronary vasodilation in SD and SHR. Conversely, ethanol-extracts constricted coronary arteries in SHR. G. Rhizoma extracts-induced vasodilation might be due to the metabolic acidosis rather than due to the increased lactate production. The results indicate that G. Rhizoma extracts obtained from proper extracting procedures can be used as a safe and clinically applicable herbal medicine in the cardiovascular diseases such as coronary artery disease and hypertension for vasodilatory and antihypertensive actions.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.289-297
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• 2005

This study was conducted to develop the suitable nutrient solutions for variable Cruciferae leafy vegetables. l/2, 1 and 3/2 strength of nutrient solution recommended by National Horticultural Research Institute were supplied to plants in deep flow technique systems during 25 days. The growth of pak-choi and leaf mustard 'Asia curled' was highest in the 3/2 strength, and kaie 'TBC' in the 1 strength. Mean cation ratio of nutrient solution for pak-choi, leaf mustard and kale was K $49.5\%$, Ca $35.8\%$ and Mg $14.7\%$, which was obtained by calculating the uptake rates of water and nutrients. Suitable composition of the nutrient solution for Cruciferae leafy vegetables was N 14, P 3, K 6.8, Ca 4.8, $Mg 2m{\cdot}L^{-1}$. To examine the suitability of nutrient solution developed for Cruciferae vegetables (NSC), plants were grown 4 times from Sep. 2003 to Oct. 2004. When plants were grown in NSC, relative growth rate increased 1.1 to 2.5 times and vitamin C content 1.06 to 1.52 times. The proper plants to apply NSC for functional leaf vegetable production were leaf mustard 'Asia recurled', 'Redcurled' and 'Pamagreen', kale 'TBC', 'Portugal' and 'Hanchu collard', leaf broccoli 'New green', pak-choi, baby cabbage 'Red king' and 'Green king', flowering red chinese cabbage and Korean cabbage.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.290-297
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• 1997

Background : Despite remarkable progress of understanding the pathophysiology and therapy of bronchial asthma, asthma morbidity and mortality are on the rise. Also hospitalization and attending rates of emergency department for asthma have been increasing gradually. We analyzed clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients who visited emergency room due to asthma attack in order to define clinical characteristics of these group of patients. Method : We reviewed 105 adult asthmatic patients who attended emergency department of Korea University Hospital between August 1995 and July 1996, retrospectively. Results : 103 patients(56 female, 47 males, mean age : 48.6 years) attended-68 self referral, 18 practitioner referral and 17 OPD transfer- and 86 patients(83.5%) were admitted. Attending emergncy department was clearly more frequent in December(13.6%) and May(12.6%). Time lag between onset of asthmatic attack and arrival at the hospital was $14.2{\pm}15.5$ hour and initial peak expiratory flow rate was $166.7{\pm}68.3L/min$.(43.3% predicted) The commonest cause for visiting emergency room was aggravation of asthma due to upper respiratory tract infection in mild asthmatics. About half of them had history of previous ER visits. Their prognosis was not bad, but after discharge, about half of patients escaped from OPD follow-up. Conclusion : As a group they merit detailed attention and follow up arrangement. Clinician need to monitor and review the treatment plans, the medications, the patient's management technique, and the level of asthma control. For this group, plans for longer term treatment, including asthma education program and adjustment of overall treatment plan should be made.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1285-1292
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• 2009

Large single crystals of zeolite, |$Na_{75}$|[$Si_{117}Al_{75}O_{384}$]-FAU (Na-Y, Si/Al = 1.56), were synthesized from gels with composition of 3.58Si$O_2$ : 2.08NaAl$O_2$ : 7.59NaOH : 455$H_2$O : 5.06TEA : 2.23TCl. One of these, a colorless single-crystal was ion exchanged by allowing aqueous 0.02 M CsOH to flow past the crystal at 293 K for 3 days, followed by dehydration at 673 K and 1 ${\times}\;10^{-6}$ Torr for 2 days. The crystal structure of fully dehydrated partially $Cs^+$-exchanged zeolite Y, |$Cs_{45}Na_{30}$|[$Si_{117}Al_{75}O_{384}$]-FAU per unit cell (a = 24.9080(10) $\AA$) was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction technique in the cubic space group Fd $\overline{3}$ m at 294(1) K. The structure was refined using all intensities to the final error indices (using only the 877 reflections with $F_o\;>\;4{\sigma}(F_o))\;R_1$ = 0.0966 (Based on F) and $R_2\;=\;0.2641\;(Based\;on\;F^2$). About forty-five $Cs^+$ ions per unit cell are found at six different crystallographic sites. The 2 $Cs^+$ ions occupied at site I, at the centers of double 6-ring (D6Rs, Cs-O = 2.774(10) $\AA$ and O-Cs-O = 88.9(3) and 91.1(3)$^o$). Two $Cs^+$ ions are found at site I’ in the sodalite cavity; the $Cs^+$ ions were recessed 2.05 $\AA$ into the sodalite cavity from their 3-oxygen plane (Cs-O = 3.05(3) $\AA$ and O-Cs-O = 77.4(13)$^o$). Site-II’ positions (opposite single 6-rings in the sodalite cage) are occupied by 7 $Cs^+$ ions, each of which extends 2.04 $\AA$ into the sodalite cage from its 3-oxygen plane (Cs-O = 3.067(11) $\AA$ and O-Cs-O = 80.1(3)$^o$). The 26 $Cs^+$ ions are nearly three-quarters filled at site II in the supercage, being recessed 2.34 $\AA$ into the supercage (Cs-O = 3.273(8) $\AA$ and O-Cs-O = 74.3(3)$^o$). The 4 $Cs^+$ ions are found at site III deep in the supercage (Cs-O = 3.321(19) and 3.08(3) $\AA$), and 4 $Cs^+$ ions at another site III’ (Cs-O = 2.87(4) and 3.38(4) $\AA$). About 30 $Na^+$ ions per unit cell are found at one crystallographic site; The $Na^+$ ions are located at site I’ in the sodalite cavity opposite double 6-rings (Na-O = 2.578(11) $\AA$ and O-Na-O = 97.8(4)$^o$).

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.371-380
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• 2018

Aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different nutrient solutions and various light qualities generated by LED on the growth and glucosinolates contents of watercress (Nasturtium officinale) grown under hydroponics for 3 weeks. The seeds of watercress were sown on crushed rockwool media and raised them for two weeks. They were transplanted in a semi-DFT (deep flow technique) hydroponics system. A controlled-environment room was maintained at $20{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ and $16{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ temperatures and $65{\pm}10%$ and $75{\pm}10%$ relative humidity (day and night, respectively), with a provided photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of $180{\pm}10{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ and a photoperiod of 16/8h. To find out the best kinds of nutrient solutions for growing watercress, Otsuka House 1A (OTS), Horticultural Experiment Station in Korea (HES), and Netherland's Proefstaion voor Bloemisterij en Gasgroente (PBG) were adapted with initial EC of $1.0-1.3dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ and pH of 6.2, irradiating PPFD with fluorescent lamps (Ex-1). Either monochromatic (W10 and R10) or mixed LEDs (R5B1, R3B1, R2B1G1, and W2B1G1) were irradiated with a differing ratio of each LED's PPFD to understanding light quality on the growth and glucosinolates contents of watercress (Ex-2). Although significant difference in the shoot growth of watercress was not found among three nutrient solutions treatments, but the root fresh weight increased by 13.7% and 55.1% in PBG and OTS compared to HES, respectively. OTS increased the gluconasturtiin content by 96% and 65% compared to PBG and HES. Compared with the white light (W10), the red light (R10) showed a 101.3% increase in the shoot length of watercress. Increasing blue light portion positively affected plant growth. The content of total glucosinolates in watercress was increased by 144.5% and 70% per unit dry weight in R3B1 treatment compared with R2B1G1 and W10 treatments, respectively. The growth and total glucosinolates contents of the watercress were highest under R3B1 among six light qualities.