• 제목/요약/키워드: Flow 3D

검색결과 3,721건 처리시간 0.033초

수질유해물질 배출허용기준 설정에 따른 배출시설 비용영향 분석사례 연구: 1,4-Dichlorobenzene을 중심으로 (Case Study of Cost Effect Analysis for Toxic Compounds to Developing Effluent Limitation Standards : Focus on 1,4-Dichlorobenzene)

  • 김경진;김원기;허진;김광인;김재훈;김상훈;염익태
    • 한국물환경학회지
    • /
    • 제26권4호
    • /
    • pp.557-565
    • /
    • 2010
  • Recently, regulations on toxic compounds in aquatic environment have been strengthened in korea due to the increasing public awareness of the water quality. Typically, these regulations include introduction of emerging toxic compounds and stricter effluent limitations for the already regulated compounds. However, too strict regulations may cause excessive burden on the industry. Therefore it is also important to assess the economic impacts when the new effluent limitation guidelines are introduced. The estimation of the additional cost for the wastewater dischargers to meet the new guidelines are based on the selected treatment technology to handle the hazardous substances and the regulatory levels for effluent limitations. To explore the procedures for cost estimation in enforcing new effluent limitations, a case study was performed specially for 1,4-dichlorobenzene. The pollutants of concern are surveyed for different industrial categories and various treatment technologies. For a given pollutant, the general performances of the treatment technologies are surveyed and a representative technology is selected. For a given technology, the capital cost and annual Operation and Maintenance (O&M) cost was calculated. The calculation of baseline costs to operate ordinary treatment technologies is also important. The ratio between the cost for introducing new treatment process and the baseline cost required for conventional technology was used to evaluate the economic impact on the industry. For 1,4-dichlorobenzene, steam stripping and activated carbon processes were selected as the specific treatment technologies. The cost effects to the regulation of the compound were found to be 6.4% and 14.5% increase in capital cost and O&M cost, respectively, at the flow rate over $2,000m^3/d$ for the categories of synthetic resin and other plastics manufacturing industry. For the case of petrochemical basic compounds manufacturing industry, the cost increases were 5.8% and 12.4%, respectively. It was suggested that cost effect analysis to evaluate the economic impacts of new effluent limitations on the industry is crucial to establish more balanced and reasonable effluent limitations to manage the industrial wastewater containing emerging toxic compounds in the wastewater.

선천성(先天性) 심장병(心臟病)의 개심술(開心術) -6례(例) 수술경험(手術經驗) - (Open Heart Surgery for Six Cases of the Conegnital Heart Disease)

  • 이성행;이성구;한승세;이길노;김송명;이광숙;이종국
    • Journal of Chest Surgery
    • /
    • 제9권2호
    • /
    • pp.220-238
    • /
    • 1976
  • Six cases of congenital heart disease were operated on by means of cardiopulmonary bypass between December, 1975 and April, 1976. Two cases of ventricular septal defects (VSD), two cases of VSD, associated with ruptured aneurysm of sinus Valsalva, two cases of atrial septal defects (ASD) and one case of pulmonic stenosis with patent ductus arteriosus were operated. Sarns roller pumps and Bentley Temptrol oxygenators were used for extracorporeal circulation. Pump oxygenator was primed with Ringer's lactate solution, 5% dextrose in water, mannitol, and ACD blood. Flow rate ranged from 2.0 to $2.4L/M^2/min$. Bicarbonate was added to the oxygenator with estimated amount as 15 mEq/L/hr. Venous catheters were introduced into superior and inferior vena cava, and oxygenated blood was returned to the body through aortic cannula inserted into ascending aorta. Moderate hypothermia ($30^{\circ}C$) was induced by core cooling. Aorta was cross clamped for 15 minutes and released for 3 minutes, and repeated clamping when necessary. Atrial and ventricular septal efects were closed by direct sutures. Aneurysms of sinus Valsalva ruptured into the right ventricle were repaired through right ventriculotomy by d:rect closure with Dacron patch reinforcement. Cardiopulmonary bypass time varied from 66 to 209 minutes, and aorta cross clamping time ranged from 13 to 56 minutes. Postoperative bleeding was minimal except one case who needed for evacuation of substernal hematoma. Intra- and postoperative urinary output was satisfactory. Acid-base balance, partial pressure of $O_2$, electrolytes, and hematological changes during intra- and post-perfusion period remained at the acceptable ranges. No mortality was experienced.

  • PDF

동의보감(東醫寶鑑) 중(中) 길경(桔梗)이 주약(主藥)으로 배오(配伍)된 방제(方劑)의 활용(活用)에 대한 고찰(考察) (Study on the Applications of prescriptions including Platycodi Radix as a main component in Dongeuibogam)

  • 이태형;이성준;허진;신동근;이재철;신용서;윤용갑
    • 대한한의학방제학회지
    • /
    • 제18권1호
    • /
    • pp.23-42
    • /
    • 2010
  • This report describes 90 prescriptions related to the use of Platycodi Radix main blended from Dongeuibogam. The following conclusions were reached through investigations on the prescriptions that use Platycodi Radix as a key component. Prescriptions that Platycodi Radix was taken as a monarch drug are utilized for 30 therapeutic purposes, for example, cough disease, throat disease, abscess and pus, and wind disease. In particular, 12.1% of prescriptions appear in the chapter of cough, and 9.9% of those appear in the chapter of throat, and each 8.8% of those appear in the chapter of abscess and of wind disease. Prescriptions that utilize Platycodi Radix as the main ingredient are used in the treatment of cough disease, throat disease and abscess, and they are also used for treating 74 different types of disease. The prescriptions are compounded with Platycodi Radix as a monarch drug are related to exogenous agents such as wind-cold pathogen, wind-heat pathogen, epidemic diseases, and endogenous agents such as seven emotions, and non-endo-exopathogenic factors like excessive labor, deficiency of Qi and blood, phlegm-mass, phlegm-fire, ect. The dosage of Platycodi Radix is 2pun(about 0.75g) to 1nyang(about 37.5g), however 1don (about 3.75g) has been taken the most for clinical application. We can find out that according to herbs or prescriptions blended with it self, Platycodi Radix makes a variety of functions to penetrate lung stagnancy and remove phlegm, relieve throat pain and get rid of pus, and regulate Qi flow. And Gamgiltang is the most useful base prescription which used the Platycodi Radix as the main component.

C2C12 근아세포의 산화적 손상에 대한 고삼, 감초 및 백선피 복합 추출물의 보호효과 (Protective Effects of Ethanol Extract Mixtures of Sophora flavescens, Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Dictamnus dasycarpus against Oxidative Stress-induced Damage in C2C12 Murine Myoblasts)

  • 최은옥;황보현;김민영;손다희;정진우;박철;홍수현;김민주;이지영;신수진;최영현
    • 대한한의학방제학회지
    • /
    • 제25권2호
    • /
    • pp.179-191
    • /
    • 2017
  • Objectives : Increased oxidative stress by reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been suggested as a major cause of muscle fatigue. Although several studies have demonstrated the various biological properties of Sophora flavescens Aiton, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer and Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz, but the antioxidative potentials have not been clearly demonstrated. The present study was designed to investigate the protective effects of their water and ethanol extract mixtures (medicinal herbal mixtures, MHMIXs) on hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$)-induced cell damage and apoptosis in C2C12 myoblasts. Methods : Cytotoxicity was assessed by an MTT assay. Quantitative evaluation of apoptosis induction and ROS production was evaluated by flow cytometry analysis. Expression levels of apoptosis regulatory and DNA-damage proteins were detected by Western blotting. Result : The inhibition of $H_2O_2$-induced cell proliferation was effectively blocked in extracts of 3: 1: 1 (EMHMIXs-1) or 2: 2: 1 (EMHMIXs-2) of S. flavescens, G. uralensis and D. dasycarpus Turcz, ethanol extracts from various complex extracts in C2C12 myoblasts. EMHMIXs-1 and EMHMIXs-2 also effectively attenuated $H_2O_2$-induced C2C12 cell apoptosis, which was associated with the restoration of the upregulation of Bad and death receptor 4, and downregulation of XIAP and cIAP-1 induced by $H_2O_2$. In addition, these herbal mixtures significantly blocked the $H_2O_2$-induced ROS generation and phosphorylation of $p-{\gamma}H2A.X$, which suggests that they can prevent $H_2O_2$-induced cellular DNA damage. Conclusions : The results suggest that EMHMIXs-1 and EMHMIXs-2 could block the DAN damage and apoptosis of C2C12 myoblasts by oxidative stress through blocking ROS generation.

3-D 전산유체를 이용한 급속혼화조 형상에 따른 난류 유동장 연구 (The Effects of Mixer Geometry on Hydraulic Turbulence : Computational Modeling)

  • 박노석;김성훈;박희경
    • 대한환경공학회지
    • /
    • 제22권7호
    • /
    • pp.1173-1182
    • /
    • 2000
  • 지금까지 급속혼화는 정수처리 공정 중에서 매우 중요한 공정으로 인식되어 왔다. 특히, 응집제의 원수내 확산은 급속혼화 공정에 이어지는 flocculation이나 filtration 공정에 지대한 영향을 미치게 되므로 지금까지 많은 연구자들이 혼화장치의 개발이나 효율적인 혼화방식에 관해 연구를 해왔다. 그러나 선행 연구자들은 급속혼화에 있어서 중요한 변수로 응집제 주입량, pH, 임펠러의 회전속도, 그리고 G값만을 고려하였으나, 실제 응집제와 콜로이드입자와의 충돌기회에 지대한 영향을 미치는 급속혼화 공정상에서 발생되는 난류장을 간과하였다. 특히 급속혼화에서의 난류의 발생은 G값에 전적으로 의지하여 난류장의 평균값으로 혼화조내의 난류를 표현하여 왔으며, 혼화조의 형상에 따라 달라지는 난류장 해석은 연구가 미약한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구는 급속혼화에서 난류장 해석의 중요성을 인식하고 혼화조의 형상 변화에 따라 달라지는 난류장을 전산유체 프로그램을 통하여 해석하였다. 그리고 혼화조 형상을 달리하며 jar-test를 수행한 결과 배플이 없는 원형 jar의 경우가 배플이 장착된 원형 jar나 Hudson jar보다 응집제의 확산에 따른 탁도 제거효율이 좋은 것으로 나타났으며, 전산유체 프로그램을 이용하여 각각 모사한 결과 벽면효과나 사류지역의 발생 등으로 배플이 없는 원형 jar가 혼화에 효과적인 난류장이 분포되는 것으로 확인되었다. 이 결과를 통해 혼화조 형상이 응집제의 확산이나 난류장의 발생에 영향을 미치는 것으로 결론 내릴 수 있다.

  • PDF

초석잠 [Stachys sieboldii MIQ.] 줄기의 항산화 활성 (Antioxidant Activities of Stachys sieboldii MIQ. Stalks)

  • 백홍석;나영수;류병호;송승구
    • KSBB Journal
    • /
    • 제18권4호
    • /
    • pp.266-271
    • /
    • 2003
  • 아직 국내에서는 드물게 경작되고 있지만 이미 옛 고서적에 나와 있는 초석잠 (Stachys sieboldii MIQ.)에는 많은 유용한 물질이 있음을 알 수 있었다. 줄기의 메탄을 추출물 100 mg을 메탄을 20 mL에 녹여 만든 샘플에서 total poplyphenol과 flavonoid가 각각 9.33 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL (1.97%), 3.77 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL (0.75%)씩 함유되고 있음을 알 수 있으며 각 유기 용매층의 추출물의 항산화 활성도를 비교해 본 결과 DPPH법을 통해 기존의 항산화제인 $\alpha$-tocopherol (21.8 $\mu\textrm{g}$), BHT (100 $\mu\textrm{g}$) 그리고 BHA (20.6 $\mu\textrm{g}$)와 비교해도 에틸아세테이트 (15 $\mu\textrm{g}$), 부탄올 (50 $\mu\textrm{g}$) 추출물의 항산화능이 뒤지지 않음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 과산화 지질 형성 억제능과 아질산염 소거능 조사에서 에틸아세테이트의 추출물이 가장 높은 활성도를 나타내었으며 기존의 항산화제들과 비슷한 효능을 나타내었다. 이를 실리카겔 칼럼 크로마토그래피를 이용해 다시 분획하였고 UV/VIS 흡광광도계를 통해 최대 흡광도의 파장은 280-330 nm 사이에 나타내었다. 그 중 최대 흡광도가 284 nm인 ES-1에서 가장 높은 항산화 활성을 보였다. 이는 일반적으로 알려져 있는 phenolic compounds의 UV-VIS spectral data와 일치하며 다양한 phenolic compounds가 초석잠 (Stachys sieboldii MIQ.) 속에 함유되어 있음을 알 수 있었다.

The Effect of Transverse Magnetic field on Macrosegregation in vertical Bridgman Crystal Growth of Te doped InSb

  • Lee, Geun-Hee;Lee, Zin-Hyoung
    • 한국결정성장학회:학술대회논문집
    • /
    • 한국결정성장학회 1996년도 The 9th KACG Technical Annual Meeting and the 3rd Korea-Japan EMGS (Electronic Materials Growth Symposium)
    • /
    • pp.522-522
    • /
    • 1996
  • An investigation of the effects of transverse magnetic field and Peltier effect on melt convection and macrosegregation in vertical Bridgman crystal grosth of Te doped InSb was been carried out by means of microstructure observation, Hall measurement, electrical resistivity measurement and X-ray analysis. Before the experiments, Interface stability, convective instability and suppression of convection by magnetic field were calculated theoretically. After doping 1018, 1019 cm-3 Te in InSb, the temperature of Bridgman furnace was set up at $650^{\circ}C$. The samples were grown in I.D. 11mm, 100mm high quartz tube. The velocity of growth was about 2${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$/sec. In order to obtain the suppression of convection by magnetic field in the middle of growth, 2-4KG magnetic field was set on the melt. For searching of the shape of solid-liquid interface and the actual velocity of crystal growth, let 2A current flow from solid to liquid for 1second every 50seconds repeatedly (Peltier effect). The grown InSb was polycrystal, and each grain was very sharp. There was no much difference between the sample with and without magnetic field at a point of view of microstructure. For the sample with Peltier effect, the Peltier marks(striation) were observed regularly as expected. Through these marks, it was found that the solid-liquid interface was flat and the actual growth velocity was about 1-2${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$/sec. On the ground of theoretical calculation, there is thermosolutal convection in the Te doped InSb melt without magnetic field in this growth condition. and if there is more than 1KG magnetic field, the convection is suppressed. Through this experiments, the effective distribution coefficients, koff, were 0.35 in the case of no magnetic field, and 0.45 when the magnetic field is 2KG, 0.7 at 4KG. It was found that the more magnetic field was applied, the more convection was suppressed. But there was some difference between the theoretical calculation and the experiment, the cause of the difference was thought due to the use of some approximated values in theoretical calculation. In addition to these results, the sample with Peltier effect showed unexpected result about the Te distribution in InSb. It looked like no convection and no macrosegregation. It was thought that the unexpected behavior was due to Peltier mark. that is, when the strong current flew the growing sample, the mark was formed by catching Te. As a result of the phenomena, the more Te containing thin layer was made. The layer ruled the Hall measurement. The values of resistivity and mobility of these samples were just a little than those of other reference. It was thought that the reason of this result was that these samples were due to polycrystal, that is, grain boundaries had an influence on this result.

  • PDF

Tele-metering

  • Hearte, L.O.
    • 전기의세계
    • /
    • 제2권
    • /
    • pp.6-14
    • /
    • 1949
  • Telemetering may be described as the art of metering at a considerable distance those quantities which are ordinarily encountered in industry, and in the generation of electric power. It is in the production of electric power that telemetering is particularly important, for it permits the system operator, or load dispatcher, to have before him at all times a continuous graphic record of the power output of each individual generating station together with an automatically made continuous graphic record of the total system output. There desired individual graphic records may be obtained showing power flow in or out, on important tie lines, etc. Such arrangements have the very great advantage that loads may be assigned to each generating station so that the best over-all system economy may be obtained and the system operator at all times may see with his own eyes that loads scheduled are actually held at the various stations. Moreover, with such equipment, in the event of system or station trouble the load dispatcher can see exactly what station, or stations, are affected and to what extent, without having to get in touch with anyone by telephone. Decisions can, therefore, be quickly reached for rescheduling the load. One of the most accurate and reliable telemetering systems is based on the use of potentiometric circuits, the fundamentals of which are discussed below. A member of such telemetering systems have been installed for the Boston Edicon Co., Boston, Massachusetts, the Consolidated Edison Co. of New York City. The Public Service Gas & Electric Co. of Newark, new Jersey. The Philadelphia Electric Co. for Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and the Pennsylvania Railroad Co. for their electrified zone between New York and Washington a distance of over 200 miles. The scale of the totalizing recorder for the New York area is 3,000,00 KW. That of the totalizing recorder for the Philadelphia area is 2,000,000 KW. The initial installation using this type of equipment described was placed in service for the Philadelphia Electric Co. in 1923. All of the original recording instruments are still in service, later instruments have been added to take care of additions to the power system and naturally these later recorders have incorporated in those refinements in design made since the earlier ones were manufactured. Many other installations of similar equipment have been made in the United States in various locations such as at St. Louis, on the West Coast, at Baltimore and in Washington, D.C. While the use of these basic potentiometric circuits involves the use of continuous metallic circuits of good insulation resistance and free of grounds, nevertheless, intermediate transmission links, involving and impulse method suitable for use on telephone Morse carrier channels is available. This same method may be employed on power line carrier systems and is also suitable for use on beam type microwave transmission. Many impulse type units are also used as a link in these potantiometric methods. For the sake of brevity a description is given only of these basic potentiometric circuits. If there is sufficient interest in Korea, a further paper can be given covering those impulse circuits also.

  • PDF

A study on the action mechanism of internal pressures in straight-cone steel cooling tower under two-way coupling between wind and rain

  • Ke, S.T.;Du, L.Y.;Ge, Y.J.;Yang, Q.;Wang, H.;Tamura, Y.
    • Wind and Structures
    • /
    • 제27권1호
    • /
    • pp.11-27
    • /
    • 2018
  • The straight-cone steel cooling tower is a novel type of structure, which has a distinct aerodynamic distribution on the internal surface of the tower cylinder compared with conventional hyperbolic concrete cooling towers. Especially in the extreme weather conditions of strong wind and heavy rain, heavy rain also has a direct impact on aerodynamic force on the internal surface and changes the turbulence effect of pulsating wind, but existing studies mainly focus on the impact effect brought by wind-driven rain to structure surface. In addition, for the indirect air cooled cooling tower, different additional ventilation rate of shutters produces a considerable interference to air movement inside the tower and also to the action mechanism of loads. To solve the problem, a straight-cone steel cooling towerstanding 189 m high and currently being constructed is taken as the research object in this study. The algorithm for two-way coupling between wind and rain is adopted. Simulation of wind field and raindrops is performed with continuous phase and discrete phase models, respectively, under the general principles of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Firstly, the rule of influence of 9 combinations of wind sped and rainfall intensity on flow field mechanism, the volume of wind-driven rain, additional action force of raindrops and equivalent internal pressure coefficient of the tower cylinder is analyzed. On this basis, the internal pressures of the cooling tower under the most unfavorable working condition are compared between four ventilation rates of shutters (0%, 15%, 30% and 100%). The results show that the 3D effect of equivalent internal pressure coefficient is the most significant when considering two-way coupling between wind and rain. Additional load imposed by raindrops on the internal surface of the tower accounts for an extremely small proportion of total wind load, the maximum being only 0.245%. This occurs under the combination of 20 m/s wind velocity and 200 mm/h rainfall intensity. Ventilation rate of shutters not only changes the air movement inside the tower, but also affects the accumulated amount and distribution of raindrops on the internal surface.

Beta-asarone Induces LoVo Colon Cancer Cell Apoptosis by Up-regulation of Caspases through a Mitochondrial Pathway in vitro and in vivo

  • Zou, Xi;Liu, Shen-Lin;Zhou, Jin-Yong;Wu, Jian;Ling, Bo-Fan;Wang, Rui-Ping
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
    • /
    • 제13권10호
    • /
    • pp.5291-5298
    • /
    • 2012
  • Beta-asarone is one of the main bioactive constituents in traditional Chinese medicine Acorus calamu. Previous studies have shown that it has antifungal and anthelmintic activities. However, little is known about its anticancer effects. This study aimed to determine inhibitory effects on LoVo colon cancer cell proliferation and to clarify the underlying mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. Dose-response and time-course anti-proliferation effects were examined by MTT assay. Our results demonstrated that LoVo cell viability showed dose- and time-dependence on ${\beta}$-asarone. We further assessed anti-proliferation effects as ${\beta}$-asarone-induced apoptosis by annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide assay usinga flow cytometer and observed characteristic nuclear fragmentation and chromatin condensation of apoptosis by microscopy. Moreover, we found the apoptosis to be induced through the mitochondrial/caspase pathway by decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and reducing the Bcl-2-to-Bax ratio, in addition to activating the caspase-9 and caspase-3 cascades. Additionally, the apoptosis could be inhibited by a pan-caspase inhibitor, carbobenzoxy-valyl-alanyl-aspartyl-[O-methyl]-fluoromethylketone (Z-VAD-FMK). When nude mice bearing LoVo tumor xenografts were treated with ${\beta}$-asarone, tumor volumes were reduced and terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays of excised tissue also demonstrated apoptotic changes. Taken together, these findings for the first time provide evidence that ${\beta}$-asarone can suppress the growth of colon cancer and the induced apoptosis is possibly mediated through mitochondria/caspase pathways.