• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.541-546
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• 2010

The gesture 'Flick' is the most fundamental and important part for efficient interactions in the touch screen that are being extensively applied to mobile phones. This study investigated users' satisfaction of the flick operation in representative touch phones, and measured their performances with established three measures: gap between finger and initial cursor, the number of moved lists per 0.2 seconds, and the number of moved lists after ten continuous flicks. The measurement was performed with high speed camera and motion analysis software. The flick movement in mobile phone with high users' satisfaction showed that the gap between finger and cursor positions was less and the speed reached high within 0.6 seconds quickly and then was drastically slow down. Especially, maximal and common time intervals between continuous flicks were measured with an experiment. Based on the evaluation and measurement, several design guidelines for efficient flick performances were suggested.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.89-96
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Ga-Al-As (Gallium-Aluminum-Arsenid) laser radiation on the tail-flick latency in rat. Thirty Sprague-Dawley male and female rats Were divided into five groups : that is control, laser 15sec radiation, laser 30sec radiation, laser 60sec radiation, and Tramadol Hcl injection groups. The continuous Ga-Al-As laser with, wave length 780-830nm and diameter of probe in the 3mm, averse output of 100mw radiation was applied to the meridian point(Gv 1 : Governing vessel) of the rats. Tail-flick latency were measured with hot plate at $55^{\circ}C$ : before treatment and immediately, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 24 hours, 24 hours and 48 hours after treatment. The result were as follows ; 1. The tail-flick latency according to time varition, control group was not significance. 2. The tail-flick latency according to time varition, laser 15 sec irradiate rats in post-treared was significance(P<0.05). 3. The tail-flick latency according to time varition, laser 30 sec irradiate rats group was not significance. 4. The tail-flick latency according to time varition, laser 60 sec irradiate rats in post 30 minute was significance(P<0.05). 5. The tail-flick latency according to time varition, Tramadol Hcl injection rats in post-treated (P<0.05), post 30 minute(P<0.05), post 60 minute (P<0.01) and 2 hour(P<0.05) was significance. This study suggest that Ga-Al-As (Gallium-Aluminum-Arsenid) laser applied to meridian point of the rat with 15 sec, 30 sec, and 60 set radiation could induc no analgesic effect, but Tramadol Hcl injection rat is good analgesic effect.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.15-20
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• 1996

The purpose of this study were to 1) determine the analgesic effect of 632.8 nm of helium-neon (He-Ne) laser stimulation on acupuncture point in rat and 2) determine the reversal of analgesic effect by naloxone injection. Eighteen Sprague-Dawley rats were devided into three groups : control (n=6) : laser (n=6), laser stimulation at $3.58\;J/cm^2$ ; and naloxone (n=6), 1 mg/kg of naloxone chloride inject into peritoneum before laser stimulation at $3.63J/cm^2$. Tail-flick latency were measured pretreat and posttreat with hot plate $(55^{\circ}C)$. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and paired t-teat for tail-flick latency. No significant change was noted in the tail-flick latency in either control or naloxone groups. But significant increased in tail-flick latency in taller group. The results suggest that He-Ne laser induced analgesic effect, and endogenous opioids may be involved in He-Ne laser induced analgesia.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.139-149
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• 1989

Although tail flick reflex (TFR) in rats has been used as a classic model of the nociceptive test to evaluate the action of analgesics, there have been few studies on the origin of the latent period of TFR. Present study was performed to elucidate the mechanism of increase in latency of TFR by morphine in anesthetized rats. Tail skin and dorsolateral tail nerve were stimulated electrically and EMG activities were recorded from abductor caudae dorsalis muscle participating in tail flick reflex. In the case of noxious radiant heat stimulation to tail, the tail flick tension was recorded before and after administration of morphine. Then changes in latency and conduction velocity of peripheral nerve were evaluated. The results obtained were as follows: 1) The latencies of TFR evoked by the electrical stimulation of tail skin and dorsolateral tail nerve were all within 40 ms and were elongated by several milliseconds from control after the administration of morphine. Peripheral conduction velocities of tail flick afferent nerve were within the range of 10-25 m/s. 2) The conduction velocity of peripheral nerve was significantly reduced after morphine administration, therefore the afferent time (utilization time+conduction time to spinal cord) was significantly increased. But the time for central delay and efferent time was not affected by morphine. 3) The conduction velocity under room temperature $(20-25^{\circ}C)$ was significantly reduced after morphine while that under vasodilation state $(40{\sim}42^{\circ}C)$ increased, 30 min and 45 min after morphine. The conduction velocity under vasodilation state without treatment of morphine increased continuously 4) The latency in tension response of TFR evoked by electrical stimulation was elongated by several milliseconds from control while the latency evoked by noxious radiant heat was elongated by several seconds compared with that of control. From the above results, it could be concluded that: 1) the increased latency of TFR evoked by electrical stimulation of the tail after morphine administration was due to the reducton in conduction velocity of peripheral nerve, which was the secondry effect of morphine on the peripheral vasomotion and 2) increased latency of TFR evoked by noxious radiant heat was also due to the same effect of morphine and the increase in cutaneous insulation to the noxious heat.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.413-419
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• 2012

Objective: This study presents an observation and analysis on behavioral characteristics of old users in comparison to young users in the use of control on display interface. Background: Touch interface which allows users to control directly on display, is conceived as delight and easy way of human-computer interaction. Due to the advantage in stimulus-response ensemble, the old users, who typically experiencing difficulties in interacting with computer, would expected to have better experience in using computing machines. Method: Twenty nine participants who are over 50 years old and 14 participants who are in 20s years old were participated in this study. Three primary tasks in touch interface, which are tap, move, and flick, were delivered by the users. For the tap task, response time and point of touch response were collected and the response bias was calculated for each trial. For the move task, delivery time and the distance of finger movements were recorded for each trial. For the flick task, task completion time and flicking distance were recorded. Results: From the collected behavioral data, temporal and spatial differences between young and old users behavior were analyzed. The older users showed difficulty in completing move task requiring eye-hand coordination.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제13권8호
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• pp.1235-1244
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• 2010

최근 아이폰을 필두로 급부상하는 스마트폰의 정전기식 입력 장치에서는 펜 입력장치나 감압식 입력 장치를 위해 만들어진 제스처기반 인터페이스가 적합하지 않다. 손가락 튕김 인터페이스는 기존의 제스처기반 인터페이스에서 사용했던 플릭 제스처와 달리 명령을 적용시킬 대상과 명령을 동시에 선택함으로 작업 단계를 절반으로 감소시킬 수 있다. 뿐만 아니라, 멀티터치 인터페이스와 병합하여 사용함으로 다양한 메뉴 지원이 가능하여 복잡한 제스처를 학습할 필요가 없고, 정전기식 입력 장치 장치에 사용하기 적합하여 입력 오류를 최소화 시킨다. 본 연구에서는 정전기식 입력 장치를 가지는 스마트 폰 장치에서의 파일 관리를 빠르게 해주는 다중 손가락 튕김 인터페이스를 설계하고 구현한다. 실험에서는 사용자 평가를 통해 제안하는 인터페이스가 정전기식 입력 장치에서 기존 방식보다 유용함을 증명한다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권9호
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• pp.62-68
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• 2018

본 연구는 군 포병 전력의 핵심 장비인 자주포의 급속장전장치에 장착된 밀대 시스템 개선을 통해 탄의 장전 안정성향상을 목표로 하는 것이다. 종래의 자주포에는 수동 장전장치가 적용되어 있었다. 군에서 운용하는 장비의 현대화와 연속사격 속도 향상을 위해 급속 장전장치를 설치하였으며, 이러한 급속 장전장치를 통해 탄이 장전되는 과정에서 약실 내부와 간섭되는 현상을 줄이고, 비행시간을 감소하도록 설계되었다. 그러나 기본적으로 밀대를 통해 탄의 급속장전이 이루어지는 슈팅 방식의 장전시스템에서는 탄 흐름(fall-back) 현상이 간헐적으로 발생할 수 있다고 보고되고 있다. 그래서 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해서 장전 과정의 실제 조건을 반영한 전산모사(C.A.E.)를 통해 탄이 장전되는 과정에서 비행 거리를 감소시키면 탄 흐름 현상을 방지할 수 있는 것을 이론적으로 확인 하였고, 탄의 비행거리를 줄이는 최적의 설계 방안을 도출하였다. 최종적으로 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 야전에 배치된 자주포에 장착하여 시험한 결과 개선효과가 있음을 확인하였다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.227-231
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• 2005

We examined the effect of the subcutaneous (s.c.) pretreatment of formalin into both hind paws of mice on the antinociception induced by the intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) or intrathecally (i.t.) administration of ${\beta}$-endorphin using the tail-flick test. Pretreatment with formalin ($5\%$) for 5 h had no affect on the i.c.v. administered ${\beta}$-endorphin-induced tail-flick response. However, pretreatment with formalin for 40 h attenuated the tail-flick inhibition induced by i.c.v. administered ${\beta}$-endorphin. This antinociceptive tolerance to i.c.v. ${\beta}$-endorphin continued up to 1 week, but to a lesser extent. Pretreatment with formalin for 5 and 40 h significantly reduced the i.t. ${\beta}$-endorphin-induced inhibition of the tail-flick response, which continued up to 1 week. The s.c. formalin treatment increased the hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA level at 2 h, but this returned to the basal level after 40 h. Our results suggest that the increase in the POMC mRNA level in the hypothalamus appears to be involved in the supraspinal or spinal ${\beta}$-endorphin-induced antinociceptive tolerance in formalin-induced inflammatory pain.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.239-246
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• 1999

백서를 이용하여 진세노사이드 흑은 모르핀을 척수강내 투여한 다음 tail-flick test를 통하여 진통 작용을 연구하였다. 또한, 진세노사이드를 모르핀과 함께 척수강내 장기 처리할 경우 모르핀에 의한 내성 및 의존성 유발에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. 연구 결과, 척수강내 진세노사이드의 투여는 200 ${\mu}g$/rat에서 약한 진통 작용이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 모르핀은 투여 농도에 의존적으로 좋은 진통 효능을 보여주었으며, $ED_50$은 1.2 ${\mu}g/rat$인 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 진세노사이드의 모르핀을 함께 척수강내 투여할 경우 모르핀의 진통 작용을 증가 시키지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 200 ug/rat 진세노사이드를 10 ${\mu}g$/rat모르핀을 7일 동안 같이 투여할 경우 모르핀에 의한 통증 작용에 대한 내성을 억제하였으며, 모르핀에 의한 의존성을 부분적으로 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구 결과는 척수 수준에서 진세노사이드가 모르핀의 장기 투여에 의하여 유도되는 모르핀에 대한 내성 및 의존성을 억제하는 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.43-51
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• 2019

Objective: This study aims to propose an efficient technical model through a kinematic analysis of field hockey drag flick shooting motion in laboratory situations and game situations and to build up the basic data on drag flick shooting technique through a comparative analysis of a Korean specialized shooter and specialized shooters of competing Asian countries. Method: This study selected one Korean female national specialized shooter and seven specialized shooters of competing countries, China, Japan, India, and Malaysia, who participated in the 2018 Asian Hockey Champions Trophy as research subjects. In exercise situations, a 3-D motion analysis utilizing an infrared camera was conducted, while in game situations, an image-based 3-D motion analysis utilizing a digital camera was conducted. Results: The Korean specialized shooter had smaller changes in the angles of the trunk and the stick in game situations than in exercise situations. She had a high angular velocity of the trunk and the stick head, and the maximum speed of the ball was high. The Korean specialized shooter had the maximum angular velocity of the trunk higher than the specialized shooters of the competing countries did, and the angular velocity of the stick head and the maximum speed of the ball were in the average level. Conclusion: As for drag flick shooting in game situations, changes in the angle of the trunk and the stick were small, and the angular velocity was high due to the pressure that the shooters should perform the motion fast with the defenders' interruptions, and this high angular velocity of the trunk and the stick head affected the movement of the ball. Thus, the maximum speed of the ball was higher in game situations than in exercise situations. The Korean specialized shooter had the maximum angular velocity higher than the specialized shooters of the competing countries did; however, the maximum speed of the ball was average, and it turned out that the maximum speed of the ball was associated with the angular velocity of the stick head in P3. Therefore, Korean specialized shooters need complementary training for a change to the torque of the stick head, using the strong torque of the trunk.