• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.475-487
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• 2011

In a flexible multi-body dynamic system the typical topological optimization method for structures cannot be directly applied, as the stiffness varies with position. In this paper, the topological optimization of the flexible multi-body dynamic system is converted into structural optimization using the equivalent static load method. First, the actual boundary conditions of the control system and the approximate stiffness curve of the mechanism are obtained from a flexible multi-body dynamical simulation. Second, the finite element models are built using the absolute nodal coordination for different positions according to the stiffness curve. For efficiency, the static reanalysis method is utilized to solve these finite element equilibrium equations. Specifically, the finite element equilibrium equations of key points in the stiffness curve are fully solved as the initial solution, and the following equilibrium equations are solved using a reanalysis method with an error controlled epsilon algorithm. In order to identify the efficiency of the elements, a non-dimensional measurement is introduced. Finally, an improved evolutional structural optimization (ESO) method is used to solve the optimization problem. The presented method is applied to the optimal design of a die bonder. The numerical results show that the presented method is practical and efficient when optimizing the design of the mechanism.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.552-558
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• 2013

In recent years the interest on flexible display has been increasing as a future display due to its bendable characteristics. An ITO(indium tin oxide) layer, which is part of a flexible display, can be broken easily while bending because it is made of brittle materials. This brittle property can cause the malfunction of flexible display. To analyze fracture characteristics of ITO layer, bending test was conducted commonly. However, it is not possible to know specific phenomena on bended ITO layer by simple bending test only. Accordingly, in this study, the FE(finite element) model is developed similarly to a real flexible display to analyze stress distribution of flexible display under bending condition, especially on ITO layer. To validate FE model, actual bending test was conducted and the test results were compared with the simulation results by measuring reaction forces during bending. By using the developed model, FE analysis about the effect of design parameter (Thickness & Young's Modulus of BL) on ITO Layer was performed. By explained FE analysis above, this research draws a conclusion of reliable design guide of flexible display, especially on ITO layer.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.405-411
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• 2015

Carbon composites for flexible fiber heating element were examined to improve the electrical conductivity in this study. Carbon composites using carbon black, denka black, super-c, super-p with/without CNF or dispersant such as BCS03 and Sikament-nn were prepared. Carbon composite slurry was coated on plane film and yarns(cotton, polyester) and the performances of prepared heating materials were investigated by checking electrical surface resistance, adhesion strength. The plane heating element using carbon black under natural drying condition($25^{\circ}C$) had better physical properties such as surface resistance(185.3 Ohm/sq) and adhesion strength(above 90%) than those of other carbon composite heating elements. From these results, polyester heating element coated by carbon black showed better electrical line resistance(33.2 kOhm/cm) than cotton heating element. Then, it was found that polyester heating element coated by carbon black with CNF(3 wt%) and BCS03(1 wt%) appeared best properties(0.604 kOhm/cm).

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.519-530
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• 1998

본 논문에서는 하지 전단 환자의 보행 성능을 개선하고, 활동성을 증대시긴 목적으로 에너지 저장형 의족의 유연 용골 선계를 위한 기초 연구를 수행하였다. 문헌에서 얻을 수 있는 2차원 시상면에서의 정성걸음새와 인체측정 데이터를 분석하여, 의족의 유연 용골 기초 구조 모델을 제시하였다. 기초 구조 모델은 단순한 빔과 선혈 회전 스프링 ·댐퍼로 구성되었다. 고강도 경량 소재를 의족의 유연 용골 기초 구조에 적용하기 위해 탄소섬유 강화 복합재료를 용골의 기초 구조 소재로 선정하였다. 빔의 형상 변화에 따른 복원변형에너지를 유한요소해석에 의해 계산해내고, 빔형상 변화가 설계변수가 될 수 있음을 제시하였다. 복원변형에너지를 많이 저장할 수 있는 유연 용골 구조의 설계를 위해, 직교배열표를 이용한 조지전 시뮬레이션 계획을 세우고, 유한요소 프로그램인 ABAQUS를 이용하여 계획에 따른 유한요소해석을 수행하고, 분산활석을 통해 효과적인 에너지 저장형 의족의 유연 용골 구조를 얻어냈다. 유연 용골 구조를 이용한 의족걸음새의 동적 시뮬레이션 모델을 완성하고, 한 보행 사이클 동안의 동적 해석을 수행하였다. 그리하여 의족 시스템 개발을 위한 효과적 설계 과정이 제시되었다.

• Coupled systems mechanics
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.439-458
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• 2022

Over-coating is one of the most popular engineering practices to strengthen Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures, due to the relative quickness and ease of construction. It consists of an external coat bonded to the outer surface of the structural RC element, either by the use of chemical adhesives, mechanical anchor bolts or simply mortar injection. In contrast to these constructive advantages, the numerical estimation of the bearing capacity of the strengthened reinforced concrete element is still complicated, not only for the complexity of modelling a flexible membrane or plate attached to a quasi-rigid solid, but also for the difficulties that raise of simulating any potential delamination between both materials. For these reasons, the standard engineering calculations used in the practice remain very approximated and clumsy. In this work, we propose the formulation of a new 2D solid-layer finite element capable to link a solid body with a flexible thin layer, as it were the "skin" of the body, allowing the potential delamination between both materials. In numerical terms, this "skin" element is intended to work as a transitional region between a solid body (modelled with a classical formulation of a standard quadrilateral four-nodes element) and a flexible coat layer (modelled with cubic beam element), dealing with the incompatibility of Degrees-Of-Freedom between them (two DOF for the solid and three DOF for the beam). The aim of the solid-layer element is to simplify the mesh construction of the strengthened RC element being aware of two aspects: a) to prevent the inappropriate use of very small solid elements to simulate the coat; b) to improve the numerical estimation of the real bearing capacity of the strengthened element when the coat is attached or detached from the solid body.

• Coupled systems mechanics
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.481-501
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• 2023

Over-coating is one of the most popular engineering practices to strengthen Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures, due to the relative quickness and ease of construction. It consists of an external coat bonded to the outer surface of the structural RC element, either by the use of chemical adhesives, mechanical anchor bolts or simply mortar injection. In contrast to these constructive advantages, the numerical estimation of the bearing capacity of the strengthened reinforced concrete element is still complicated, not only for the complexity of modelling a flexible membrane or plate attached to a quasi-rigid solid, but also for the difficulties that raise of simulating any potential delamination between both materials. For these reasons, the standard engineering calculations used in the practice remain very approximated and clumsy. In this work, we propose the formulation of a new 2D solid-layer finite element capable to link a solid body with a flexible thin layer, as it were the "skin" of the body, allowing the potential delamination between both materials. In numerical terms, this "skin" element is intended to work as a transitional region between a solid body (modelled with a classical formulation of a standard quadrilateral four-nodes element) and a flexible coat layer (modelled with cubic beam element), dealing with the incompatibility of Degrees-OfFreedom between them (two DOF for the solid and three DOF for the beam). The aim of the solid-layer element is to simplify the mesh construction of the strengthened RC element being aware of two aspects: a) to prevent the inappropriate use of very small solid elements to simulate the coat; b) to improve the numerical estimation of the real bearing capacity of the strengthened element when the coat is attached or detached from the solid body.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.409-424
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• 2012

Since relatively low elasticity modulus of the FRP materials results in lower natural frequencies, it is necessary to study the free vibration of FRP transmission poles. In this paper, the free vibration of tapered FRP transmission poles with thin-walled circular cross-section is investigated by a tapered beam element. To model the flexible joints of the modular poles, a rotational spring model is used. Modal analysis is performed for typical FRP poles with/without joint and they are also modeled by ANSYS commercial finite element software. There is a good correlation between the results of the tapered beam finite element model and those obtained from ANSYS as well as the existing experimental results. The effects of different geometries, material lay-ups, concentrated masses at the pole tip, and joint flexibilities are evaluated. Moreover, it is concluded that using tougher fibres at the inner and outer layers of the cross-section, results in higher natural frequencies, significantly.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.113-121
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• 2006

This paper established the dynamic model of a flexible Timoshenko beam capable of geometrical nonlinearities subject to large overall motions by using the finite element method. Equations of motion are derived by using Hamilton principle and are formulated in terms of finite elements using CO elements in which the nonlinear constraint equations are adjoined to the system using Lagrange multipliers. In the final formulation are presented Coriolis and Gyroscopic forces as well as linear and nonlinear stiffnesses effects for the forthcoming numerical computation.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.513-521
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• 2023

Temperature is one of the most critical elements that influence the rutting and fatigue resistance of flexible pavements. Particularly in extreme hot regions in Saudi Arabia, high temperature would significantly reduce the rutting resistance of flexible pavements leading to reduction of pavement service life. Due to the impacts of global warming, average temperature in Saudi Arabia is expected to further increase by about 4℃ by the end of the 21st century. The substantial increase in average temperature will elevate the expected pavement maintenance and rehabilitation cost. This paper analyzes the structural effects of temperature on pavement using layered elastic analysis based on finite element techniques. The research team calculated the potential loss of pavement service life due to the projected temperature increase and climate change. The paper also analyzed potential impact of using carbon waste in asphalt concrete to tackle the derogatory impacts of temperature rise.

• 한국공작기계학회논문집
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.80-86
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• 2002

Previous method of computer simulation to predict the dynamic response of a vehicle has been based on the assumption that vehicle structure is rigid. If the flexibility of the vehicle structure becomes too large to ignore, rigid body assumption will no longer give good estimation of the dynamic characteristics. Therefore, in order to predict more precise vehicle dynamic characteristics, flexible multi-body dynamic analysis of a vehicle is necessary. This paper investigates dynamic characteristics of vehicle systems with flexible frames numerically. Joint reaction forces, vertical accelerations, pitch accelerations are analyzed for the vehicle systems with various flexible frames using multi-body dynamic analysis code and finite element analysis code.