• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.217-222
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• 2015

This study was conducted to obtain a growth correlation of basal information from the development of disease resistant Flammulina velutipes cultivars through back-crossing between the strains of wild-type brown monokaryon 4019-20 and the derivative of commercial quality white monokaryons 3. The two strains were selected to back-cross for further enhancing their latent attributes and growth characteristics. The parents of 4019-$20{\times}M3$ back-crossed to reproduce $F_1$, M3-Sn. Using $F_1$, M3-Sn procured and isolated into 94 monokaryon strains. Further examination of growth characteristics carried out by back-crossing between M3 and $BC_1F_1$ from M3-n dikaryon. Monokaryon exhibited an irregular growth pattern and demonstrated to be sluggish development in the sawdust medium. However $BC_1F_1$(M3-n) dikaryon strains confirmed mostly regular growth pattern and demonstrated ordinary growth in the sawdust medium. The fruitbody of $BC_1F_1$ confirmed as light-brown colour to be the dominant gene. The colour distributions of fruitbody, $BC_1F_1$, resulted as follows; 7% of dark brown, 25% of brown, 27% of light brown, 16% of ivory and 25% of white. The ratio of the other color to white showed 3 to 1 which suggested two major genes were related to fruitbody color.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.27 no.2 s.89
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• pp.164-169
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• 1999

This study was carried out in an attempt to select chemicals such as zeolite granules, chitosan, wood-vinegar, $Ca(OCl)_2$, NaOCl, against bacterial brown blotch caused by Pseudomonas tolaasii on Flammulina velutipes in laboratory and mushroom unit. Results obtained using these chemicals were summarized. Inhibitory effect on $Ca(OCl)_2$ and wood-vinegar with 0.5% concentration was shown to caual pathogen, P. tolaasii, by slight damage on the mycelial growth of F. velutipes. Those materials were recognized as promising one for control of bacterial brown bloth on F. velutipes. Disease incidence in control was the highest value as 43.8%; whereas chemical treatment was estimated as 14.6% with 0.5% of $Ca(OCl)_2$. Disease incidence was inhibited about 20% in chemical treatment with 0.5% of wood-vinegar, 1.0% of $Ca(OCl)_2$, and 26.1% with 1.0% of wood-vinegar. For the inhibition effects of chemical concentrations, it was effective at the low concentration which was 0.5% rather than that of 1.0%. Quality of mushrooms was significantly improved, and yields was also increased by 30% in the chemical treatment. In case of $Ca(OCl)_2$ treatment at 1.0% concentration, the yields was increased by 35.6% showed the highest value among tested chemicals. However, the overall effects including disease incidence, quality and yields suggests that $Ca(OCl)_2$ is relatively more effective than wood-vinegar, and the optimal concentration controlling the disease was $0.5{\sim}1.0%$ with $Ca(OCl)_2$ and 0.5% with wood-vinegar.

• Mycobiology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.109-113
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• 2009

The mineral contents of the cultivation substrates, fruiting bodies of the mushrooms, and the postharvest cultivation substrates were determined in cultivated edible mushrooms Pleurotus eryngii, Flammulina velutipes, and Hypsizigus marmoreus. The major mineral elements both in the cultivation substrates and in the fruiting bodies were K, Mg, Ca, and Na. Potassium was particularly abundant ranging 10${\sim}$13 g/kg in the cultivation substrates and 26${\sim}$30 g/kg in the fruiting bodies. On the contrary, the calcium content in the fruiting bodies was very low despite high concentrations in the cultivation substrates, indicating Ca in the cultivation substrates is in a less bio-available form or the mushrooms do not have efficient Ca uptake channels. Among the minor mineral elements determined in this experiment, Cu, Zn, and Ni showed high percentage of transfer from the cultivation substrates to the fruiting bodies. It is noteworthy that the mineral contents in the postharvest cultivation substrates were not changed significantly which implies that the spent cultivation substrates are nutritionally intact in terms of mineral contents and thus can be recycled as mineral sources and animal feeds.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.23 no.3 s.74
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• pp.226-231
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• 1995

Tile effects of addition of eggshell to sawdust substrate for the growth of F. velutipes were investigated. Eggshell used in this study contained 20.7% C, 0.81% N, 2530 ppm $P_2O_5$ and 44.37% Ca. The addition of eggshell resulted in the increase in bulk density and decrease of moisture content of the substrate. The addition of eggshell significantly increased the yield of the mushroom fruitbody. The addition rate of 15% (v/v), by 25% and at the rates of 5% and 10%, about 20%. Although the addition of eggshell to substrate did not improve the quality of mushroom, it increased the number of effective stipes as compared to control plot; approximately 13% more than in the control plot.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.705-711
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• 2018

Objective: This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of golden needle mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) stem waste (FVW), on organic eggs production, calcium utilization, antibody response, serum immunoglobulin, and serum cytokine concentration at early phase of production in laying hens. Methods: A total 210, 19 weeks old aged ISA Brown layers were randomly assigned into 5 equal treatment groups, with 7 replications of 6 hens each. Dietary treatment included a standard basal diet as control; antibiotic (0.05% flavomycin); 2% FVW; 4% FVW; and 6% FVW. The experimental duration was 10 weeks. Results: There was no significant differences (p>0.05) on hen day egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) among experimental groups. Unmarketable eggs were significantly lower (p<0.05) both in 4% FVW and 6% FVW fed groups than control group. The calcium retention and calcium in egg shell deposition were significantly higher (p<0.05) in FVW inclusion groups than control and antibiotic groups. Antibody titers against Newcastle diseases were significantly higher (p<0.05) in 6% FVW fed group (except combined with 4% FVW at day 147) and infectious bronchitis were significantly higher (p<0.05) in FVW fed groups (except 2% FVW and 4% FVW at day 161) than control and antibiotic groups. Serum immunoglobulin sIgA was significantly higher (p<0.05) in all levels of FVW and IgG was significantly higher (p<0.05) in 4% FVW than control and antibiotic groups. Serum cytokine concentration interleukin-2 (IL-2) was significantly higher (p<0.05) in 6% FVW; IL-6 and tumor necrotic $factor-{\alpha}$ were significantly higher (p<0.05) both in 4% FVW and 6% FVW than control and antibiotic groups; IL-4 was significantly higher (p<0.05) in antibiotic, 2% FVW and 4% FVW fed groups than control. Conclusion: F. velutipes mushroom waste can be used as a novel substitute for antibiotic for organic egg production and sound health status in laying hens.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1984

The mycelial growth of some mushrooms was inhibited by benomyl treatment. The $ED_{50}$ of benomyl to that of Pleurotus spp., Agaricus bisporus and Flammulina velutipes was 25ppm, 50ppm and 200ppm, respectively, which indicates the former was the most sensitive to the fungicide. The mycelial growth of mushrooms growing on artificial media amended by benomyl was increased when they were cultured successively 5 times and 10 times on the media. The increasing rate of that of each mushroom was the highest at the concentration of $ED_{50}$ of benomyl. The mycelial growth of P. ostreatus was increased progressively as the number of successive culturing increased, while that of P. florida and A. bisporus was increased until they were cultured successively up to 5 times and 7 times, respectively, but they were decreased after that. Mutant sectors of mycelia were induced by successive treatment of benomyl. Mutant sectors of P. ostreatus appeared earlier than those of P. florida and all of them were induced earlier on the media of low contration of benomyl than on that of high concentration. The mycelia of mutant sectors induced by benomyl treatment grow faster than those of mother colony treated with benomyl successively, but there was no difference in resistance against the fungicide between them. The increase of mycelial growth of the mushrooms culturing successively on media containing benomyl indicated that they might obtain the resistance against benomyl.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.159-179
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• 1974

In order to investigate morphological and cultural characteristics of strains in species, Flammulina velutipes, the author collected isolates of Flammultina velutipes at 49 locations in Korea and cultivated these isolates on the various kinds of solid media. After investigating the cultural characteristics, appeared on the various media, he obtained the following results : 1. The variation of colors in the fruit bodies is connected with the variation of climatic environments(composite effects between mean temperature in January and number of rain days of 1mm and over precipitation). The author, therfore, can find out the trend that brown type is distributed in the midland climatic region and yellow type in the southern climatic regoin. 2. Two types can be classified into several strains respectively : the strain of abundant or insufficient productivity, and strain of selectivity or non-selectivity of media. 3. According to the results of mutual comparison of soluble mycelial proteins by disc electrophoresis using polyacrylamide gels, each type has special common protein fractions(brown type : band located at 26..5mm position from surface of gel, yellow type : band located at 24.5mm position from surface of gel), and each strain has special protein fractions too. Therefore this phenomenon seems to support the results obtained by the above-stated morphological and cultural studies. 4. In the adaptability of strains to the temperature, every strain has the nature of growing in lower temperature(the optimum temperature of 20.deg.C to 25.deg.C) except that YI-1 strain has the optimum temperatue of $25^{\circ}C$-26^{\circ}C. And mycelial growth of every strain is discontinued at $35^{\circ}C.$ 5. In the adaptability of strains to the H-ion concentration, every strain has wide adaptable range of H-ion concentration, and has optimum range of pH 5.5 to 6.6 in mycelial growth excepting YA01, BI-2 and YI-1. 6. In the utility of carbon sources, the mycelial growth of every strain is very poor on the media containing xylose(average diameter of mycelial growth : 18mm), and most strains utilize favorably sucrose(39mm), maltose(37mm) and dextrose(35mm) in mycelial growth. In the utility of nitrogen sources, every strain utilizes favorably organic nitrogens(36 mm)more than inorganic nitrogens (25 mm), and utilizes fully peptone nad asparagine in organic nitrogens. Especially BA-1, BIK-2 and YA-1 strains grow vigorously on each media containing various carbon and nitrogen sources. 7. The characteristic tests of the number of days required for mycelial growth, the number of days requried for sprout of young bodies, the length of stipe and the number of fruit bodies formation seem to be useful methods in the early selection of the strain of the abundant productivity.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.589-597
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• 1995

Protein-bound polysaccahrides(PBP) were isolated, purified, and characterized from the sawdust media after harvesting the fruit body of Flammulina velutipes. The yield of the crude PBP(Fr.CA) extracted from the sawdust media, was 0.367% relative to the original sawdust media. The total sugar and protein contents of Fr.CA were 19.8% and 23.8% respectively. Using the membrane filtration, the fraction of which the molecular weight is over 300 kDa(Fr.A) was isolated from the Fr.CA and the yield was 44.6% relative to the Fr.CA. This result indicates that high molecular PBP is the dominant components of the Fr.CA. The Fr.A was separated into three fractions (Fr.A-1, Fr.A-2 and Fr.A-3) whose yields are 5.8%, 8.5% and 13.2% respectively. These fractions were further purified using gel filtration, obtaining a single peak in each fraction that considered as pure PBP Among them, the yield of Fr.A-1-${\alpha}$ was 20.9% relative to the Fr.A-1, and the molecular weight was 800 kDa. Monosaccharide components such as glucose, galactose, mannose, xylose and fucose could be detected all fractions by a HPLC analysis. Especially in the Fr.A-1-${\alpha}$ fraction, the content of glucose and galactose appeared to be high.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.1137-1142
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• 1998

Modified atmosphere packagings were designed by combining the respiration characteristics of the enoki mushroom at 10oC and the measured film permeabilities to O2 and CO2 gases to attain the beneficial package atmosphere were fabricated and tested during storage. The packages of 100g size with 30 m low density polyethylene and cast polypropylene showed the good agreement between estimated and experimental package atmospheres. However, polyvinylchloride stretch wrap packs showed the gas composition close to the air, which was due to leaking of stretch wrapping. The CPP package attaining O2 below 1% and CO2 concentration of 15~20% gave the best retention of quality and thus the longest shelf life among the tried packages, and it was superior to the others in the Hunter L value, stipe elongation and sensory qualties.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.294-297
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• 2005

The amount of $\beta-glucans$ in 12 edible mushroom species was determined and their water-solubility was assessed. A large variability in $\beta-glucans$ content was observed in the mushroom species, ranging from 4.71 to $46.20\%$ on a dry basis. Gyrophora esculenta, Lentinus edodes, Coriolus versicolor, Ganodenna lucidum, and Flammulina velutipes had high levels of $\beta-glucans$ Soluble $\beta-glucans$ content, which plays a key role in the physiological effects of mushrooms, also varied greatly according to the mushroom species, ranging from 2.12 to $19.66\%$. Water-solubility of $\beta-glucans$ in the edible mushrooms, as a percentage of total $\beta-glucans$ content varied from 42.55 to $73.35\%$.